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Nguyen L, Schmelzer B, Wilkinson S, Mattanovich D. From natural to synthetic: Promoter engineering in yeast expression systems. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108446. [PMID: 39245291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic promoters are particularly relevant for application not only in yeast expression systems designed for high-level heterologous protein production but also in other applications such as metabolic engineering, cell biological research, and stage-specific gene expression control. By designing synthetic promoters, researcher can create customized expression systems tailored to specific needs, whether it is maximizing protein production or precisely controlling gene expression at different stages of a process. While recognizing the limitations of endogenous promoters, they also provide important information needed to design synthetic promoters. In this review, emphasis will be placed on some key approaches to identify endogenous, and to generate synthetic promoters in yeast expression systems. It shows the connection between endogenous and synthetic promoters, highlighting how their interplay contributes to promoter development. Furthermore, this review illustrates recent developments in biotechnological advancements and discusses how this field will evolve in order to develop custom-made promoters for diverse applications. This review offers detailed information, explores the transition from endogenous to synthetic promoters, and presents valuable perspectives on the next generation of promoter design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Nguyen
- BOKU University, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- BOKU University, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Diethard Mattanovich
- BOKU University, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Unni S, Prabhu AA, Pandey R, Hande R, Veeranki VD. Artificial neural network‐genetic algorithm (ANN‐GA) based medium optimization for the production of human interferon gamma (hIFN‐γ) inKluyveromyces lactiscell factory. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silpa Unni
- Biochemical Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Ashish A. Prabhu
- Biochemical Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Rajat Pandey
- Biochemical Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Rohit Hande
- Biochemical Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
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Wellenbeck W, Mampel J, Naumer C, Knepper A, Neubauer P. Fast-track development of a lactase production process with Kluyveromyces lactis by a progressive parameter-control workflow. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:1185-1194. [PMID: 32624746 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-to-market challenge is key to success for consumer goods affiliated industries. In recent years, the dairy industry faces a fast and constantly growing demand for enzymatically produced lactose-free milk products, mainly driven by emerging markets in South America and Asia. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, we developed a fermentation process for lactase (β-galactosidase) from Kluyveromyces lactis within short time. Here, we describe the process of stepwise increasing the level of control over relevant process parameters during scale-up that established a highly efficient and stable production system. Process development started with evolutionary engineering to generate catabolite-derepressed variants of the K. lactis wild-type strain. A high-throughput screening mimicking fed-batch cultivation identified a constitutive lactase overproducer with 260-fold improved activity of 4.4 U per milligram dry cell weight when cultivated in glucose minimal medium. During scale-up, process control was progressively increased up to the level of conventional, fully controlled fed-batch cultivations by simulating glucose feed, applying pH- and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)-sensor technology to small scale, and by the use of a milliliter stirred tank bioreactor. Additionally, process development was assisted by design-of-experiments optimization of the growth medium employing the response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel Wellenbeck
- BRAIN AG (Biotechnology Research and Information Network) Zwingenberg Germany
| | - Jörg Mampel
- BRAIN AG (Biotechnology Research and Information Network) Zwingenberg Germany
| | - Christian Naumer
- BRAIN AG (Biotechnology Research and Information Network) Zwingenberg Germany
| | - Andreas Knepper
- Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biotechnology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biotechnology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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Yun CR, Kong JN, Chung JH, Kim MC, Kong KH. Improved Secretory Production of the Sweet-Tasting Protein, Brazzein, in Kluyveromyces lactis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6312-6316. [PMID: 27465609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Brazzein is an intensely sweet protein with high stability over a wide range of pH values and temperatures, due to its four disulfide bridges. Recombinant brazzein production through secretory expression in Kluyveromyces lactis is reported, but is inefficient due to incorrect disulfide formation, which is crucial for achieving the final protein structure and stability. Protein disulfide bond formation requires protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and Ero1p. Here, we overexpressed KlPDI in K. lactis or treated the cells with dithiothreitol to overexpress KlERO1 and improve brazzein secretion. KlPDI and KlERO1 overexpression independently increased brazzein secretion in K. lactis by 1.7-2.2- and 1.3-1.6-fold, respectively. Simultaneous overexpression of KlPDI and KlERO1 accelerated des-pE1M-brazzein secretion by approximately 2.6-fold compared to the previous system. Moreover, intracellular misfolded/unfolded recombinant des-pE1M-brazzein was significantly decreased. In conclusion, increased KlPDI and KlERO1 expression favors brazzein secretion, suggesting that correct protein folding may be crucial to brazzein secretion in K. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Rong Yun
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University , 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of George, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Ju-Hee Chung
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University , 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University , 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Kong
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University , 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Synthetic biology and molecular genetics in non-conventional yeasts: Current tools and future advances. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Spohner SC, Schaum V, Quitmann H, Czermak P. Kluyveromyces lactis: An emerging tool in biotechnology. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Stressler T, Leisibach D, Lutz-Wahl S, Kuhn A, Fischer L. Homologous expression and biochemical characterization of the arylsulfatase from Kluyveromyces lactis and its relevance in milk processing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5401-14. [PMID: 26875879 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The industrial manufacturing process of lactose-free milk products depends on the application of commercial β-galactosidase (lactase) preparations. These preparations are often obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis. There is a gene present in the genome of K. lactis which should encode for an enzyme called arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1). Therefore, this enzyme could also be present in β-galactosidase preparations. The arylsulfatase is suspected of being responsible for an unpleasant "cowshed-like" off-flavor resulting from the release of p-cresol from milk endogenous alkylphenol sulfuric esters. So far, no gene/functionality relationship is described. In addition, no study is available which has shown that arylsulfatase from K. lactis is truly responsible for the flavor generation. In this study, we cloned the putative arylsulfatase gene from K. lactis GG799 into the commercially available vector pKLAC2. The cloning strategy chosen resulted in a homologous, secretory expression of the arylsulfatase. We showed that the heretofore putative arylsulfatase has the desired activity with the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl sulfate and with the natural substrate p-cresol sulfate. The enzyme was biochemically characterized and showed an optimum temperature of 45-50 °C and an optimum pH of 9-10. Additionally, the arylsulfatase was activated by Ca(2+) ions and was inactivated by Zn(2+) ions. Moreover, the arylsulfatase was inhibited by p-cresol and sulfate ions. Finally, the enzyme was added to ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk and a sensory triangle test verified that the arylsulfatase from K. lactis can cause an unpleasant "cowshed-like" off-flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stressler
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Desirée Leisibach
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Lutz-Wahl
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang H, Zhang L, Shi G. Secretory expression of a phospholipase A2 from Lactobacillus casei DSM20011 in Kluyveromyces lactis. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:601-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Madhavan A, Sukumaran RK. Promoter and signal sequence from filamentous fungus can drive recombinant protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:302-308. [PMID: 24661814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cross-recognition of promoters from filamentous fungi in yeast can have important consequences towards developing fungal expression systems, especially for the rapid evaluation of their efficacy. A truncated 510bp inducible Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (cbh1) promoter was tested for the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Kluyveromyces lactis after disrupting its native β-galactosidase (lac4) promoter. The efficiency of the CBH1 secretion signal was also evaluated by fusing it to the lac4 promoter of the yeast, which significantly increased the secretion of recombinant protein in K. lactis compared to the native α-mating factor secretion signal. The fungal promoter is demonstrated to have potential to drive heterologous protein production in K. lactis; and the small sized T. reesei cbh1 secretion signal can mediate the protein secretion in K. lactis with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
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Ercan D, Demirci A. Production of human lysozyme in biofilm reactor and optimization of growth parameters of Kluyveromyces lactis K7. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6211-21. [PMID: 23657582 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme (1,4-β-N-acetylmuramidase) is a lytic enzyme, which degrades the bacterial cell wall. Lysozyme has been of interest in medicine, cosmetics, and food industries because of its anti-bactericidal effect. Kluyveromyces lactis K7 is a genetically modified organism that expresses human lysozyme. There is a need to improve the human lysozyme production by K. lactis K7 to make the human lysozyme more affordable. Biofilm reactor provides high biomass by including a solid support, which microorganisms grow around and within. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce the human lysozyme in biofilm reactor and optimize the growth conditions of K. lactis K7 for the human lysozyme production in biofilm reactor with plastic composite support (PCS). The PCS, which includes polypropylene, soybean hull, soybean flour, bovine albumin, and salts, was selected based on biofilm formation on PCS (CFU/g), human lysozyme production (U/ml), and absorption of lysozyme inside the support. To find the optimum combination of growth parameters, a three-factor Box-Behnken design of response surface method was used. The results suggested that the optimum conditions for biomass and lysozyme productions were different (27 °C, pH 6, 1.33 vvm for biomass production; 25 °C, pH 4, no aeration for lysozyme production). Then, different pH and aeration shift strategies were tested to increase the biomass at the first step and then secrete the lysozyme after the shift. As a result, the lysozyme production amount (141 U/ml) at 25 °C without pH and aeration control was significantly higher than the lysozyme amount at evaluated pH and aeration shift conditions (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ercan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Rodicio R, Heinisch JJ. Yeast on the milky way: genetics, physiology and biotechnology of Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast 2013; 30:165-77. [PMID: 23576126 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has a life cycle similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be employed as a model eukaryote using classical genetics, such as the combination of desired traits, by crossing and tetrad analysis. Likewise, a growing set of vectors, marker cassettes and tags for fluorescence microscopy are available for manipulation by genetic engineering and investigating its basic cell biology. We here summarize these applications, as well as the current knowledge regarding its central metabolism, glucose and extracellular stress signalling pathways. A short overview on the biotechnological potential of K. lactis concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Rodicio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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Cloning, production, and functional expression of the bacteriocin enterocin A, produced by Enterococcus faecium T136, by the yeasts Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, and Arxula adeninivorans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5956-61. [PMID: 22685156 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00530-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriocin enterocin A (EntA) produced by Enterococcus faecium T136 has been successfully cloned and produced by the yeasts Pichia pastoris X-33EA, Kluyveromyces lactis GG799EA, Hansenula polymorpha KL8-1EA, and Arxula adeninivorans G1212EA. Moreover, P. pastoris X-33EA and K. lactis GG799EA produced EntA in larger amounts and with higher antimicrobial and specific antimicrobial activities than the EntA produced by E. faecium T136.
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Gene copy number and polyploidy on products formation in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:849-57. [PMID: 20803138 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Kluyveromyces lactis is appropriate strain for ethanol production or some useful compounds production. Cellulases expressing yeast can ferment ethanol from cellulosic materials; however, the productivity should be increase more and more. To improve and engineer the productivity, the target gene(s) were introduced into yeast genome. Generally, using genetic engineering, increasing integrated gene numbers are increased, the expressed protein ability such as enzymatic activities are also increased. In this mini-review, we focused on the effect of integrated gene copy number and the polyploidy on the productivity such as enzymatic activity and/or product yield.
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High-throughput screening and selection of yeast cell lines expressing monoclonal antibodies. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:961-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Enhanced expression of heterologous inulinase in Kluyveromyces lactis by disruption of hap1 gene. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:507-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liu B, Gong X, Chang S, Yang Y, Song M, Duan D, Wang L, Ma Q, Wu J. Disruption of the OCH1 and MNN1 genes decrease N-glycosylation on glycoprotein expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:95-102. [PMID: 19559061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins secreted by the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis are usually modified by the addition at asparagines-linked glycosylation sites of heterogeneous mannan residues. The secreted glycoproteins in K. lactis that become hypermannosylated will bear a non-human glycosylation pattern and can adversely affect the half-life, tissue distribution and immunogenicity of a therapeutic protein. Here, we describe engineering a K. lactis strain to produce non-hypermannosylated glycoprotein, decreasing the outer-chain mannose residues of N-linked oligosaccharides. We investigated and developed the method of two-step homologous recombination to knockout the OCH1 gene, encoding alpha1,6-mannosyltransferase and MNN1 gene, which is homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MNN1, encoding a putative alpha1,3-mannosyltransferase. We found the Kloch1 mutant strain has a defect in hyperglycosylation, inability in adding mannose to the core oligosaccharide. The N-linked oligosaccharides assembled on a secretory glycoprotein, HSA/GM-CSF in Kloch1 mutant, contained oligosaccharide Man(13-14)GlcNAc(2), and in Kloch1 mnn1 mutant, contained oligosaccharide Man(9-11)GlcNAc(2), whereas those in the wild-type strain, consisted of oligosaccharides with heterogeneous sizes, Man(>30)GlcNAc(2). Taken together, these results indicated that KlOch1p plays a key role in the outer-chain mannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides in K. lactis. The KlMnn1p, was proved to be certain contribution to the outer hypermannosylation, most possibly encodes alpha1,3-mannosyltransferase. Therefore, the Kloch1 and Kloch1 mnn1 mutants can be used as a foundational host to produce glycoproteins lacking the outer-chain hypermannoses and further maybe applicable to be a promising system for yeast therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
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Read JD, Colussi PA, Ganatra MB, Taron CH. Acetamide selection of Kluyveromyces lactis cells transformed with an integrative vector leads to high-frequency formation of multicopy strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5088-96. [PMID: 17586678 PMCID: PMC1950971 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02253-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has been extensively used as a host for heterologous protein expression. A necessary step in the construction of a stable expression strain is the introduction of an integrative expression vector into K. lactis cells, followed by selection of transformed strains using either medium containing antibiotic (e.g., G418) or nitrogen-free medium containing acetamide. In this study, we show that selection using acetamide yields K. lactis transformant populations nearly completely comprised of strains bearing multiple tandem insertions of the expression vector pKLAC1 at the LAC4 chromosomal locus, whereas an average of 16% of G418-selected transformants are multiply integrated. Additionally, the average copy number within transformant populations doubled when acetamide was used for selection compared to G418. Finally, we demonstrate that the high frequency of multicopy integration associated with using acetamide selection can be exploited to rapidly construct expression strains that simultaneously produce multiple heterologous proteins or multisubunit proteins, such as Fab antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Read
- New England BioLabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
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Camattari A, Bianchi MM, Branduardi P, Porro D, Brambilla L. Induction by hypoxia of heterologous-protein production with the KlPDC1 promoter in yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:922-9. [PMID: 17142360 PMCID: PMC1800783 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01764-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of promoter activity by oxygen availability appears to be an intriguing system for heterologous protein production. In fact, during cell growth in a bioreactor, an oxygen shortage is easily obtained simply by interrupting the air supply. The purpose of our work was to explore the possible use of hypoxic induction of the KlPDC1 promoter to direct heterologous gene expression in yeast. In the present study, an expression system based on the KlPDC1 promoter was developed and characterized. Several heterologous proteins, differing in size, origin, localization, and posttranslational modification, were successfully expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis under the control of the wild type or a modified promoter sequence, with a production ratio between 4 and more than 100. Yields were further optimized by a more accurate control of hypoxic physiological conditions. Production of as high as 180 mg/liter of human interleukin-1beta was obtained, representing the highest value obtained with yeasts in a lab-scale bioreactor to date. Moreover, the transferability of our system to related yeasts was assessed. The lacZ gene from Escherichia coli was cloned downstream of the KlPDC1 promoter in order to get beta-galactosidase activity in response to induction of the promoter. A centromeric vector harboring this expression cassette was introduced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and effects of hypoxic induction were measured and compared to those already observed in K. lactis cells. Interestingly, we found that the induction still worked in Z. bailii; thus, this promotor constitutes a possible inducible system for this new nonconventional host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camattari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Becerra M, González-Siso M, Cerdán M. A transcriptome analysis of Kluyveromyces lactis growing in cheese whey. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rubio-Texeira M. Endless versatility in the biotechnological applications of Kluyveromyces LAC genes. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:212-25. [PMID: 16289464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most microorganisms adapted to life in milk owe their ability to thrive in this habitat to the evolution of mechanisms for the use of the most abundant sugar present on it, lactose, as a carbon source. Because of their lactose-assimilating ability, Kluyveromyces yeasts have long been used in industrial processes involved in the elimination of this sugar. The identification of the genes conferring Kluyveromyces with a system for permeabilization and intracellular hydrolysis of lactose (LAC genes), along with the current possibilities for their transfer into alternative organisms through genetic engineering, has significantly broadened the industrial profitability of lactic yeasts. This review provides an updated overview of the general properties of Kluyveromyces LAC genes, and the multiple techniques involving their biotechnological utilization. Emphasis is also made on the potential that some of the latest technologies, such as the generation of transgenics, will have for a further benefit in the use of these and related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rubio-Texeira
- 68-541, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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22
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Colussi PA, Taron CH. Kluyveromyces lactis LAC4 promoter variants that lack function in bacteria but retain full function in K. lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:7092-8. [PMID: 16269745 PMCID: PMC1287696 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.7092-7098.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong LAC4 promoter (P(LAC4)) from Kluyveromyces lactis has been extensively used to drive expression of heterologous proteins in this industrially important yeast. A drawback of this expression method is the serendipitous ability of P(LAC4) to promote gene expression in Escherichia coli. This can interfere with the process of assembling expression constructs in E. coli cells prior to their introduction into yeast cells, especially if the cloned gene encodes a protein that is detrimental to bacteria. In this study, we created a series of P(LAC4) variants by targeted mutagenesis of three DNA sequences (PBI, PBII, and PBIII) that resemble the E. coli Pribnow box element of bacterial promoters and that reside immediately upstream of two E. coli transcription initiation sites associated with P(LAC4). Mutation of PBI reduced the bacterial expression of a reporter protein (green fluorescent protein [GFP]) by approximately 87%, whereas mutation of PBII and PBIII had little effect on GFP expression. Deletion of all three sequences completely eliminated GFP expression. Additionally, each promoter variant expressed human serum albumin in K. lactis cells to levels comparable to wild-type P(LAC4). We created a novel integrative expression vector (pKLAC1) containing the P(LAC4) variant lacking PBI and used it to successfully clone and express the catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase, a protease that has historically been problematic in E. coli cells. The pKLAC1 vector should aid in the cloning of other potentially toxic genes in E. coli prior to their expression in K. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Colussi
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
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23
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Uccelletti D, Staneva D, Rufini S, Venkov P, Palleschi C. Enhanced secretion of heterologous proteins in Kluyveromyces lactis by overexpression of the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, KlPsa1p. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:735-46. [PMID: 15851102 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose is the mannosyl donor for the glycosylation reactions and is synthesized by GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase from GTP and d-mannose-1-phosphate; in Saccharomyces cerevisiae this enzyme is encoded by the PSA1/VIG9/SRB1 gene. We isolated the Kluyveromyces lactis KlPSA1 gene by complementing the osmotic growth defects of S. cerevisiae srb1/psa1 mutants. KlPsa1p displayed a high degree of similarity with other GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylases and was demonstrated to be the functional homologue of S. cerevisiae Psa1p. Phenotypic analysis of a K. lactis strain overexpressing the KlPSA1 gene revealed changes in the cell wall assembly. Increasing the KlPSA1 copy number restored the defects in O-glycosylation, but not those in N-glycosylation, that occur in K. lactis cells depleted for the hexokinase Rag5p. Overexpression of GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase also enhanced heterologous protein secretion in K. lactis as assayed by using the recombinant human serum albumin and the glucoamylase from Arxula adeninivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Uccelletti
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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24
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Cai XP, Zhang J, Yuan HY, Fang ZA, Li YY. Secretory expression of heterologous protein in Kluyveromyces cicerisporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:364-9. [PMID: 15614561 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the potential of heterologous protein expression in Kluyveromyces cicerisporus, three expression plasmids, pUK1-PIT, pUKD-PIT and pUKD-S-PIT, based on the vector pUK1 or pUKD were constructed and transformed, respectively, into yeast strain K. cicerisporus Y179U. Human interferon alpha-2a, used as an example protein, was successfully expressed and secreted by transformant Y179U/pUKD-PIT and Y179U/pUKD-S-PIT. In the flask culture, strain Y179U/pUKD-S-PIT could express interferon at 60 mg/l. The stability of plasmid pUKD-S-PIT in the host was higher than that of pUKD-PIT. This was consistent with their expression levels of interferon. There were two interferon-related bands found by Western blotting analysis. The possible reason for this is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Cai
- Institute of Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Donnini C, Farina F, Neglia B, Compagno MC, Uccelletti D, Goffrini P, Palleschi C. Improved production of heterologous proteins by a glucose repression-defective mutant of Kluyveromyces lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2632-8. [PMID: 15128512 PMCID: PMC404430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2632-2638.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted production of heterologous proteins in Kluyveromyces lactis was studied. A glucoamylase (GAA) from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans was used as a reporter protein for the study of the secretion efficiencies of several wild-type and mutant strains of K. lactis. The expression of the reporter protein was placed under the control of the strong promoter of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among the laboratory strains tested, strain JA6 was the best producer of GAA. Since this strain is known to be highly sensitive to glucose repression and since this is an undesired trait for biomass-oriented applications, we examined heterologous protein production by using glucose repression-defective mutants isolated from this strain. One of them, a mutant carrying a dgr151-1 mutation, showed a significantly improved capability of producing heterologous proteins such as GAA, human serum albumin, and human interleukin-1beta compared to the parent strain. dgr151-1 is an allele of RAG5, the gene encoding the only hexokinase present in K. lactis (a homologue of S. cerevisiae HXK2). The mutation in this strain was mapped to nucleotide position +527, resulting in a change from glycine to aspartic acid within the highly conserved kinase domain. Cells carrying the dgr151-1 allele also showed a reduction in N- and O-glycosylation. Therefore, the dgr151 strain may be a promising host for the production of heterologous proteins, especially when the hyperglycosylation of recombinant proteins must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Donnini
- Department of Genetics Anthropology Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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26
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Schmidt FR. Recombinant expression systems in the pharmaceutical industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 65:363-72. [PMID: 15480623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In terms of downstream processing efficiency, secretory expression systems offer potential advantages for the production of recombinant proteins, compared with inclusion body forming cytosolic systems. However, for high-volume therapeutics like insulin, the product yields of the majority of the potentially available secretory systems is not yet fully competitive. Current strategies to improve productivity and secretion efficiency comprise: (1) enhancement of gene expression rates, (2) optimization of secretion signal sequences, (3) coexpression of chaperones and foldases, (4) creation of protease deficient mutants to avoid premature product degradation and (5) subsequent breeding and mutagenesis. For the production of non-glycosylated proteins and proteins, which are natively glycosylated but are also pharmacologically active without glycosylation, prokaryotes, which usually lack metabolic pathways for glycosylation, are theoretically the most suitable organisms and offer two alternatives: either Escherichia coli strains are conditioned to be efficient secreters or efficient native secreters like Bacillus species are accordingly developed. To fully exploit the secretory capacity of fungal species, a deeper understanding of their posttranslational modification physiology will be necessary to steer the degree and pattern of glycosylation, which influences both folding and secretion efficiency. Insect and mammalian cells display posttranslational modification patterns very similar or identical to humans, but in view of the entailed expenditures, their employment can only be justified if their modification machinery is required to ensure a desired pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Schmidt
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland, Biocenter H 780, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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27
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Functional genetics of industrial yeasts; of ancient skills and modern applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-37003-x_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Panuwatsuk W, Da Silva NA. Application of a gratuitous induction system in Kluyveromyces lactis for the expression of intracellular and secreted proteins during fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:712-8. [PMID: 12529885 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A gratuitous induction system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was evaluated for the expression of intracellular and extracellular products during fed-batch culture. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene (beta-galactosidase; intracellular) and MFalpha1 leader-BPTI cassette (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor; extracellular) were placed under the control of the inducible K. lactis LAC4 promotor, inserted into partial-pKD1 plasmids, and transformed into a ga1-209 K. lactis strain. To obtain a high level of production, culture conditions for growth and expression were initially evaluated in tube cultures. A selective medium containing 5 g/L glucose (as carbon source) and 0.5 g/L galactose (as inducer) demonstrated the maximum activity of both beta-galactosidase and secreted BPTI. This level of expression had no significant effect on the growth of the recombinant cells; growth rate dropped by approximately 11%, whereas final biomass concentrations remained the same. In shake-flask culture, biomass concentration, beta-galactosidase activity, and BPTI secreted activity were 4 g/L, 7664 U/g dry cell, and 0.32 mg/L, respectively. Fed-batch culture (with a high glucose concentration and a low galactose [inducer] concentration feed) resulted in a 6.5-fold increase in biomass, a 23-fold increase in beta-galactosidase activity, and a 3-fold increase in BPTI secreted activity. The results demonstrate the success of gratuitous induction during high-cell-density fed-batch culture of K. lactis. A very low concentration of galactose feed was sufficient for a high production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannana Panuwatsuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
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29
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Bennett AM, Norris AR, Limnander de Nieuwenhove A, Russell PJ. Replication of a linear mini-chromosome with terminal inverted repeats from the Kluyveromyces lactis linear DNA plasmid k2 in the cytoplasm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Plasmid 2002; 48:13-23. [PMID: 12206752 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-619x(02)00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The k1 and k2 linear DNA plasmids of Kluveromyces lactis replicate in the cytoplasm under the control of plasmid-encoded genes. These plasmids can also replicate autonomously in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial DNA-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Essential for replication are plasmid-specific terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) to which a terminal protein (TP) is attached at the 5' ends. A plasmid was constructed with k2 TIRs in opposite orientations and with a selectable marker (URA3) under the control of k1UCS2 (upstream conserved sequence 2, the promoter of k1 open reading frame 2) in between the TIRs. Transformation of k1- and k2-containing S. cerevisiae with a fragment generated by releasing the TIR-flanked fragment from the plasmid by restriction digestion was very efficient, despite the absence of a TP. Transformation was also achieved with a fragment generated by PCR. Southern blotting demonstrated that transformants contained multiple copies of DNA fragments with the same size as the transforming DNA, supporting the hypothesis that these were replicating linear mini-chromosomes. The high frequency of transformation strongly suggests that these mini-chromosomes readily replicate supported by k2. Derivatives with a heterologous gene, firefly luciferase (LUC), expressed luciferase at high levels provided the gene was adjacent to a cytoplasmic plasmid promoter (k2UCS5).
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30
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Mazzoni C, Falcone C. Isolation and study of KlLSM4, a Kluyveromyces lactis gene homologous to the essential gene LSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2001; 18:1249-56. [PMID: 11561292 DOI: 10.1002/yea.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated the KlLSM4 gene as a multicopy suppressor of a Kluyveromyces lactis mutant which shows a rag(-) phenotype (resistance to antimycin A on glucose). This gene is homologous to the ScLSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for an essential 187 amino acid protein containing Sm-like domains. These motifs are present in the evolutionarily conserved family of the Sm-like proteins, which are involved in a large number of cellular processes, including pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA decapping. We demonstrated that the first 72 amino acids of KlLsm4p, which contain the Sm-like domains, can restore cell viability in both K. lactis and S. cerevisiae cells lacking the wild-type protein. However, the absence of the carboxy-terminal region resulted in a remarkable loss of cell viability in the stationary phase. The KlLSM4 sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data library under Accession No. AJ311719.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazzoni
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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31
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Schuster M, Wasserbauer E, Aversa G, Jungbauer A. Transmembrane-sequence-dependent overexpression and secretion of glycoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:1-7. [PMID: 11162380 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein expression using the secretory pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can lead to high amounts of overexpressed and secreted proteins in culture supernatants in a short period of time. These post-translational modified expression products can be purified up to >90% in a single step. The overexpression and secretion of the transmembrane glycoprotein signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) was studied. SLAM belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and its engagement results in T-cell expansion and INF-gamma production. The molecule is composed of an extracellular, a single-span transmembrane and a cytoplasmatic domain. The extracellular part may be relevant for stimulation studies in vitro since SLAM is a high-affinity self-ligand. Therefore several fragments of this region have been expressed as Flag-fusions in S. cerevisiae: a full-length fragment containing the transmembrane region and the autologous signal sequence, another without the transmembrane region, and two fragments without the autologous signal sequence with and without the transmembrane region. By molecular cloning, the different deletion mutants of the cDNA encoding the full-length construct have been inserted in a yeast episomal plasmid. Upstream of the cDNA, the alpha-leader sequence of a yeast mating pheromone has been cloned to direct the fusion proteins into the secretory protein maturation pathway. All four fragments were expressed but yield, location, and maturation were highly influenced by the transmembrane domain and the autologous signal sequence. Only the fragment without autologous signal sequence and transmembrane domain could be efficiently secreted. High-mannose glycosylation was analyzed by lectin mapping and digestion with specific glycosidases. After enzyme treatment, a single band product with the theoretical size could be detected and identified as SLAM by a specific monoclonal antibody. The fusion protein concentration in the supernatant was 30 microg/ml. The affinity-purified and deglycosylated protein is a tool for further biochemical and biophysical characterization of SLAM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/isolation & purification
- Lectins
- Mice
- Plasmids
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Novartis-Forschungsinstitut, Brunnerstrasse 59, 1235 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Schuster M, Einhauer A, Wasserbauer E, Süssenbacher F, Ortner C, Paumann M, Werner G, Jungbauer A. Protein expression in yeast; comparison of two expression strategies regarding protein maturation. J Biotechnol 2000; 84:237-48. [PMID: 11164265 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The driving force for the modification of existing, or the development of new, protein expression systems lies in the identification of a tremendous number of potential novel drug targets through recent genomics approaches. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host for recombinant protein expression, offers many advantages, as its biosynthetic pathways resemble higher eukaryotic cells in many aspects. Two yeast vectors were compared to evaluate the versatility of this organism for expression of recombinant proteins. One expression vector enables the secretion of the recombinant protein into the culture medium through fusion with the leader sequence of the mating-type pheromone alpha; the other directs the expression product into the cytoplasm of the yeast cell through fusion with ubiquitin. To facilitate immunological detection and purification, proteins were expressed as fusions to an octapeptide, the so-called Flag-tag, which is recognised by a monoclonal antibody in the presence of Ca2+. We chose 20 functionally different cDNAs to compare the efficiency of both expression systems. All cDNAs could be expressed at the correct size but at varying yields and purity. Both expression systems differed greatly in the degree of glycosylation and other, not further analysed, post-translational modifications. Secretion of all model proteins into the cell culture supernatant could be accomplished if membrane domains or signal sequences were absent, but many proteins were heavily glycosylated as demonstrated by lectin mapping or enzymatical deglycosylation. Some proteins, however, were expressed as homogenous products, and could be easily purified for further functional studies. Further investigations on the expression biology of yeast are required, in order to optimise the conditions of fermentation which may finally lead to more homogeneous expression products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Novartis Forschungsinstitut, Brunnerstrasse 59, 1235 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Schaffrath R, Breunig KD. Genetics and molecular physiology of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Fungal Genet Biol 2000; 30:173-90. [PMID: 11035939 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.2000.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the recent development of powerful molecular genetic tools, Kluyveromyces lactis has become an excellent alternative yeast model organism for studying the relationships between genetics and physiology. In particular, comparative yeast research has been providing insights into the strikingly different physiological strategies that are reflected by dominance of respiration over fermentation in K. lactis versus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Other than S. cerevisiae, whose physiology is exceptionally affected by the so-called glucose effect, K. lactis is adapted to aerobiosis and its respiratory system does not underlie glucose repression. As a consequence, K. lactis has been successfully established in biomass-directed industrial applications and large-scale expression of biotechnically relevant gene products. In addition, K. lactis maintains species-specific phenomena such as the "DNA-killer system, " analyses of which are promising to extend our knowledge about microbial competition and the fundamentals of plasmid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schaffrath
- Institut für Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle(Saale), Germany.
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34
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Abstract
A gratuitous induction system based on the strong, indigenous LAC4 promoter was developed for Kluyveromyces lactis. To prevent consumption of the inducer galactose, a strain with a gal1-209 mutation was employed; this mutation disables the galactokinase function but retains the regulatory function for induction. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene (encoding beta-galactosidase) is functional in K. lactis and was used as the reporter gene downstream of the LAC4 promoter on a multicopy plasmid. The gal1-209 strain exhibited several unexpected phenomena, including partial consumption of the inducer galactose (although at a much slower rate relative to GAL1 strains) and growth inhibition at high concentrations of galactose. These unusual characteristics, however, did not prevent the successful construction of a strong gratuitous induction system. Due to the low rate of inducer consumption for the gratuitous strain, very low concentrations of galactose (1:20 galactose:glucose) resulted in high-level induction. Under these conditions, beta-galactosidase specific and volumetric activities were 4.2- and 5.5-fold higher, respectively, than those for the "GAL1" nongratuitous strain. This research demonstrated the improved productivity possible via LAC4 promoter-based gratuitous induction (and thus a more stable inducer concentration). The effects of various carbon source concentrations on growth and induction were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
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35
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Saliola M, Mazzoni C, Solimando N, Crisà A, Falcone C, Jung G, Fleer R. Use of the KlADH4 promoter for ethanol-dependent production of recombinant human serum albumin in Kluyveromyces lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:53-60. [PMID: 9872759 PMCID: PMC90982 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.1.53-60.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/1998] [Accepted: 10/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KlADH4 is a gene of Kluyveromyces lactis encoding a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase activity which is specifically induced by ethanol. The promoter of this gene was used for the expression of heterologous proteins in K. lactis, a very promising organism which can be used as an alternative host to Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to its good secretory properties. In this paper we report the ethanol-driven expression in K. lactis of the bacterial beta-glucuronidase and of the human serum albumin (HSA) genes under the control of the KlADH4 promoter. In particular, we studied the extracellular production of recombinant HSA (rHSA) with integrative and replicative vectors and obtained a significant increase in the amount of the protein with multicopy vectors, showing that no limitation of KlADH4 trans-acting factors occurred in the cells. By deletion analysis of the promoter, we identified an element (UASE) which is sufficient for the induction of KlADH4 by ethanol and, when inserted in the respective promoters, allows ethanol-dependent activation of other yeast genes, such as PGK and LAC4. We also analyzed the effect of medium composition on cell growth and protein secretion. A clear improvement in the production of the recombinant protein was achieved by shifting from batch cultures (0.3 g/liter) to fed-batch cultures (1 g/liter) with ethanol as the preferred carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saliola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, University of Rome "La Sapienza," 00185 Rome, Italy
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36
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Zeeman AM, Luttik MAH, Thiele C, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT, Steensma HY. Inactivation of the Kluyveromyces lactis KlPDA1 gene leads to loss of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, impairs growth on glucose and triggers aerobic alcoholic fermentation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 12):3437-3446. [PMID: 9884236 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-12-3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The KlPDA1 gene, encoding the E1alpha subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate-dehydrogenase (PDH) complex was isolated from a Kluyveromyces lactis genomic library by screening with a 1.1 kb internal fragment of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDA1 gene. The predicted amino acid sequence encoded by KlPDA1 showed 87% similarity and 79% identity to its S. cerevisiae counterpart. Disruption of KIPDA1 resulted in complete absence of PDH activity in cell extracts. The maximum specific growth rate on glucose of null mutants was 3.5-fold lower than that of the wild-type, whereas growth on ethanol was unaffected. Wild-type K. lactis CBS 2359 exhibits a Crabtree-negative phenotype, i.e. no ethanol was produced in aerobic batch cultures grown on glucose. In contrast, substantial amounts of ethanol and acetaldehyde were produced in aerobic cultures of an isogenic Klpda1 null mutant. A wild-type specific growth rate was restored after introduction of an intact KlPDA1 gene but not, as previously found for S. cerevisiae pda1 mutants, by cultivation in the presence of leucine. The occurrence of aerobic fermentation and slow growth of the Klpda1 null mutant indicate that, although present, the enzymes of the PDH bypass (pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthetase) could not efficiently replace the PDH complex during batch cultivation on glucose. Only at relatively low growth rates (D = 0.10 h(-1)) in aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures, could the PDH bypass completely replace the PDH complex, thus allowing fully respiratory growth. This resulted in a lower biomass yield [g biomass (g glucose)-1] than in the wild-type due to a higher consumption of ATP in the PDH bypass compared to the formation of acetyl-CoA via the PDH complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Kluyver Institute of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke A H Luttik
- Kluyver Institute of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Thiele
- Institut für Bioverfahrungstechnik, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes P van Dijken
- Kluyver Institute of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Kluyver Institute of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H Yde Steensma
- Kluyver Institute of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Fermiñán E, Domínguez A. Heterologous protein secretion directed by a repressible acid phosphatase system of Kluyveromyces lactis: characterization of upstream region-activating sequences in the KIPHO5 gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:2403-8. [PMID: 9647807 PMCID: PMC106403 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.7.2403-2408.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1998] [Accepted: 04/22/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the repressible acid phosphatase gene (KIPHO5) in Kluyveromyces lactis is strongly regulated in response to the level of inorganic phosphate (Pi) present in the growth medium. We have begun a study of the promoter region of this gene in order to identify sequences involved in the phosphate control of KIPHO5 expression and to design new expression-secretion systems in K. lactis. Deletion analysis and directed mutagenesis revealed two major identical upstream activating sequences (UAS) CACGTG at positions -430 (USA1) and -192 (UAS2) relative to the ATG initiation codon. These sequences are identical to those described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the binding of Pho4p. Deletion or directed mutagenesis of either one or both UAS reduce KIPHO5 expression by the same amount (approximately 80%). When fused to the coding region of trout growth hormone cDNA (tGH-II), the promoter and signal peptide-encoding region of the phosphate-repressible KIPHO5 gene drives the expression of this gene and the secretion of the tGHII protein. Synthesis of tGHIIp in K. lactis transformants carrying this construct was found to be regulated by the Pi present in the medium; depression of heterologous protein expression can therefore be achieved by lowering the Pi concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fermiñán
- Départamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Kiers J, Zeeman AM, Luttik M, Thiele C, Castrillo JI, Steensma HY, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT. Regulation of alcoholic fermentation in batch and chemostat cultures of Kluyveromyces lactis CBS 2359. Yeast 1998; 14:459-69. [PMID: 9559553 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19980330)14:5<459::aid-yea248>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kluyveromyces lactis is an important industrial yeast, as well as a popular laboratory model. There is currently no consensus in the literature on the physiology of this yeast, in particular with respect to aerobic alcoholic fermentation ('Crabtree effect'). This study deals with regulation of alcoholic fermentation in K. lactis CBS 2359, a proposed reference strain for molecular studies. In aerobic, glucose-limited chemostate cultures (D = 0.05-0.40 h-1) growth was entirely respiratory, without significant accumulation of ethanol or other metabolities. Alcoholic fermentation occurred in glucose-grown shake-flask cultures, but was absent during batch cultivation on glucose in fermenters under strictly aerobic conditions. This indicated that ethanol formation in the shake-flask cultures resulted from oxygen limitation. Indeed, when the oxygen feed to steady-state chemostat cultures (D = 0.10 h-1) was lowered, a mixed respirofermentative metabolism only occurred at very low dissolved oxygen concentrations (less than 1% of air saturation). The onset of respirofermentative metabolism as a result of oxygen limitation was accompanied by an increase of the levels of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. When aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures (D = 0.10 h-1) were pulsed with excess glucose, ethanol production did not occur during the first 40 min after the pulse. However, a slow aerobic ethanol formation was invariably observed after this period. Since alcoholic fermentation did not occur in aerobic batch cultures this is probably a transient response, caused by an imbalanced adjustment of enzyme levels during the transition from steady-state growth at mu = 0.10 h to growth at mu max. It is concluded that in K. lactis, as in other Crabtree-negative yeasts, the primary environmental trigger for occurrence of alcoholic fermentation is oxygen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kiers
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Fermiñán E, Domínguez A. The KIPHO5 gene encoding a repressible acid phosphatase in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis: cloning, sequencing and transcriptional analysis of the gene, and purification and properties of the enzyme. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 8):2615-2625. [PMID: 9274015 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-8-2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A secreted phosphate-repressible acid phosphatase from Kluyveromyces lactis has been purified and the N-terminal region and an internal peptide have been sequenced. Using synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides based on the sequenced regions, the genomic sequence, KIPHO5, encoding the protein has been isolated. The deduced protein, named KIPho5p, consists of 469 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 52520 Da (in agreement with the data obtained after treatment of the protein with endoglycosidase H). The purified enzyme shows size heterogeneity, with an apparent molecular mass in the range 90-200 kDa due to the carbohydrate content (10 putative glycosylation sites were identified in the sequence). A 16 amino acid sequence at the N-terminus is similar to previously identified signal peptides in other fungal secretory proteins. The putative signal peptide is removed during secretion since it is absent in the mature secreted acid phosphatase. The gene can be induced 400-600-fold by phosphate starvation. Consensus signals corresponding to those described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO4- and PHO2-binding sites are found in the 5' region. Northern blot analysis of total cellular RNA indicates that the KIPHO5 gene codes for a 1.8 kb transcript and that its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. Chromosomal hybridization indicated that the gene is located on chromosome II. The KIPHO5 gene of K. lactis is able to functionally complement a pho5 mutation of Sacch. cerevisiae. Southern blot experiments, using the KIPHO5 gene as probe, show that some K. lactis reference strains lack repressible acid phosphatase, revealing a different gene organization for this kind of multigene family of proteins as compared to Sacch. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Fermiñán
- Departamento de Microbiología Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel Domínguez
- Departamento de Microbiología Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
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Rocha TL, Paterson G, Crimmins K, Boyd A, Sawyer L, Fothergill-Gilmore LA. Expression and secretion of recombinant ovine beta-lactoglobulin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Biochem J 1996; 313 ( Pt 3):927-32. [PMID: 8611177 PMCID: PMC1217000 DOI: 10.1042/bj3130927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High expression and secretion of recombinant ovine beta-lactoglobulin has been achieved in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The yield of beta-lactoglobulin is 40-50 mg per litre of culture supernatant and accounts for approx. 72% of the total secreted protein. Constitutive expression is under the control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoglycerate kinase promoter from an intronless version of the beta-lactoglobulin gene. Secretion is specified by the ovine protein's own signal sequence. this system, coupled to an efficient and novel recovery protocol, allows 30 mg of pure protein to be isolated from a typical 1 litre culture. The protein is virtually indistinguishable from beta-lactoglobulin conventionally purified from sheep milk by its behaviour in native PAGE and SDS/PAGE, reactivity to antibodies, CD, fluorescence spectroscopy and N-terminal sequencing. Attempts to achieve a similar expression and secretion system in the yeast S. cerevisiae met with only limited success, although it was found that heat-shock treatment modestly increased the yield up to approx. 3-4 mg per litre of culture supernatant. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that secretion in S. cerevisiae depended upon correct formation of the two disulphide bonds present in beta-lactoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Rocha
- Edinburgh Centre for Molecular Recognition, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K
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