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Ji Y, Li J, Liang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Pi L, Xing P, Nomura CT, Chen S, Zhu C, Wang Q. Engineering the Tat-secretion pathway of Bacillus licheniformis for the secretion of cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:89. [PMID: 38194145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis has long been used as a microbial factory for the production of enzymes due to its ability to secrete copious amounts of native extracellular proteins and its generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status. However, most attempts to use B. licheniformis to produce heterologous and cytoplasmic enzymes primarily via the general secretory (Sec) pathway have had limited success. The twin-arginine transport (Tat) pathway offers a promising alternative for the extracellular export of Sec-incompatible proteins because it transports full, correctly folded proteins. However, compared to the Sec pathway, the yields of the Tat pathway have historically been too low for commercial use. To improve the export efficiency of the Tat pathway, we identified the optimal Tat-dependent signal peptides and increased the abundance of the Tat translocases, the signal peptidase (SPase), and the intracellular chaperones. These strategic modifications significantly improved the Tat-dependent secretion of the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase into the culture medium using B. licheniformis. The extracellular enzymatic activity of arginase showed a 5.2-fold increase after these modifications. Moreover, compared to the start strain B. licheniformis 0F3, the production of extracellular GFP was improved by 3.8 times using the strategic modified strain B. licheniformis 0F13, and the extracellular enzymatic activity of SOX had a 1.3-fold increase using the strain B. licheniformis 0F14. This Tat-based production chassis has the potential for enhanced production of Sec-incompatible enzymes, therefore expanding the capability of B. licheniformis as an efficient cellular factory for the production of high-value proteins. KEY POINTS: • Systematic genetic modification of Tat-pathway in B. licheniformis. • Significant enhancement of the secretion capacity of Tat pathway for delivery the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. • A new platform for efficient extracellular production of Sec-incompatible enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pi
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xing
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Yoneda S, Saito T, Nakajima D, Watanabe G. Potential of mean force and umbrella sampling simulation for the transport of 5-oxazolidinone in heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase. Proteins 2021; 89:811-818. [PMID: 33576049 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The structure of heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase (HSO) contains a highly complex system composed of a large cavity and tunnels, which are essential for the reaction and migration of the reactants, products, and intermediates. Previous geometrical analysis using the CAVER program has predicted that there are three possible tunnels, T1, T2, and T3, for the exit pathway of the iminium intermediate, 5-oxazolidinone (5-OXA), of the enzyme reaction. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of HSO has identified the regions containing the water channels from the density distribution of water. The simulation indicated that tunnel T3 is the most probable exit pathway of 5-OXA. In the present study, the potential of mean force (PMF) for the transport of 5-OXA through tunnels T1, T2, and T3 was calculated using umbrella sampling (US) MD simulations and the weighted histogram analysis method. The PMF profiles for the three tunnels support the notion that tunnel T3 is the exit pathway of 5-OXA, and that 5-OXA tends to stay at the middle of the tunnel. The maximum errors of the calculated PMF for the predicted exit pathway, tunnel T3, were estimated by repeating the US simulations using different sets of initial positions. The PMF profile was also calculated for the transport of glycine within T3. The PMF profiles from the US simulations were in good agreement with the previous predictions that 5-OXA escape through tunnel T3 and how glycine is released to the outside of HSO was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Yoneda
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan
| | - Takami Saito
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan
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Chatterjee A, Mahato C, Das D. Complex Cascade Reaction Networks via Cross β Amyloid Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:202-207. [PMID: 32956553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reaction networks integrate complex cascade transformations via spatial localization of multiple enzymes confined within the cellular milieu. Inspired by nature's ingenuity, we demonstrate that short peptide-based cross-β amyloid nanotubular hybrids can promote different kinds of cascade reactions, from simple two-step, to multistep, to complex convergent cascades. The compartmentalizing ability of paracrystalline cross-β phases was utilized to colocalize sarcosine oxidase (SOX) and hemin as an artificial peroxidase. Further, the catalytic potential of the amyloid nanotubes with ordered arrays of imidazoles were used as hydrolase mimic. The SOX-hemin amyloid nanohybrids featuring a single extant enzyme could integrate different logic networks to access complex digital designs with the help of three concatenated AND gates and biologically relevant stimuli as inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Chiranjit Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
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Shoji M, Abe Y, Boero M, Shigeta Y, Nishiya Y. Reaction mechanism of N-cyclopropylglycine oxidation by monomeric sarcosine oxidase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16552-16561. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanism of monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) with N-cyclopropylglycine (CPG) is unravelled at the theoretical level of the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Shoji
- Center for Computational Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- JST-PRESTO
| | | | - Mauro Boero
- University of Strasbourg
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- UMR 7504
- France
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishiya
- Department of Life Science
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Setsunan University
- Osaka 572-8508
- Japan
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Zeng L, Yu Y, Cai X, Xie S, Chen J, Zhong L, Zhang Y. Differences in Serum Amino Acid Phenotypes Among Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy, Hypertensive Nephropathy, and Chronic Nephritis. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7235-7242. [PMID: 31557143 PMCID: PMC6778409 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We assessed levels of circulating amino acids in different etiologies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the association of amino acids with risk factors of CKD progression. Material/Methods High-performance liquid chromatography-based analysis was used to determine amino acid profiles in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN, n=20), hypertensive nephropathy (HN, n=26), and chronic nephritis (CN, n=33), and in healthy controls (HC, n=25). Results All 3 types of CKD patients displayed decreased serum levels of serine, glycine, GABA, and tryptophan compared with healthy controls. Moreover, serine and tryptophan were positively correlated with glucose in DN cohorts. Total cholesterol was positively correlated with tryptophan levels in the DN cohort and negatively correlated with serine levels in the CN cohort. In the HN cohort, glycine was negatively correlated with triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was negatively correlated with GABA levels. Conclusions Patients with different etiologies of CKD have significantly different amino acids profiles, and this indicates specific supplementary nutritional needs in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xi Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Shuqin Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Jin S, Xia W, Jiang Y, Sun X, Huang S, Zhang B, Zhou A, Zheng T, Xu S, Li Y. Urinary vanadium concentration in relation to premature rupture of membranes: A birth cohort study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:1035-1041. [PMID: 30208528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal exposure has been indicated to be linked with reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, human studies on the association between heavy metal exposure and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) are limited. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the associations between urinary metal concentrations in pregnant women and the risk of PROM. The study was conducted among 7290 pregnant women from an ongoing cohort study in China. Levels of urinary metals were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and adjusted by creatinine concentration (μg/g creatinine). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PROM and preterm PROM were estimated using logistic regression models. Among 12 urinary metals detected, vanadium (V) have shown stable positive associations with PROM and preterm PROM. With one unit increase in natural logarithmically transformed urinary V concentration, adjusted OR of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.47, 1.66) for PROM was observed. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary V, we also observed positive associations between V levels and PROM (for the medium tertile, adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.05; for the highest tertile, adjusted OR = 3.75, 95% CI: 3.09, 4.54). In addition, higher adjusted ORs for preterm PROM were observed (for the highest tertile, adjusted OR = 8.14, 95% CI: 4.55, 14.55). Further stratified analysis suggested the associations were more pronounced among women delivering male infants than those with female infants. Our present epidemiological study indicated that pregnant women exposure to higher level of V might lead to an increased risk of PROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Novel Metabolic Pathway for N-Methylpyrrolidone Degradation in Alicycliphilus sp. Strain BQ1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 84:AEM.02136-17. [PMID: 29030443 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02136-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the biodegradation of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), a widely used industrial solvent that produces skin irritation in humans and is teratogenic in rats, are unknown. Alicycliphilus sp. strain BQ1 degrades NMP. By studying a transposon-tagged mutant unable to degrade NMP, we identified a six-gene cluster (nmpABCDEF) that is transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA and encodes enzymes involved in NMP biodegradation. nmpA and the transposon-affected gene nmpB encode an N-methylhydantoin amidohydrolase that transforms NMP to γ-N-methylaminobutyric acid; this is metabolized by an amino acid oxidase (NMPC), either by demethylation to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or by deamination to produce succinate semialdehyde (SSA). If GABA is produced, the activity of a GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), not encoded in the nmp gene cluster, is needed to generate SSA. SSA is transformed by a succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) (NMPF) to succinate, which enters the Krebs cycle. The abilities to consume NMP and to utilize it for growth were complemented in the transposon-tagged mutant by use of the nmpABCD genes. Similarly, Escherichia coli MG1655, which has two SSDHs but is unable to grow in NMP, acquired these abilities after functional complementation with these genes. In wild-type (wt) BQ1 cells growing in NMP, GABA was not detected, but SSA was present at double the amount found in cells growing in Luria-Bertani medium (LB), suggesting that GABA is not an intermediate in this pathway. Moreover, E. coli GABA-AT deletion mutants complemented with nmpABCD genes retained the ability to grow in NMP, supporting the possibility that γ-N-methylaminobutyric acid is deaminated to SSA instead of being demethylated to GABA.IMPORTANCEN-Methylpyrrolidone is a cyclic amide reported to be biodegradable. However, the metabolic pathway and enzymatic activities for degrading NMP are unknown. By developing molecular biology techniques for Alicycliphilus sp. strain BQ1, an environmental bacterium able to grow in NMP, we identified a six-gene cluster encoding enzymatic activities involved in NMP degradation. These findings set the basis for the study of new enzymatic activities and for the development of biotechnological processes with potential applications in bioremediation.
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Yang A, Liu S, Cheng Z, Pu H, Cheng N, Ding J, Li J, Li H, Hu X, Ren X, Yang K, Zheng T, Bai Y. Dose-response analysis of environmental exposure to multiple metals and their joint effects with fasting plasma glucose among occupational workers. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:314-321. [PMID: 28787687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental exposure to metals may adversely affect cardiometabolic health. However, little data are available directly evaluating the roles of metal exposure in blood glucose of which dysfunction has been linked to diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the dose-response associations between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and multiple urinary metals including nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, and arsenic, as well as to examine their joint effects among occupational workers. METHODS We performed a population-based study of 464 workers in an ongoing occupational cohort study in China. Both spline and categorical analyses were used to evaluate the dose-response relationship between urinary metals levels and FPG. RESULTS We observed the J-shaped non-linear relationships between urinary nickel (P non-linearity = 0.03) and zinc (P non-linearity < 0.01) with FPG by spline analyses. A negative linear relationship between urinary cobalt and FPG (P for nonlinearity = 0.06) was found, but no statistically significant associations between urinary copper and arsenic with FPG. In linear regression analyses, the regression coefficient for log-transferred FPG was 0.017 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.003, 0.038) in the 4th quartile concentration of urinary nickel, compared with 1st quartile. The joint effects between urinary nickel and cobalt with FPG were also detected (P for interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Multiple urinary metals, particularly nickel, zinc and cobalt, were associated with blood glucose among Chinese metal exposed workers, supporting the notion that metal exposure may play a critical role in diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Yang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center and Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Hongquan Pu
- Workers' Hospital of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu, 737103, China
| | - Ning Cheng
- Center of Medical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jiao Ding
- Workers' Hospital of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu, 737103, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Workers' Hospital of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu, 737103, China
| | - Xiaobin Hu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Kehu Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center and Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Yana Bai
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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Parameswari A, Mohamed Asath R, Premkumar R, Milton Franklin Benial A. SERS and quantum chemical studies on N -methylglycine molecule on silver nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Conserved ABC Transport System Regulated by the General Stress Response Pathways of Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00746-16. [PMID: 27994018 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00746-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus σE1 is an EcfG family sigma factor that regulates the transcription of dozens of genes in response to diverse stress conditions and is required for maintenance of chronic infection in a mouse model. A putative ATP-binding cassette transporter operon, bab1_0223-bab1_0226, is among the most highly activated gene sets in the σE1 regulon. The proteins encoded by the operon resemble quaternary ammonium-compatible solute importers but are most similar in sequence to the broadly conserved YehZYXW system, which remains largely uncharacterized. Transcription of yehZYXW is activated by the general stress sigma factor σS in Enterobacteriaceae, which suggests a functional role for this transport system in bacterial stress response across the classes Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria We present evidence that B. abortus YehZYXW does not function as an importer of known compatible solutes under physiological conditions and does not contribute to the virulence defect of a σE1-null strain. The sole in vitro phenotype associated with genetic disruption of this putative transport system is reduced growth in the presence of high Li+ ion concentrations. A crystal structure of B. abortus YehZ revealed a class II periplasmic binding protein fold with significant structural homology to Archaeoglobus fulgidus ProX, which binds glycine betaine. However, the structure of the YehZ ligand-binding pocket is incompatible with high-affinity binding to glycine betaine. This is consistent with weak measured binding of YehZ to glycine betaine and related compatible solutes. We conclude that YehZYXW is a conserved, stress-regulated transport system that is phylogenetically and functionally distinct from quaternary ammonium-compatible solute importers.IMPORTANCEBrucella abortus σE1 regulates transcription in response to stressors encountered in its mammalian host and is necessary for maintenance of chronic infection in a mouse model. The functions of the majority of genes regulated by σE1 remain undefined. We present a functional/structural analysis of a conserved putative membrane transport system (YehZYXW) whose expression is strongly activated by σE1 Though annotated as a quaternary ammonium osmolyte uptake system, experimental physiological studies and measured ligand-binding properties of the periplasmic binding protein (PBP), YehZ, are inconsistent with this function. A crystal structure of B. abortus YehZ provides molecular insight into differences between bona fide quaternary ammonium osmolyte importers and YehZ-related proteins, which form a distinct phylogenetic and functional group of PBPs.
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Yang A, Liu S, Cheng N, Pu H, Dai M, Ding J, Li J, Li H, Hu X, Ren X, He J, Zheng T, Bai Y. Multiple metals exposure, elevated blood glucose and dysglycemia among Chinese occupational workers. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:101-107. [PMID: 27623387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exposure to metals may adversely affect cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study is to directly evaluate the roles of multiple metals exposure in glucose homeostasis, the dysfunction of which has been linked to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 464 metal-exposed workers who participated in a large prospective occupational study in China (Jinchang Cohort). The logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between urinary metal levels and high fasting plasma glucose (high-FPG) (≥ 75th percentile) and dysglycemia. RESULTS Increasing levels of urinary nickel were prospectively associated with high-FPG: multivariable odds ratios (ORs) were 1.00 for the 1st quartile (lowest), 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60-2.43) for the 2nd quartile, 1.64 (0.78-3.49) for the 3rd quartile and 3.17 (1.38-7.30) for the 4th quartile (highest) (P-trend=0.004). The positive associations were also observed between urinary zinc and high-FPG (4th vs. 1st quartile=2.71, 95%CI: 1.26-5.84, P-trend=0.01). Inverse associations between urinary cobalt and risk of high-FPG and dysglycemia were observed (P-trend <0.05). For dysglycemia, the positive trends of increasing levels of urinary nickel and zinc still remained, although urinary nickel was no longer statistically significant. A significant association between urinary arsenic and dysglycemia was also found. However, no associations were observed between urinary copper, cadmium, and risk of high-FPG or dysglycemia. CONCLUSION Multiple urinary metals, particularly arsenic, nickel, zinc, and cobalt, were associated with elevated blood glucose among Chinese occupational workers, supporting the notion that metal exposure plays a critical role in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Yang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. USA
| | - Ning Cheng
- Center of Medical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongquan Pu
- Workers' Hospital of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu, China
| | - Min Dai
- Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Ding
- Workers' Hospital of Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center of Medical Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaobin Hu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jie He
- Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Yana Bai
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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13
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Watanabe G, Nakajima D, Hiroshima A, Suzuki H, Yoneda S. Analysis of water channels by molecular dynamics simulation of heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:131-7. [PMID: 27493862 PMCID: PMC4736832 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation in aquo was performed for the heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase bound with a substrate analogue, dimethylglycine. The spatial region including the protein was divided into small rectangular cells. The average number of the water molecules locating within each cell was calculated based on the simulation trajectory. The clusters of the cells filled with water molecules were used to determine the water channels. The narrowness of the channels, the average hydropathy indices of the residues of the channels, and the number of migration events of water molecules through the channels were consistent with the selective transport hypothesis whereby tunnel T3 is the pathway for the exit of the iminium intermediate of the enzyme reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Watanabe
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akinori Hiroshima
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Haruo Suzuki
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoneda
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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14
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Tong Y, Xin Y, Yang H, Zhang L, Wang W. Efficient improvement on stability of sarcosine oxidase via poly-lysine modification on enzyme surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Tong Y, Xin Y, Yang H, Zhang L, Tao X, Xu H, Wang W. Novel affinity purification of monomeric sarcosine oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3086-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yu Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Hailin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Wu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
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16
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Saito M, Itoh A, Suzuki H. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects in heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96: the anionic form of the substrate in the enzyme-substrate complex is a reactive species. J Biochem 2012; 151:633-42. [PMID: 22528666 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase is a flavoprotein that catalyses the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine. It is thought that the dehydrogenated substrate is the anionic form of sarcosine. To verify this assumption, the rate of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) reduction (k(red)) was analysed using protiated and deuterated sarcosine (N-methyl-d(3)-Gly) at various pH values using stopped-flow method. By increasing the pH from 6.2 to 9.8, k(red) increased for both substrates and reached a plateau, but the pK(a) value (reflecting the ionization of the enzyme-substrate complex) was 6.8 and 7.1 for protiated and deuterated sarcosine, respectively, and the kinetic isotope effect of k(red) decreased from approximately 19 to 8, indicating deprotonation of the bound sarcosine. The k(red)/K(d) (K(d), sarcosine dissociation constant) increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau. The pK (reflecting the ionization of free enzyme or free sarcosine) was 7.0 for both substrates, suggesting deprotonation of the βLys358 residue, which has a pK(a) of 6.7, as the pK(a) of the free sarcosine amine proton was determined to be approximately 10.1. These results indicate that the amine proton of sarcosine is transferred to the unprotonated Lys residue in the enzyme-substrate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Saito
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Basic Life Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara-shi, Japan
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17
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Lee S, Jia B, Pham BP, Shao Y, Kwak JM, Cheong GW. Architecture and characterization of sarcosine oxidase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Extremophiles 2011; 16:87-93. [PMID: 22083128 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine oxidase (SOX) catalyzes the oxidation of the methyl group in sarcosine and transfer of the oxidized methyl group into the one-carbon metabolic pool. Here, we separately cloned and expressed α and β subunit of SOX from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (TkSOX) in Escherichia coli and the recombinant proteins were purified to homogeneity. Gel filtration chromatography and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the α subunit formed a dimeric structure and behaved as an NADH dehydrogenase; β subunit was a tetramer that had sarcosine oxidase and L: -proline dehydrogenase activity. The TkSOX complex assembled into the hetero-octameric (αβ)(4) form and had NADH dehydrogenase activity. Gold-label analysis indicated that α and β subunits were oriented in the alternative form. Based on these results, we suggested that TkSOX was a multifunctional enzyme and that each subunit and (αβ)(4) complex may separately exist as a function enzyme in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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18
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Moriguchi T, Ida K, Hikima T, Ueno G, Yamamoto M, Suzuki H. Channeling and conformational changes in the heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 148:491-505. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Ramanavicius A. Amperometric biosensor for the determination of creatine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1899-906. [PMID: 17221239 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor for the determination of creatine was developed. The carbon rod electrode surface was coated with sarcosine oxidase (SOX) and creatine amidinohydrolase by cross-linking under glutaraldehyde vapour. The SOX from Arthrobacter sp. 1-1 N was purified and previously used for creation of a creatine biosensor. The natural SOX electron acceptor, oxygen, was replaced by an [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) /[ Fe(CN)(6)](4-) redox mediating system, which allowed amperometric detection of an analytical signal at +400-mV potential. The response time of the biosensor was less than 1 min. The biosensor showed a linear dependence of the signal vs. creatine concentration at physiological creatine concentration levels. The optimal pH in 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-HCl buffer was found to be at pH 8.0. The half-life of the biosensor was 8 days in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) at 20 degrees C. Principal scheme of consecutively followed catalytic reactions used to design a biosensor for the determination of creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramanavicius
- Centre of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, 2006 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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20
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Guo K, Ma X, Sun G, Zhao Y, Li X, Zhao W, Kai L. Expression and characterization of a thermostable sarcosine oxidase (SOX) from Bacillus sp. in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:559-66. [PMID: 16977470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A heat-stable sarcosine oxidase produced by Bacillus sp. BSD-8 (SOX) had been studied and its complete gene sequence, which contained 1,164 bp nucleotides and encoded a protein of 387 amino acids, was obtained by DNA Walking method. The sox gene was cloned and functionally overexpressed in E. coli and the recombinant SOX (rSOX) was purified to homogeneity, its properties was studied and compared with the wild type of SOX. The rSOX as well as SOX was stable at 60 degrees C and at pH 7.0 approximately 10.0, respectively. The optimal temperature for this enzyme was 60 degrees C and at pH 8.5, it showed its highest activity. The Km and Kcat of the enzyme was 3.1 mM and 20.3/s, respectively. The difference between the properties of the SOX and rSOX was that the SOX contained noncovalent FAD, whereas the rSOX contained covalent FAD. The study also showed that an increased number of alanine residues in the rSOX might have some contribution in the enzymatic thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangping Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 268 , Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
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21
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Ida K, Moriguchi T, Suzuki H. Crystal structure of heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:359-66. [PMID: 15946648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96 is a heterotetrameric enzyme. Here we report the crystal structures of the enzyme in complex with dimethylglycine and folinic acid. The alpha subunit is composed of two domains, contains NAD(+), and binds folinic acid. The beta subunit contains dimethylglycine, FAD, and FMN, and these flavins are approximately 10A apart. The gamma subunit is in contact with two domains of alpha subunit and has possibly a folate-binding structure. The delta subunit contains a single atom of zinc and has a Cys(3)His zinc finger structure. Based on the structures determined and on the previous works, the structure-function relationship on the heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Ida
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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22
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Mukouyama EB, Oguchi M, Kodera Y, Maeda T, Suzuki H. Low pKa lysine residues at the active site of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:846-51. [PMID: 15240125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96 is inactivated by iodoacetamide with the modification of two specific residues. Comparing the amino acid sequence and mass spectra of the peptide fragments containing the modified residues with those from the native enzyme, the modified residues were identified to be lysine. The pKa of these residues were estimated to be 8.5 and 6.7 from the pH dependence of inactivation in the presence and absence of the competitive inhibitor, acetate. These estimated pKa values are much lower than that of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residue. There may be unique microenvironments around these residues that activate their -amino groups to be susceptible to iodoacetamide. A possible role of the lysine residue with pKa 6.7 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko B Mukouyama
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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23
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Beuth B, Niefind K, Schomburg D. Crystal structure of creatininase from Pseudomonas putida: a novel fold and a case of convergent evolution. J Mol Biol 2003; 332:287-301. [PMID: 12946365 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Creatinine amidohydrolase (creatininase; EC 3.5.2.10) from Pseudomonas putida, a homohexameric enzyme with a molecular mass of 28.4 kDa per subunit, is a cyclic amidohydrolase catalysing the reversible conversion of creatinine to creatine. The enzyme plays a key role in the bacterial degradation of creatinine. The three-dimensional structure of creatininase from P.putida was determined and refined to 2.1A. The structure shows the six subunits arranged as a trimer of dimers and definitely disproves previous reports that the enzyme has an octameric quaternary structure. Each monomer consists of a central, four-stranded, parallel beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices on both sides of the beta-sheet. This topology is unique within the superfamily of amidohydrolases. Moreover, creatininase possesses a novel fold with no close structural relatives within the Protein Data Bank. Each creatininase monomer contains a binuclear zinc centre near the C termini of the beta-strands and the N termini of the main alpha-helices. These zinc ions indicate the location of the active site unambiguously. The active site is entirely buried and is not accessible from the solution without movement of parts of the protein. The two zinc ions are bridged by a water molecule and by an aspartate residue, which acts as a bidentate ligand. They differ from each other in the number and the spatial arrangement of their ligands. One of them is tetrahedrally and the other trigonal-bipyramidally ligated. Using two water molecules of the first coordination sphere as anchor points, a creatinine-water adduct resembling the transition state of the hydrolysation reaction was modelled into the active site. The resulting complex in combination with structural comparisons with other amidohydrolases enabled us to identify the most probable candidate for the catalytic base and to suggest a putative reaction mechanism. Surprisingly these structural comparisons revealed a similarity in the active-site arrangement between creatininase and the hydantoinase-like cyclic amidohydrolases that was unexpected, given the completely unrelated primary and tertiary structures. In particular, the zinc-bridging aspartate residue of creatininase is a spatially and functionally analogue to a carboxylated lysine residue found in dihydroorotase and the hydantoinases. Hence, creatininase and the hydantoinase-like cyclic amidohydrolases represent a further example of convergent evolution within the enzyme class of hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beuth
- Universität zu Köln, Institut für Biochemie, Zülpicher Strasse 47, 50674 Köln, Germany
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24
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Mukouyama EB, Ohsawa H, Suzuki H. Cofactors in sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:59-64. [PMID: 11902668 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014135216860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96 is a heterotetrameric enzyme that was reported to contain 1 mol of covalently bound FAD and 1 mol of non-covalently-bound FAD. This work describes the result of reinvestigation of the cofactors in this enzyme. The enzyme was found to contain 1 mol of non-covalently-bound NAD+, 1 mol of non-covalently-bound FAD, and 1 mol of covalent FMN. The covalent FMN was identified by the mass and amino acid sequence analyses of the flavin peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko B Mukouyama
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the many intriguing facets of creatine (Cr) and creatinine metabolism, encompassing the pathways and regulation of Cr biosynthesis and degradation, species and tissue distribution of the enzymes and metabolites involved, and of the inherent implications for physiology and human pathology. Very recently, a series of new discoveries have been made that are bound to have distinguished implications for bioenergetics, physiology, human pathology, and clinical diagnosis and that suggest that deregulation of the creatine kinase (CK) system is associated with a variety of diseases. Disturbances of the CK system have been observed in muscle, brain, cardiac, and renal diseases as well as in cancer. On the other hand, Cr and Cr analogs such as cyclocreatine were found to have antitumor, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects and to protect tissues from hypoxic, ischemic, neurodegenerative, or muscle damage. Oral Cr ingestion is used in sports as an ergogenic aid, and some data suggest that Cr and creatinine may be precursors of food mutagens and uremic toxins. These findings are discussed in depth, the interrelationships are outlined, and all is put into a broader context to provide a more detailed understanding of the biological functions of Cr and of the CK system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wyss
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Division, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Mukouyama EB, Tatemukai S, Morioka K, Matsuura J, Suzuki H. Determination of amino acid sequences of two subunits in sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1999; 18:747-52. [PMID: 10691184 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020625400518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary structures of the C and D subunits of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96 were determined by sequencing the peptide fragments derived from their enzymatic digestions. The C and D subunits were shown to be composed of 199 and 92 residues, respectively. Each amino acid sequence showed a high homology with the sequence of the corresponding subunit from Corynebacterium sp. P-1. However, there were some differences between these two species, that is, four N-terminal residues were truncated in the C subunit, but six C-terminal residues were truncated in the D subunit. The D subunit contained three cysteine residues, but no disulfide bonds are in the subunit. Overall sequences of both subunit showed no homology with any other protein in the data base.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Mukouyama
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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27
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Cloning of genes encoding heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase from Arthrobacter sp. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00127888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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