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Fuhrmann JF, Krishna A, Paijmans J, Duclut C, Cwikla G, Eaton S, Popović M, Jülicher F, Modes CD, Dye NA. Active shape programming drives Drosophila wing disc eversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0860. [PMID: 39121221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
How complex 3D tissue shape emerges during animal development remains an important open question in biology and biophysics. Here, we discover a mechanism for 3D epithelial shape change based on active, in-plane cellular events that is analogous to inanimate "shape programmable" materials, which undergo blueprinted 3D shape transformations from in-plane gradients of spontaneous strains. We study eversion of the Drosophila wing disc pouch, when the epithelium transforms from a dome into a curved fold, quantifying 3D tissue shape changes and mapping spatial patterns of cellular behaviors on the evolving geometry using cellular topology. Using a physical model inspired by shape programming, we find that active cell rearrangements are the major contributor to pouch eversion and validate this conclusion using a knockdown of MyoVI, which reduces rearrangements and disrupts morphogenesis. This work shows that shape programming is a mechanism for animal tissue morphogenesis and suggests that patterns in nature could present design strategies for shape-programmable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana F Fuhrmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Greta Cwikla
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Hammonds AS, Fristrom JW. Mutational analysis of Stubble-stubbloid gene structure and function in Drosophila leg and bristle morphogenesis. Genetics 2005; 172:1577-93. [PMID: 16322506 PMCID: PMC1456279 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) gene is required for ecdysone-regulated epithelial morphogenesis of imaginal tissues during Drosophila metamorphosis. Mutations in Sb-sbd are associated with defects in apical cell shape changes critical for the evagination of the leg imaginal disc and with defects in assembly and extension of parallel actin bundles in growing mechanosensory bristles. The Sb-sbd gene encodes a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP). Here we use a Sb-sbd transgenic construct to rescue both bristle and leg morphogenesis defects in Sb-sbd mutations. Molecular characterization of Sb-sbd mutations and rescue experiments with wild-type and modified Sb-sbd transgenic constructs show that the protease domain is required for both leg and bristle functions. Truncated proteins that express the noncatalytic domains without the protease have dominant effects in bristles but not in legs. Leg morphogenesis, but not bristle growth, is sensitive to Sb-sbd overexpression. Antibody localization of the Sb-sbd protein shows apical expression in elongating legs. Sb-sbd protein is found in the base and shaft in budding bristles and then concentrates at the growing tip when bristles are elongating rapidly. We propose a model whereby Sb-sbd helps coordinate proteolytic modification of extracellular matrix attachments with cytoskeletal changes in both legs and bristles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Hammonds
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Ward RE, Evans J, Thummel CS. Genetic Modifier Screens in Drosophila Demonstrate a Role for Rho1 Signaling in Ecdysone-Triggered Imaginal Disc Morphogenesis. Genetics 2003; 165:1397-415. [PMID: 14668390 PMCID: PMC1462826 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/165.3.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Drosophila adult leg development provides an ideal model system for characterizing the molecular mechanisms of hormone-triggered morphogenesis. A pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone at the onset of metamorphosis triggers the rapid transformation of a flat leg imaginal disc into an immature adult leg, largely through coordinated changes in cell shape. In an effort to identify links between the ecdysone signal and the cytoskeletal changes required for leg morphogenesis, we performed two large-scale genetic screens for dominant enhancers of the malformed leg phenotype associated with a mutation in the ecdysoneinducible broad early gene (br1). From a screen of >750 independent deficiency and candidate mutation stocks, we identified 17 loci on the autosomes that interact strongly with br1. In a complementary screen of ∼112,000 F1 progeny of EMS-treated br1 animals, we recovered 26 mutations that enhance the br1 leg phenotype [E(br) mutations]. Rho1, stubbloid, blistered (DSRF), and cytoplasmic Tropomyosin were identified from these screens as br1-interacting genes. Our findings suggest that ecdysone exerts its effects on leg morphogenesis through a Rho1 signaling cascade, a proposal that is supported by genetic interaction studies between the E(br) mutations and mutations in the Rho1 signaling pathway. In addition, several E(br) mutations produce unexpected defects in midembryonic morphogenetic movements. Coupled with recent evidence implicating ecdysone signaling in these embryonic morphogenetic events, our results suggest that a common ecdysone-dependent, Rho1-mediated regulatory pathway controls morphogenesis during the two major transitions in the life cycle, embryogenesis and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ward
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5331, USA
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Ohtsuki S, Homma K, Kurata S, Natori S. Molecular cloning of cDNA for Sarcophaga prolyl endopeptidase and characterization of the recombinant enzyme produced by an E. coli expression system. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 27:337-343. [PMID: 9134713 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(97)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA for prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) was cloned and its sequence determined. The overall amino acid sequence identity between Sarcophaga and mammalian PEPs was 53%, indicating that these enzymes are structurally very similar. Northern blot hybridization revealed that the Sarcophaga PEP gene was activated significantly at the eversion stage of imaginal disc differentiation. We obtained recombinant PEP by expressing the cDNA in Escherichia coli. The recombinant and authentic enzymes showed almost identical characteristics, in terms of substrate specificities and sensitivities to inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohtsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Homma K, Natori S. Identification of substrate proteins for cathepsin L that are selectively hydrolyzed during the differentiation of imaginal discs of Sarcophaga peregrina. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 240:443-7. [PMID: 8841410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0443h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that cathepsin L is essential for the differentiation of imaginal discs of the flesh fly [Homma, K. & Natori, S. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15258-15264]. We have now identified imaginal disc proteins that are susceptible to digestion by cathepsin L and showed that they are selectively hydrolyzed during imaginal disc differentiation. Two of these proteins, with molecular masses of 210 and 200 kDa, were further characterized. Immunofluorescence studies suggested that they were intrinsic components of the basement membranes of various tissues. They were selectively hydrolyzed at the elongation stage of imaginal leg disc differentiation. Western blotting of embryos at various developmental stages showed that these proteins were only detected at the end of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Homma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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von Kalm L, Fristrom D, Fristrom J. The making of a fly leg: a model for epithelial morphogenesis. Bioessays 1995; 17:693-702. [PMID: 7661850 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950170806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial development dictates the shape of an organism. The metamorphic development of a Drosophila leg precursor into an adult leg is a well-defined example of epithelial morphogenesis that can be analyzed from the perspectives of genetics and molecular and cell biology. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces and regulates the entire process. Mutants affecting Drosophila leg morphogenesis characteristically have short thick legs (the malformed phenotype) resulting from a failure to execute normal cell shape changes at a specific stage of development. Mutations that cause the malformed phenotype have already led to the identification and cloning of genes encoding transcription factors, a transmembrane serine protease presumably required for modification of the apical extracellular matrix, and components of the contractile cytoskeleton and adherens junctions. All of these products are required for the execution of normal changes in leg cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- L von Kalm
- University of California at Berkeley, Dept of Molecular and Cell Biology 94720-3200, USA
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Abstract
We have used the enzyme elastase to remove the basal lamina of epithelia from two insects: the upper Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus and imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. Removal of the basal lamina was confirmed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Use of the technique on the Malphighian tubules of Rhodnius reveals for the first time the three-dimensional organization of the circumferential folds of the basal plasma membrane. Elastase is much more effective in removing the basal lamina than are the enzymes hyaluronidase, collagenase, and chymotrypsin, either alone or in combination. Following elastase treatment, cells of the Malpighian tubules dissociate with only mild mechanical agitation into single, viable cells. Treatment with elastase removes the basal laminae of imaginal discs of Drosophila and accelerates evagination as has been previously described for trypsin. To obtain single cell preparations from elastase-treated imaginal discs, mechanical stirring in Ringer low in Ca2+ was required. In addition to its usefulness in cell isolation, elastase treatment allows examination of the effect of removal of basal laminae on the physiology and development of insect epithelia.
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