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Mrnjavac N, Wimmer JLE, Brabender M, Schwander L, Martin WF. The Moon-Forming Impact and the Autotrophic Origin of Life. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300270. [PMID: 37812146 PMCID: PMC7615287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The Moon-forming impact vaporized part of Earth's mantle, and turned the rest into a magma ocean, from which carbon dioxide degassed into the atmosphere, where it stayed until water rained out to form the oceans. The rain dissolved CO2 and made it available to react with transition metal catalysts in the Earth's crust so as to ultimately generate the organic compounds that form the backbone of microbial metabolism. The Moon-forming impact was key in building a planet with the capacity to generate life in that it converted carbon on Earth into a homogeneous and accessible substrate for organic synthesis. Today all ecosystems, without exception, depend upon primary producers, organisms that fix CO2 . According to theories of autotrophic origin, it has always been that way, because autotrophic theories posit that the first forms of life generated all the molecules needed to build a cell from CO2 , forging a direct line of continuity between Earth's initial CO2 -rich atmosphere and the first microorganisms. By modern accounts these were chemolithoautotrophic archaea and bacteria that initially colonized the crust and still inhabit that environment today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mrnjavac
- Department of Biology Institute for Molecular Evolution Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
| | - Jessica L. E. Wimmer
- Department of Biology Institute for Molecular Evolution Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
| | - Max Brabender
- Department of Biology Institute for Molecular Evolution Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
| | - Loraine Schwander
- Department of Biology Institute for Molecular Evolution Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
| | - William F. Martin
- Department of Biology Institute for Molecular Evolution Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
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Abstract
Early parental influence led me first to medical school, but after developing a passion for biochemistry and sensing the need for a deeper foundation, I changed to chemistry. During breaks between semesters, I worked in various biochemistry labs to acquire a feeling for the different areas of investigation. The scientific puzzle that fascinated me most was the metabolism of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium kluyveri, which I took on in 1965 in Karl Decker's lab in Freiburg, Germany. I quickly realized that little was known about the biochemistry of strict anaerobes such as clostridia, methanogens, acetogens, and sulfate-reducing bacteria and that these were ideal model organisms to study fundamental questions of energy conservation, CO2 fixation, and the evolution of metabolic pathways. My passion for anaerobes was born then and is unabated even after 50 years of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kurt Thauer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
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Kochetkova TV, Rusanov II, Pimenov NV, Kolganova TV, Lebedinsky AV, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA, Sokolova TG. Anaerobic transformation of carbon monoxide by microbial communities of Kamchatka hot springs. Extremophiles 2011; 15:319-25. [PMID: 21387195 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the common gaseous compounds found in hot volcanic environments. It is known to serve as the growth substrate for a number of thermophilic prokaryotes, both aerobic and anaerobic. The goal of this work was to study the process of anaerobic transformation of CO by microbial communities inhabiting natural thermal environments: hot springs of Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka. The anaerobic microbial community of Treshchinny Spring (80°C, pH 6.5) was found to exhibit two peaks of affinity for CO (K (S1) = 54 nM and K (S2) = 1 μM). The actual rate of anaerobic CO transformation by the microbial community of this spring, calculated after obtaining the concentration dependence curve and extrapolated to the natural concentration of CO dissolved in the hot spring water (20 nM), was found to be 120 μmol l(-1) of sediment day(-1). In all the hot springs studied, more than 90% of the carbon of (14)CO upon anaerobic incubation was recovered as (14)CO(2). From 1 to 5% of (14)CO was transformed to volatile fatty acids (VFA). The number of microorganisms capable of anaerobic CO oxidation determined by dilution-to-extinction method reached 10(6) cells ml(-1) of sediment. CO-transforming anaerobic thermophilic microorganisms isolated from the springs under study exhibited hydrogenogenic type of CO oxidation and belonged to the bacterial genera Carboxydocella and Dictyoglomus. These data suggest a significant role of hydrogenogenic carboxydotrophic prokaryotes in anaerobic CO transformation in Uzon Caldera hot springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Kochetkova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60-let Oktyabrya, 7/2, 117312, Moscow, Russia.
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Sokolova TG, Henstra AM, Sipma J, Parshina SN, Stams AJM, Lebedinsky AV. Diversity and ecophysiological features of thermophilic carboxydotrophic anaerobes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 68:131-41. [PMID: 19573196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural and anthropogenic hot environments contain appreciable levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Anaerobic microbial communities play an important role in CO conversion in such environments. CO is involved in a number of redox reactions. It is biotransformed by thermophilic methanogens, acetogens, hydrogenogens, sulfate reducers, and ferric iron reducers. Most thermophilic CO-oxidizing anaerobes have diverse metabolic capacities, but two hydrogenogenic species are obligate carboxydotrophs. Among known thermophilic carboxydotrophic anaerobes, hydrogenogens are most numerous, and based on available data they are most important in CO biotransformation in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G Sokolova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60 Let Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Lancaster J. A unified scheme for carbon and electron flow coupled to ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation in the methanogenic bacteria. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Strevett KA, Vieth RF, Grasso D. Chemo-autotrophic biogas purification for methane enrichment: mechanism and kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0923-0467(95)06095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Noll KM. Thiol coenzymes of methanogens. Methods Enzymol 1995; 251:470-82. [PMID: 7651230 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)51151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Noll
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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Eisenreich W, Schwarzkopf B, Bacher A. Biosynthesis of nucleotides, flavins, and deazaflavins in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jetten MS, Hagen WR, Pierik AJ, Stams AJ, Zehnder AJ. Paramagnetic centers and acetyl-coenzyme A/CO exchange activity of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Methanothrix soehngenii. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:385-91. [PMID: 1847679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) dehydrogenase was purified, both aerobically and anaerobically, to apparent homogeneity from Methanothrix soehngenii. The enzyme contained 18 +/- 2 (n = 6) mol Fe/mol and 2.0 +/- 0.1 (n = 6) mol Ni/mol. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the aerobically purified CO dehydrogenase showed one sharp EPR signal at g = 2.014 with several characteristics of a [3Fe-4S]1+ cluster. The integrated intensity of this signal was low, 0.03 S = 1/2 spin/alpha beta dimer. The 3Fe spectrum was not affected by incubation with CO or acetyl-coenzyme A, but could be reduced by dithionite. The spectrum of the reduced, aerobically purified enzyme showed complex EPR spectra, which had several properties typical of two [4Fe-4S]1+ clusters, whose S = 1/2 spins weakly interacted by dipolar coupling. The integrated intensity was 0.1-0.2 spin/alpha beta dimer. The anaerobically isolated enzyme showed EPR spectra different from the reduced aerobically purified enzyme. Two major signals were apparent. One with g values of 2.05, 1.93 and 1.865, and an Em7.5 of -410 mV, which quantified to 0.9 S = 1/2 spin/alpha beta dimer. The other signal with g values of 1.997, 1.886 and 1.725, and an Em7.5 of -230 mV gave 0.1 spin/alpha beta dimer. When the enzyme was incubated with its physiological substrate acetyl-coenzyme A, these two major signals disappeared. Incubation of the enzyme under CO atmosphere resulted in a partial disappearance of the spectral component with g = 1.997, 1.886, 1.725. Acetyl-coenzyme A/CO exchange activity, 35 nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein, which corresponded to 7 mol CO exchanged min-1 mol-1 enzyme, could be detected in anaerobic enzyme preparations, but was absent in aerobic preparations. Carbon dioxide also exchanged with C-1 of acetyl-coenzyme A, but at a much lower rate than CO and to a much lower extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Jetten MS, Stams AJ, Zehnder AJ. Acetate threshold values and acetate activating enzymes in methanogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Tanner RS, McInerney MJ, Nagle DP. Formate auxotroph of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:6534-8. [PMID: 2687241 PMCID: PMC210544 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.12.6534-6538.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A formate-requiring auxotroph of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg was isolated after hydroxylamine mutagenesis and bacitracin selection. The requirement for formate is unique and specific; combined pools of other volatile fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogen bases did not substitute for formate. Compared with those of the wild type, cell extracts of the formate auxotroph were deficient in formate dehydrogenase activity, but cells of all of the strains examined catalyzed a formate-carbon dioxide exchange activity. All of the strains examined took up a small amount (200 to 260 mumol/liter) of formate (3 mM) added to medium. The results of the study of this novel auxotroph indicate a role for formate in biosynthetic reactions in this methanogen. Moreover, because methanogenesis from H2-CO2 is not impaired in the mutant, free formate is not an intermediate in the reduction of CO2 to CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Tanner
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019
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Lee MJ, Zinder SH. Carbon monoxide pathway enzyme activities in a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium grown acetogenically and in a syntrophic acetate-oxidizing coculture. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Shieh J, Mesbah M, Whitman WB. Pseudoauxotrophy of Methanococcus voltae for acetate, leucine, and isoleucine. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4091-6. [PMID: 3137212 PMCID: PMC211413 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.9.4091-4096.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanococcus voltae is a methanogenic bacterium which requires leucine, isoleucine, and acetate for growth. However, it also can synthesize these amino acids, and it is capable of low levels of autotrophic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) biosynthesis. When cells were grown in the presence of 14CO2, as well as in the presence of compounds required for growth, the alanine found in the cellular protein was radiolabeled. The percentages of radiolabel in the C-1, C-2, and C-3 positions of alanine were 64, 24, and 16%, respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into the C-2 and C-3 positions of alanine demonstrated the autotrophic acetyl-CoA biosynthetic pathway in this bacterium. Additional evidence was obtained in cell extracts in which autotrophically synthesized acetyl-CoA was trapped into lactate. In these extracts, both CO and CH2O stimulated acetyl-CoA synthesis. 14CH2O was specifically incorporated into the C-3 of lactate. Cell extracts of M. voltae also contained low levels of CO dehydrogenase, 13 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. These results further confirmed the presence of the autotrophic acetyl-CoA biosynthetic pathway in M. voltae. Likewise, 14CO2 and [U-14C]acetate were also incorporated into leucine and isoleucine during growth. During growth with [U-14C]leucine or [U-14C]isoleucine, the specific radioactivity of these amino acids in the culture medium declined, and the specific radioactivities of these amino acids recovered from the cellular protein were 32 to 40% lower than the initial specific radioactivities in the medium. Cell extracts of M. voltae also contained levels of isopropyl malate synthase, an enzyme that is specific to the leucine biosynthetic pathway, of 0.8 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Thus, M. voltae is capable of autotrophic CO2 fixation and leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shieh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Reductive activation of the methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin: coenzyme M methyltransferase from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain ΔH. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Abstract
To detect autotrophic CO2 assimilation in cell extracts of Methanococcus maripaludis, lactate dehydrogenase and NADH were added to convert pyruvate formed from autotrophically synthesized acetyl coenzyme A to lactate. The lactate produced was determined spectrophotometrically. When CO2 fixation was pulled in the direction of lactate synthesis, CO2 reduction to methane was inhibited. Bromoethanesulfonate (BES), a potent inhibitor of methanogenesis, enhanced lactate synthesis, and methyl coenzyme M inhibited it in the absence of BES. Lactate synthesis was dependent on CO2 and H2, but H2 + CO2-independent synthesis was also observed. In cell extracts, the rate of lactate synthesis was about 1.2 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. When BES was added, the rate of lactate synthesis increased to 2.3 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Because acetyl coenzyme A did not stimulate lactate synthesis, pyruvate synthase may have been the limiting activity in these assays. Radiolabel from 14CO2 was incorporated into lactate. The percentages of radiolabel in the C-1, C-2, and C-3 positions of lactate were 73, 33, and 11%, respectively. Both carbon monoxide and formaldehyde stimulated lactate synthesis. 14CH2O was specifically incorporated into the C-3 of lactate, and 14CO was incorporated into the C-1 and C-2 positions. Low concentrations of cyanide also inhibited autotrophic growth, CO dehydrogenase activity, and autotrophic lactate synthesis. These observations are in agreement with the acetogenic pathway of autotrophic CO2 assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shieh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Schulz H, Albracht SP, Coremans JM, Fuchs G. Purification and some properties of the corrinoid-containing membrane protein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 171:589-97. [PMID: 2831054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic membrane of the methanogenic archaebacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum does not contain cytochromes, but did contain a corrinoid protein of molecular mass about 33 kDa which, after treatment with 10 mg Triton X-100/mg protein, was contained in a protein complex of about 500 kDa. Washed membranes from 1 g dry cells contained about 70 nmol of the cobamide factor III (5-hydroxybenzimidazolyl cobamide) as the sole corrinoid. The corrinoid-containing protein complex was purified and some of its properties were studied. According to several criteria it is an integral membrane protein complex. The corrinoid-protein complex, after about 100-fold purification, gave a single band on native PAGE and still had molecular mass of about 500 kDa. In SDS-PAGE several subunits were observed: in addition to the corrinoid-carrying subunit of about 33 kDa, other polypeptides of approximately 28 kDa, 26 kDa, and possibly 23 kDa were present. One mole of the purified 500-kDa protein complex contained greater than or equal to eight moles of the cobamide factor III. It was estimated that the corrinoid-protein complex accounts for 8% of the membrane protein of M. thermoautotrophicum. The visible spectrum of the oxidized protein exhibited absorbance maxima at 547 nm, 511 nm, and a shoulder at 468 nm, which disappeared upon reduction with dithionite. The midpoint potential of this transition was around -145 mV (pH 7). With EPR a Co2+ signal was observed within -50 mV and -350 mV with a maximum around -200 mV. Possible reasons for the disappearance of the Co2+ signal at low redox potentials are discussed. The line shape of the Co2+ signal was similar to that of Co2+ in free corrinoids. The signal of Co2+ could also be evoked by reduction with 5 mM dithiothreitol. From the redox properties of the corrinoid membrane protein it may be expected that in vivo the cobalt may become reduced and reoxidized. Its possible function as an electron-mediating membrane protein in the metabolism of methanogenic bacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schulz
- Abteilung Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
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Bott M, Thauer RK. Proton-motive-force-driven formation of CO from CO2 and H2 in methanogenic bacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 168:407-12. [PMID: 2822415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspensions of methanogenic bacteria (Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanospirillum hungatei, Methano-brevibacter arboriphilus, and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum) were found to form CO from CO2 and H2 according to the reaction: CO2 + H2----CO + H2O; delta G0 = +20 kJ/mol. Up to 15,000 ppm CO in the gas phase were reached which is significantly higher than the equilibrium concentration calculated from delta G0 (95 ppm under the experimental conditions). This indicated that CO2 reduction with H2 to CO is energy-driven and indeed the cells only generated CO when forming CH4. The coupling of the two reactions was studied in more detail with acetate-grown cells of M. barkeri using methanogenic substrates. The effects of the protonophore tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) and of the proton-translocating ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (cHxN)2C were determined. TCS completely inhibited CO formation from CO2 and H2 without affecting methanogenesis from CH3OH and H2. In the presence of the protonophore the proton motive force delta p and the intracellular ATP concentration were very low. (cHxN)2C, which partially inhibited methanogenesis from CH3OH and H2, had no effect on CO2 reduction to CO. In the presence of (cHxN)2C delta p was high and the intracellular ATP content was low. These findings suggest that the endergonic formation of CO from CO2 and H2 is coupled to the exergonic formation of CH4 from CH3OH and H2 via the proton motive force and not via ATP. CO formation was not stimulated by the addition of sodium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bott
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Fachbereich Biologie, Mikrobiologie, Marburg/Lahn, Federal Republic of Germany
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Grahame D, Stadtman T. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Methanosarcina barkeri. Disaggregation, purification, and physicochemical properties of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Bonam D, Ludden P. Purification and characterization of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, a nickel, zinc, iron-sulfur protein, from Rhodospirillum rubrum. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Länge S, Fuchs G. Autotrophic synthesis of activated acetic acid from CO2 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Synthesis from tetrahydromethanopterin-bound C1 units and carbon monoxide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 163:147-54. [PMID: 3102234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of acetyl-CoA from CO2, H2, and various C1 compounds was studied in vitro with extracts and with protein fractions of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Acetyl-CoA synthesis from CO2 and H2 by extracts required CO2 reduction to CH4 to proceed. Both processes were highly stimulated by formaldehyde which served as the carbon precursor of both CH4 and the CH3 group of acetate. Carbon monoxide in combination with formaldehyde dramatically stimulated the acetyl-CoA synthesis up to 150-fold. In this system, which did not require CO2 reduction to the formaldehyde and CO level, acetyl-CoA synthesis was no longer dependent on CH4 formation. The soluble (100,000 X g supernatant) cell protein was resolved into a protein fraction [45-60% (NH4)2SO4-fraction] which catalyzed acetyl-CoA synthesis at a specific rate of 15 nmol X min-1 X (equivalent of mg cell protein)-1 (60 degrees C). This oxygen-sensitive enzyme reaction required dithioerythritol for activity and was strictly dependent on coenzyme A, CO, and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydromethanopterin, N5-methyl tetrahydromethanopterin or formaldehyde plus tetrahydromethanopterin. The incorporation of formaldehyde is explained by the spontaneous formation of methylene tetrahydromethanopterin. The product of the reaction, acetyl-CoA, was quantitatively derived from CO (carboxyl of acetate) and a C1 derivative of tetrahydromethanopterin (methyl of acetate). The C1 derivative of tetrahydromethanopterin could not be replaced by a C1 derivative of tetrahydrofolate or by methyl-coenzyme M; ATP was not required. The active protein fraction contained CO dehydrogenase and at least on corrinoid protein. These results provide strong biochemical arguments for the proposed mechanism of autotrophic acetyl-CoA synthesis in Methanobacterium.
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Sparling R, Daniels L. Source of carbon and hydrogen in methane produced from formate by Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus. J Bacteriol 1986; 168:1402-7. [PMID: 3782041 PMCID: PMC213652 DOI: 10.1128/jb.168.3.1402-1407.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus is able to produce methane either from H2-CO2 or from formate. The route of formate entry into the methanogenic pathway was investigated by using 2H2O or [13C]formate and analysis by mass spectrometry. When cells (H2-CO2 or formate grown) were transferred to formate medium in 95% 2H water, the proportion of 2H in methane was 95%. When cells (H2-CO2 or formate grown) were transferred to media containing [13C]formate in the presence of H2-CO2 or He-CO2, the ratio of 13CH4 to 12CH4 increased over time parallel to the ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2. The cells catalyzed a significant exchange of label between [13C]formate and 13CO2.
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24
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Evans JN, Raleigh DP, Tolman CJ, Roberts MF. 13C NMR spectroscopy of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Carbon fluxes and primary metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Wood HG, Ragsdale SW, Pezacka E. The acetyl-CoA pathway: a newly discovered pathway of autotrophic growth. Trends Biochem Sci 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(86)90223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Bott MH, Eikmanns B, Thauer RK. Defective formation and/or utilization of carbon monoxide in H2/CO2 fermenting methanogens dependent on acetate as carbon source. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Jansen K, Fuchs G, Thauer RK. Autotrophic CO2fixation byDesulfovibrio baarsii: Demonstration of enzyme activities characteristic for the acetyl-CoA pathway. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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R�hlemann M, Ziegler K, Stupperich E, Fuchs G. Detection of acetyl coenzyme A as an early CO2 assimilation intermediate in Methanobacterium. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00428856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Autotrophic synthesis of activated acetic acid from two CO2 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Smith MR, Lequerica JL, Hart MR. Inhibition of methanogenesis and carbon metabolism in Methanosarcina sp. by cyanide. J Bacteriol 1985; 162:67-71. [PMID: 3980448 PMCID: PMC218954 DOI: 10.1128/jb.162.1.67-71.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NaCN was tested for its inhibitory effects on growth of and metabolism by Methanosarcina barkeri 227. NaCN (10 microM) inhibited catabolism of acetate methyl groups to CH4 and CO2 but did not inhibit methanogenesis from methanol, CO2, methylamine, or trimethylamine. NaCN also inhibited the assimilation of methanol or CO2 (as the sole carbon source) into cell carbon and stimulated the assimilation of acetate. These results suggest that inhibition by NaCN was a result of its action as an inhibitor of in vivo CO dehydrogenase. The results also implicate CO dehydrogenase in the oxidation of acetate but not methanol methyl groups to CO2.
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Länge S, Fuchs G. Tetrahydromethanopterin, a coenzyme involved in autotrophic acetyl coenzyme A synthesis from 2 CO 2in Methanobacterium. FEBS Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eikmanns B, Fuchs G, Thauer RK. Formation of carbon monoxide from CO2 and H2 by Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 146:149-54. [PMID: 3917916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspensions of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were found to reduce CO2 with H2 to CO at a maximal rate of 100 nmol X min-1 X mg protein-1. Half-maximal rates were obtained at a H2 and a CO2 concentration in the gas phase of 10% and 30%, respectively. The CO concentration in the gas phase surpassed the equilibrium concentration by a factor of more than 15 which indicates that CO2 reduction with H2 to CO was energy-driven. This was substantiated by the observation that the cells only formed CO when they also generated methane and that CO formation was completely inhibited by uncouplers. CO formation by cell suspensions and by growing cells was inhibited by cyanide. Neither methane formation nor the electrochemical proton potential were affected by this inhibitor. Cyanide was shown to inactivate specifically the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase present in M. thermoautotrophicum. It is therefore concluded that reduction of CO2 to CO is catalyzed by this enzyme. CO production by growing cells was 5-10-times slower than by resting cells. This is explained by effective CO assimilation in growing cells; when CO assimilation was inhibited by propyl iodide the rate of CO production immediately increased more than tenfold.
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Stupperich E, Fuchs G. Autotrophic synthesis of activated acetic acid from two CO2 inMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00692704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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