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Kallel H, Aroui M, Lakhrem M, Houcke S, Feki A, Hakim A, Zeghal KM, Kallel C, Triki M, Lambert Y, Drak Alsibai K, Resiere D, Pujo JM, Ben Amara I. Sex-related differences in toxic manifestations induced by Bothrops atrox venom in mice. Toxicon 2024; 249:108075. [PMID: 39179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Lancehead snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for 90% of the snakebites in Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the LD50, physical, and hematological manifestations induced by B. atrox venom in male and female mice inoculated by different routes. B. atrox venom was inoculated in male and female mice by intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intravenous (IV), and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. B. atrox venom LD50 was lower in male than female groups, regardless of the injection route. However, it was the lowest when the venom was inoculated by the IP route. Moreover, comparisons between male and female responses according to the injected venom dose showed higher edema-forming, local hemorrhagic, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities in male than in female mice. While the minimal hemorrhagic, and necrotic doses were not statistically different between the two groups, the difference between males and females was more pronounced at high venom doses. Hematological parameter changes were also more significant in male than in female mice. The venom decreased the levels of total leukocytes after 24 h of injection in male and female mice, with a more profound decrease in the male group. The micronucleus test, a tool for genotoxicity assessment, documented the mutagenic effects of B. atrox on leucocytes. We demonstrate the higher susceptibility of male mice to B. atrox venom than females. Sex differences must be considered when conducting experimental studies on snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Kallel
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana.
| | - Malek Aroui
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Lakhrem
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | | | - Amal Feki
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Mounir Zeghal
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Choumous Kallel
- . Hematology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, University, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Triki
- . Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yann Lambert
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; . Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Centre, F-97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dabor Resiere
- . Intensive Care Unit, Martinique University Hospital, Martinique, France
| | - Jean Marc Pujo
- . Emergency department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana; . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
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Lin CC, Wang CC, Ou Yang CH, Liu CC, Yu JS, Fann WC, Chen YC, Shih CP. The changes and the potential clinical applications of cytokines in Taiwan's major venomous snakebites patients. Toxicon 2024; 247:107843. [PMID: 38964621 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taiwan habu (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus), green bamboo viper (Viridovipera stejnegeri), and Taiwan cobra (Naja atra) are the most venomous snakebites in Taiwan. Patients commonly present with limb swelling but misdiagnosis rates are high, and currently available diagnostic tools are limited. This study explores the immune responses in snakebite patients to aid in differential diagnosis. METHODS This prospective observational study investigated the changes in cytokines in snakebite patients and their potential for diagnosis. RESULTS Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were observed in all snakebite patients compared to the healthy control group. While no significant disparities were observed in humoral immune response cytokines, there were significant differences in IFN-γ levels, with significantly higher IL-10 levels in patients bitten by cobras. Patients with TNF-α levels exceeding 3.02 pg/mL were more likely to have been bitten by a cobra. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the immune responses triggered by various venomous snakebites, emphasizing the potential of cytokine patterns for snakebite-type differentiation. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings for clinical use, ultimately improving snakebite diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chuan Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Wang
- Department of Traumatology and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Ou Yang
- Department of Traumatology and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Fann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chia Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pang Shih
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, HsinChu, Taiwan.
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Sevilla-Sánchez MJ, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Ayerbe-González S, Calderón-Leytón JJ, Lomonte B, Mora-Obando D. Toxinological profile and histopathological alterations induced by Bothrocophias campbelli venom from Colombia. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107094. [PMID: 38101764 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomings most frequently reported in Colombia are caused by snakes of the genera Bothrops, Bothriechis, Bothrocophias, and Porthidium. Their venoms induce local and systemic pathophysiological effects, sometimes leading to permanent sequelae such as reduced mobility of the limbs, amputations, besides the risk of death. The genus Bothrocophias includes nine species, among which B. campbelli has a distribution restricted to the department of Nariño in Colombia. In this work we determined the toxinological profile its venom, by performing assays for the lethal, hemorrhagic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities in mouse models, as well as for in vitro coagulant activity on human plasma. The lethal toxicity of the venom was 142.7 µg venom/mouse (111.4-179.8 µg/mouse; 6.6-10.6 µg/g body weight) by intraperitoneal route. Its hemorrhagic activity (minimum hemorrhagic dose: 12.7 ± 2.3 µg) is generally weaker compared to other South American vipers, but edematogenic (minimum edematogenic dose 1.0 ± 0.3 µg), and myotoxic (minimum myotoxic dose 3.9 ± 2.5 µg) activities are very potent. Histopathological examination of the injected mouse gastrocnemius muscle showed prominent disorganization of the myofibrils, myonecrosis, and an intense inflammatory leukocyte infiltrate. In vitro, the minimal coagulant dose was 12.3 ± 0.5 µg. Overall, this toxinological profile would predict that the clinical picture of envenomings by B. campbelli might be characterized by moderate disturbances in the coagulation cascade, mild local hemorrhage, and, conversely, severe myonecrosis and edema, which could potentially lead to compartment syndrome and gangrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Sevilla-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, Nariño 520002, Colombia
| | - Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Bioterio, Museo de Historia Natural, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Santiago Ayerbe-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Bioterio, Museo de Historia Natural, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Jhon Jairo Calderón-Leytón
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, Nariño 520002, Colombia
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Diana Mora-Obando
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, Nariño 520002, Colombia.
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Sevilla-Sánchez MJ, Montoya-Gómez A, Osorno-Valencia D, Montealegre-Sánchez L, Mosquera-Escudero M, Jiménez-Charris E. Exploring the Safety of Pllans-II and Antitumoral Potential of Its Recombinant Isoform in Cervical Cancer Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:2812. [PMID: 38132131 PMCID: PMC10741390 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor potential of proteins from snake venoms has been studied in recent decades, and evidence has emerged that phospholipases A2 can selectively attack cells of various types of tumors. Previous results have shown that phospholipase A2 "Pllans-II," isolated from Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii snake venom, displayed antitumoral activity on cervical cancer and did not alter the viability of non-tumorigenic cells. However, until now, there was no evidence of its safety at the local and systemic levels, nor had experiments been developed to demonstrate that its production using recombinant technology allows us to obtain a molecule with effects similar to those generated by native phospholipase. Thus, we evaluated the impact caused by Pllans-II on murine biomodels, determining whether it induced local hemorrhage or increased pro-inflammatory and liver damage markers and histological alterations in the liver and kidneys. Additionally, the protein was produced using recombinant technology using a pET28a expression vector and the BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli strain. Equally, its enzymatic activity and anticancer effect were evaluated on cervical cancer lines such as HeLa and Ca Ski. The results demonstrated that Pllans-II did not generate hemorrhagic activity, nor did it increase the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1B, or TNF-α at doses of 3.28, 1.64, and 0.82 mg/kg. There was also no evidence of organ damage, and only ALT and AST increased in mild levels at the two highest concentrations. Additionally, the recombinant version of Pllans-II showed conservation in its catalytic activity and the ability to generate death in HeLa and Ca Ski cells (42% and 23%, respectively). These results demonstrate the innocuity of Pllans-II at the lowest dose and constitute an advance in considering a molecule produced using recombinant technology a drug candidate for selective attacks against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sevilla-Sánchez
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Alejandro Montoya-Gómez
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Daniel Osorno-Valencia
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Leonel Montealegre-Sánchez
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
- Grupo de investigación en Ingeniería Biomédica-GBIO, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia
| | - Mildrey Mosquera-Escudero
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Eliécer Jiménez-Charris
- Grupo de Nutrición, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia; (M.J.S.-S.); (A.M.-G.); (D.O.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (M.M.-E.)
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Oliveira DD, Guerra-Duarte C, Stransky S, Scussel R, Pereira de Castro KL, Costal-Oliveira F, Aragão M, Oliveira-Souza GD, Saavedra-Langer R, Trevisan G, Bonilla-Ferreyra C, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Machado-de-Ávila RA. Toxic and antigenic characterization of Peruvian Micrurus surinamensis coral snake venom. Toxicon 2023; 225:107056. [PMID: 36804442 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Micrurus surinamensis is a semi-aquatic coral snake found in primary forest region and can cause relevant human accidents. In this work we investigated the toxic and antigenic activities of the Peruvian Micrurus surinamensis venom (MsV). We found that MsV show hyaluronidase activity but lack LAAO and PLA2 enzymatic activities. Interestingly, MsV induce edematogenic responses but cannot cause nociceptive effects. Furthermore, MsV can reduce in vitro cell viability in MGSO-3 cell line derived from human breast cancer tissue. To evaluate its antigenic potential, rabbits were immunized with MsV, which proved to be immunogenic. ELISA, immunobloting and in vivo neutralization assays demonstrated that the specific rabbit anti-MsV antivenom is more efficient than the therapeutic Brazilian antivenom in recognizing and neutralizing the lethal activity of MsV. MsV differs in protein profile and biological activities from M. frontalis venom (MfV), used as control, which impairs its recognition and neutralization by Brazilian therapeutic anti-elapidic antivenom. We performed a SPOT immunoassay for the identification of B-cell linear epitopes in the main toxins described for MsV targeted by the elicited neutralizing antibodies previously produced. A membrane containing 15-mer peptides representing the sequences of five 3TFxs and five PLA2s was produced and probed with anti- MsV antibodies. Results revealed important regions in 3FTx toxins for venom neutralization. Identifying the main MsV components and its biological activities can be helpful in guiding the production of antivenoms and in the optimization of treatment for coral snake envenomation in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Rahisa Scussel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Aragão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gladstony de Oliveira-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Saavedra-Langer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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Antibodies against a single fraction of Micrurus dumerilii venom neutralize the lethal effect of whole venom. Toxicol Lett 2023; 374:77-84. [PMID: 36528173 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coralsnake Micrurus dumerilii (Elapidae) is reported to cause envenomings of medical importance. Previous studies characterized the protein composition of its venom, with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) proteins the most abundant. However, it is unknown which venom components are responsible for its lethal toxicity. Fractionation of M. dumerilii venom from Colombia was carried out using RP-HPLC and each fraction was screened for lethal effect in mice at a dose of 20 μg by intraperitoneal route. Results showed that only one fraction, F9, was lethal. This fraction displayed PLA2 activity, induced indirect hemolysis in vitro, as well as edema and myotoxicity in vivo. SDS-PAGE of unreduced F9 evidenced two bands of 8 and 15 kDa, respectively, consistent with the detection of proteins with masses of 13,217.77 Da, 7144.06 Da, and 7665.55 Da. Tryptic digestion of F9 followed by nESI-MS/MS revealed peptide sequences matching proteins of the three-finger toxin (3FTx) and PLA2 families. Immunization of a rabbit with F9 proteins elicited antibody titers up to 1:10,000 by ELISA. After serum fractionation with caprylic acid, the obtained IgG was able to neutralize the lethal effect of the complete venom of M. dumerilii using a challenge of 2 ×LD50 at the IgG/venom ratio of 50:1 (w/w). In conclusion, present results show that the lethal effect of M. dumerilii venom in mice is mainly driven by one fraction which contains 3FTx and PLA2 proteins. The antibodies produced against this fraction cross-recognized other PLA2s and neutralized the lethal effect of whole M. dumerilii venom, pointing out to the potential usefulness of F9 as a relevant antigen for improving current coral snake antivenoms.
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Quiroz S, Henao Castañeda IC, Granados J, Patiño AC, Preciado LM, Pereañez JA. Inhibitory Effects of Varespladib, CP471474, and Their Potential Synergistic Activity on Bothrops asper and Crotalus durissus cumanensis Venoms. Molecules 2022; 27:8588. [PMID: 36500682 PMCID: PMC9737558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease that causes extensive mortality and morbidity in rural communities. Antivenim sera are the currently approved therapy for snake bites; however, they have some therapeutic limitations that have been extensively documented. Recently, small molecule toxin inhibitors have received significant attention as potential alternatives or co-adjuvant to immunoglobulin-based snakebite therapies. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of the phospholipase A2 inhibitor varespladib and the metalloproteinase inhibitor CP471474 and their synergistic effects on the lethal, edema-forming, hemorrhagic, and myotoxic activities of Bothrops asper and Crotalus durissus cumanensis venoms from Colombia. Except for the preincubation assay of the lethal activity with B. asper venom, the mixture showed the best inhibitory activity. Nevertheless, the mix did not display statistically significant differences to varespladib and CP471474 used separately in all assays. In preincubation assays, varespladib showed the best inhibitory activity against the lethal effect induced by B. asper venom. However, in independent injection assays, the mix of the compounds partially inhibited the lethal activity of both venoms (50%). In addition, in the assays to test the inhibition of edema-forming activity, the mixture exhibited the best inhibitory activity, followed by Varespladib, but without statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The combination also decreased the myotoxic activity of evaluated venoms. In these assays, the mix showed statistical differences regarding CP471474 (p < 0.05). The mixture also abolished the hemorrhagic activity of B. asper venom in preincubation assays, with no statistical differences to CP471474. Finally, the mixture showed inhibition in studies with independent administration in a time-dependent manner. To propose a mode of action of varespladib and CP471474, molecular docking was performed. PLA2s and SVMPs from tested venoms were used as targets. In all cases, our molecular modeling results suggested that inhibitors may occupy the substrate-binding cleft of the enzymes, which was supported by specific interaction with amino acids from the active site, such as His48 for PLA2s and Glu143 for the metalloproteinase. In addition, varespladib and CP471474 also showed interaction with residues from the hydrophobic channel in PLA2s and substrate binding subsites in the SVMP. Our results suggest a synergistic action of the mixed inhibitors and show the potential of varespladib, CP471474, and their mixture to generate new treatments for snakebite envenoming with application in the field or as antivenom co-adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Quiroz
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Isabel C. Henao Castañeda
- Research Group in Marine Natural Products, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Johan Granados
- Research Group in Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Arley Camilo Patiño
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Lina María Preciado
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia
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Srimathi R, Sabareesh V, Gurunathan J. Naringenin isolated from Citrus reticulata blanco fruit peel inhibits the toxicity of snake venom proteins - An in vitro and in vivo study. Toxicon 2022; 220:106943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mora-Obando D, Lomonte B, Pla D, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Ayerbe-González S, Gutiérrez JM, Sasa M, Calvete JJ. Half a century of research on Bothrops asper venom variation: Biological and biomedical implications. Toxicon 2022; 221:106983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Platelet depletion enhances lethal, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom in a murine model. Toxicon 2022; 219:106936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Kondo FV, Cabrera WHK, Ribeiro OG, De Franco M, Jensen JR, Picolo G, Sant’Anna MB, Spadafora-Ferreira M, Borrego A, Ibañez OM, Starobinas N. Pain and Cellular Migration Induced by Bothrops jararaca Venom in Mice Selected for an Acute Inflammatory Response: Involvement of Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779473. [PMID: 35185861 PMCID: PMC8854176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) can induce mast cell degranulation. In order to investigate the role of mast cells and the interference of the host genetic background in the inflammation induced by BjV, we have used mouse strains selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response (AIR). Mice were pretreated with an inhibitor of mast cell degranulation, cromolyn (CROM), and injected in footpads or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with BjV. Pain was measured with von Frey hairs, cell migration in the peritoneum by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by chemiluminescence assays. The nociceptive response to BjV was higher in AIRmax than AIRmin mice; however, this difference was abolished by pretreatment with CROM. BjV induced peritoneal neutrophil (CD11b+ GR-1+) infiltration and ROS secretion in AIRmax mice only, which were partially inhibited by CROM. Our findings evidence a role for mast cells in pain, neutrophil migration, and ROS production triggered by BjV in AIRmax mice that are more susceptible to the action of BjV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olga M. Ibañez
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Nancy Starobinas,
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13
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Ivanušec A, Šribar J, Križaj I. Secreted Phospholipases A 2 - not just Enzymes: Revisited. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:873-888. [PMID: 35002531 PMCID: PMC8741859 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. The physiological roles of sPLA2s as enzymes have been very well described, while their functions as ligands are still poorly known. Since the last overview of sPLA2-binding proteins (sPLA2-BPs) 10 years ago, several important discoveries have occurred in this area. New and more sensitive analytical tools have enabled the discovery of additional sPLA2-BPs, which are presented and critically discussed here. The structural diversity of sPLA2-BPs reveals sPLA2s as very promiscuous proteins, and we offer some structural explanations for this nature that makes these proteins evolutionarily highly advantageous. Three areas of physiological engagement of sPLA2-BPs have appeared most clearly: cellular transport and signalling, and regulation of the enzymatic activity of sPLA2s. Due to the multifunctionality of sPLA2s, they appear to be exceptional pharmacological targets. We reveal the potential to exploit interactions of sPLA2s with other proteins in medical terms, for the development of original diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. We conclude this survey by suggesting the priority questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijan Ivanušec
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Jiménez-Charris E, Montoya-Gómez A, Torres JK, Gómez-Díaz M, Bolívar-García W. First functional and proteomic analysis of Bothrops asper snake venom from Gorgona Island - Colombia, and its comparative characterization with two Colombian Southwest ecoregions. Biochimie 2021; 194:19-27. [PMID: 34923046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops asper envenoming is a public health problem in tropical regions of Latin America. Bothrops asper has spread until Gorgona Island in the Pacific Colombian Ocean, but its biochemical venom characterization is poorly known. Thus, to increase knowledge on Bothrops species venoms, we developed for the first time the proteomic analysis using a shotgun approach and performed functional evaluations relevant to its toxicity and compared with two Colombian Southwest ecoregions from the Pacific and Western sides. Besides, we evaluated two antivenoms produced in Colombia (INS and PROBIOL) against three B. asper venom ecoregions through the ELISA approach and first-generation antivenom against B. asper from Gorgona Island. The protein components of B. asper from Gorgona Island were assigned to nine known protein families, sharing a conserved compositional pattern with B. asper from the pacific ecoregion. The RP-HPLC and in vitro activity suggest a phenotypic congruence in the expression of PLA2s and metalloproteinases between the B. asper snake venom from Gorgona Island and pacific, but inversely to the Western ecoregion. Additionally, the antivenoms immunoreactivity against the three B. asper lineage venoms was different. The INS displayed higher titers than PROBIOL against all the venoms and exhibited the most effective immunocapturing capacity against the individual components of snake venom from Gorgona Island. The results of this investigation suggest that B. asper from Gorgona Island displayed similar clinical manifestations concerning the Pacific ecoregion, and the immunoreactivity by antivenoms could be used after B. asper envenomation in Gorgona Island, using one of them preferably.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Kelvin Torres
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mónica Gómez-Díaz
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Wilmar Bolívar-García
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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15
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Montealegre-Sánchez L, Montoya-Gómez A, Jiménez-Charris E. Individual variations in the protein profiles and functional activities of the eyelash palm pit-viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) venom from the Colombian southwest region. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106113. [PMID: 34450060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bothriechis schlegelii is a venomous snake found in Central and South America, mainly sighted in regions devoted to agriculture. However, in Colombia, little is known about its contribution to the total envenoming cases. Furthermore, there are no reports of the biochemical and functional activities of venoms from the southwest populations, and the differences respecting other populations are unknown. This study analyzed the protein profiles of venom samples obtained from three specimens originating from this region of Colombia using electrophoresis and chromatography. The lethality, edema-induction, hemorrhagic, defibrinating, coagulant, and indirect hemolytic activities were also evaluated. As a result, venoms were composed of proteins with a wide range of molecular weights, most of them below <37 kDa, with differences between male and female electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles. These variations were also observed in the evaluation of venom functional activities such as pro-coagulant, indirect hemolytic, and edema-inducing activities, whereas neither hemorrhagic nor defibrinating activities were detected. These results are also different considering reports with venom samples from other geographical locations, restating the existence of high intraspecific variability in B. schlegelii venoms, which could have relevant pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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16
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Barbosa AN, Ferreira RS, de Carvalho FCT, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Mendes MB, Mendonça BC, Batista JN, Trevisol DJ, Boyer L, Chippaux JP, Medolago NB, Cassaro CV, Carneiro MTR, de Oliveira APP, Pimenta DC, da Cunha LER, Dos Santos LD, Barraviera B. Single-Arm, Multicenter Phase I/II Clinical Trial for the Treatment of Envenomings by Massive Africanized Honey Bee Stings Using the Unique Apilic Antivenom. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653151. [PMID: 33841437 PMCID: PMC8025786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the safety, optimal dose, and preliminary effectiveness of a new-approach Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera) Antivenom (AAV) in a phase I/II, multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm clinical trial involving 20 participants with multiple stings. Participants received 2 to 10 vials of AAV depending on the number of stings they suffered, or a predefined adjuvant, symptomatic, and complementary treatment. The primary safety endpoint was the occurrence of early adverse reactions within the first 24 h of treatment. Preliminary efficacy based on clinical evolution, including laboratory findings, was assessed at baseline and at various time points over the four following weeks. ELISA assays and mass spectrometry were used to estimate venom pharmacokinetics before, during, and after treatment. Twenty adult participants, i.e., 13 (65%) men and 7 (35%) women, with a median age of 44 years and a mean body surface area of 1.92 m2 (median = 1.93 m2) were recruited. The number of stings ranged from 7 to > 2,000, with a median of 52.5. Symptoms of envenoming were classified as mild, moderate, or severe in 80% (16), 15% (3), and 5% (1) of patients, respectively; patients with mild, moderate, or severe envenoming received 2, 6, and 10 vials of AAV as per the protocol. None of the patients had late reactions (serum sickness) within 30 d of treatment. There was no discontinuation of the protocol due to adverse events, and there were no serious adverse events. One patient had a moderate adverse event, transient itchy skin, and erythroderma. All participants completed the intravenous antivenom infusion within 2 h, and there was no loss to follow-up after discharge. ELISA assays showed venom (melittin and PLA2) concentrations varying between 0.25 and 1.479 ng/mL prior to treatment. Venom levels decreased in all patients during the hospitalization period. Surprisingly, in nine cases (45%), despite clinical recovery and the absence of symptoms, venom levels increased again during outpatient care 10 d after discharge. Mass spectrometry showed melittin in eight participants, 30 d after treatment. Considering the promising safety results for this investigational product in the treatment of massive Africanized honeybee attack, and its efficacy, reflected in the clinical improvements and corresponding immediate decrease in blood venom levels, the AAV has shown to be safe for human use. Clinical Trial Registration: UTN: U1111-1160-7011, identifier [RBR-3fthf8].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Naime Barbosa
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) and Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Francilene Capel Tavares de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Clinical Research Center, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Tubarão, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Mônica Bannwart Mendes
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cavecci Mendonça
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Nixon Batista
- Clinical Research Center, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Clinical Research Center, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Tubarão, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Leslie Boyer
- VIPER Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- MERIT, IRD, Université Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CRT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Natália Bronzatto Medolago
- Clinical Research Unit (UPECLIN), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Claudia Vilalva Cassaro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcia Tonin Rigotto Carneiro
- Clinical Research Unit (UPECLIN), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Paola Piloto de Oliveira
- Clinical Research Unit (UPECLIN), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carvalho Pimenta
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) and Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) and Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
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17
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Antivenomics and in vivo preclinical efficacy of six Latin American antivenoms towards south-western Colombian Bothrops asper lineage venoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009073. [PMID: 33524033 PMCID: PMC7877754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bothrops asper represents the clinically most important snake species in Central America and Northern South America, where it is responsible for an estimated 50–80% of snakebites. Compositional variability among the venom proteomes of B. asper lineages across its wide range mirrors clinical differences in their envenomings. Bothropic antivenoms generated in a number of Latin American countries commonly exhibit a certain degree of paraspecific effectiveness in the neutralization of congeneric venoms. Defining the phylogeographic boundaries of an antivenom's effectivity has implications for optimizing its clinical use. However, the molecular bases and impact of venom compositions on the immune recognition and neutralization of the toxic activities of across geographically disparate populations of B. asper lineages has not been comprehensively studied. Methodology/Principal findings Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the cross-immunorecognizing capacity against the individual components of venoms of three B. asper lineages (B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus) distributed in south-western (SW) Colombia, of six Latin American antivenoms, produced against homologous (Colombia, INS-COL and PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP)), and heterologous (Argentina (BIOL), Perú (INS-PERU) and Venezuela (UCV)) bothropic venoms. In vivo neutralization assays of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant, defibrinogenating, myotoxic, edematogenic, indirect hemolytic, and proteolytic activities of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms were carried to compare the preclinical efficacy of three (Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL, and Costa Rican ICP) antivenoms frequently used in Colombia. Antivenomics showed that all the six antivenom affinity matrices efficiently immunoretained most of the B. asper lineages venom proteins and exhibited impaired binding towards the venoms' peptidomes. The neutralization profile of the INS-COL, PROBIOL and ICP antivenoms towards the biological activities of the venoms of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus lineages was coherent with the antivenomics outcome. In addition, the combination of in vitro (antivenomics) and in vivo neutralization results allowed us to determine their toxin-specific and venom neutralizing antibody content. Noteworthy, heterologous INS-PERU, BIOL, and UCV bothropic antivenoms had equal or higher binding capacity towards the venoms components of SW Colombian B. asper lineages that the homologous Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusions/Significance The combined in vitro and in vivo preclinical outcome showed that antivenoms manufactured in Colombia and Costa Rica effectively neutralize the major toxic activities of SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. The antivenomics profiles of the heterologous antivenoms manufactured in Argentina, Venezuela, and Perú strongly suggests their (pre)clinical adequacy for the treatment of B. asper lineage envenomings in SW Colombia. However, their recommendation in the clinical setting is pending on in vivo neutralization testing and clinical testing in humans. Bothrops asper is a highly adaptable snake species complex, which is considered the most dangerous snake throughout much of its distribution range from the Atlantic lowland of eastern México to northwestern Perú. Antivenoms are the only scientifically validated treatment of snakebite envenomings. Venom variation is particularly common in wide ranging species, such as B. asper, and may result in variable clinical presentations of envenomings, as is the case for the B. asper species complex, potentially undermining the efficacy of snakebite treatments depending on the immunization mixture used in the generation of the antivenom. Conversely, phylogenetic conservation of antigenic determinants confers an unpredictable degree of paraspecificity to homologous antivenoms produced for a geographic area, but also to heterologous congeneric antivenoms, towards the venom components of allopatric conspecific populations. This work aimed at comparing the preclinical profile of a panel of Latin American homologous and heterologous antivenoms against the venoms of B. asper lineages distributed in SW Colombia. The outcome of this study strongly suggests the suitability of considering the heterologous antivenoms BIOL (Argentina), UCV (Venezuela) and INS-PERU (Perú) as alternatives to homologous Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL and Costa Rican ICP antivenoms for the treatment of envenomings by B. asper (sensu stricto) in W Colombia and Ecuador, B. ayerbei in Cauca and Nariño (Colombia), and B. rhombeatus in Cauca river valley, SW Colombia. Snakebite envenoming is an important occupational health problem, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. The timely administration of an effective antivenom remains the mainstay of snakebite management. However, the use of antivenoms is often limited by non-availability due to high cost or by lack of effectiveness. Antivenom shortage can be addressed through the generation of novel polyspecific antivenoms of wide clinical efficacy against the venoms of the medically-relevant snake species within the geographical range where these antivenoms are intended to be deployed, but also by optimizing the paraspecific use of current antivenoms. In Colombia, antivenoms are supplied by two manufacturers, one public, the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), and one private, Laboratorios Probiol (PROBIOL). However, the antivenom supply in Colombia has traditionally been insufficient, a circumstance that has led the Colombian Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to issue several resolutions and decrees to announce this health emergency in the country, and to import antivenoms produced in México and Costa Rica. Contrary to these countries, where B. asper represents the only species of the genus, in SW Colombia three close phylogenetically related B. asper lineages, B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, are responsible for most severe cases of snakebite accidents and exhibit remarkable differences in the physiopathological profile of their envenomings. This work aimed to assess the immunorecognition characteristics of a panel of antivenoms manufactured in Colombia, Costa Rica, Argentina, Perú and Venezuela towards the venoms of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineages. Additionally, combined quantitative in vitro and in vivo data show that the homologous antivenoms produced in Colombia (INS-COL, PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP) effectively neutralize the lethality and the major toxic activities tested of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. Heterologous Argentinian (BIOL), Venezuelan (UCV) and Peruvian (INS-PERU) antivenoms also showed comparable, even higher, effective immunocapturing ability towards the venom proteomes of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, than the Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. These results are in line with previous studies highlighting the notable conservation of paraspecific antigenic determinants across the phylogeny of genus Bothrops, and advocate for considering the heterologous Argentinian, Venezuelan and Peruvian antivenoms as further therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of B. asper spp. snakebites in Colombia.
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18
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Patiño RSP, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Medina-Villamizar E, Mendes B, Proaño-Bolaños C, da Silva SL, Almeida JR. Bothrops atrox from Ecuadorian Amazon: Initial analyses of venoms from individuals. Toxicon 2021; 193:63-72. [PMID: 33503404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox is the most clinically relevant snake species within the Amazon region, which includes Ecuadorian territories. It comprises a large distribution, which could contribute to the genetic and venomic variation identified in the species. The high variability and protein isoform diversity of its venom are of medical interest, since it can influence the clinical manifestations caused by envenomation and its treatment. However, in Ecuador there is insufficient information on the diversity of venomic phenotypes, even of relevant species such as B. atrox. Here, we characterized the biochemical and toxicological profiles of the venom of six B. atrox individuals from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Differences in catalytic activities of toxins, elution profiles in liquid chromatography, electrophoretic patterns, and toxic effects among the analyzed samples were identified. Nonetheless, in the preclinical testing of antivenom, two samples from Mera (Pastaza) required a higher dose to achieve total neutralization of lethality and hemorrhage. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of analyzing individual venoms in studies focused on the outcomes of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S P Patiño
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evencio Medina-Villamizar
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Escuela de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV - REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José R Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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Rasoulinasab F, Rasoulinasab M, Shahbazzadeh D, Asadi A, Kaboli M. Comparison of venom from wild and long-term captive Gloydius caucasicus and the neutralization capacity of antivenom produced in rabbits immunized with captive venom. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05717. [PMID: 33364492 PMCID: PMC7750379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gloydius caucasicus (NIKOLSKY, 1916) is a member of the Viperidae family in Iran. Comprehensive understanding of the toxigenic characteristics of snake venom is important for clinical monitoring of snakebite patients and effective therapy. We compared the toxic activities of venoms and the neutralization capacity of antivenoms produced with venoms from wild adult (WA) with long-term captive adult (LCA) of G. caucasicus in order to obtain more effective antivenom from LCA in therapy, and subsequently protect G. caucasicus from overharvesting for its venom, which poses a real threat of extinction for the species. Our results showed that LD50 of WA and LCA were 16.8 μg/dose and 17.7 μg/dose, respectively. Lower hemorrhagic and necrotic (p ≥ 0.05), and higher coagulative and edematogenic activities (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in WA compared with LCA venom. Also, captive-born neonates exhibited weaker toxic activities compared with captive adult snakes, which could be an age-related difference. Study data illustrated that effective capacity of LCA antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities of WA viper venom. According to the results, about 0.4-4 μl of LCA antivenom is required to neutralize the toxic activities of 1 μg of WA venom, indicating its efficacy in treatment of snakebites in humans. On this basis, it is recommended that capture of wild snakes for their venom be discontinued to reduce their future extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rasoulinasab
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rasoulinasab
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Asadi
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, PSL-EPHE (Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés), CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in snakebite envenoming. Toxicon 2020; 187:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nery N, Setúbal S, Boeno C, Lopes J, Paloschi M, Pontes A, Luna K, Zuliani J. Bothrops erythromelas venom and its action on isolated murine macrophages. Toxicon 2020; 185:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Pereañez JA, Preciado LM, Fernández J, Camacho E, Lomonte B, Castro F, Cañas CA, Galvis C, Castaño S. Snake venomics, experimental toxic activities and clinical characteristics of human envenomation by Bothrocophias myersi (Serpentes: Viperidae) from Colombia. J Proteomics 2020; 220:103758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Almeida JR, Mendes B, Patiño RSP, Pico J, Laines J, Terán M, Mogollón NGS, Zaruma-Torres F, Caldeira CADS, da Silva SL. Assessing the stability of historical and desiccated snake venoms from a medically important Ecuadorian collection. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108702. [PMID: 31911190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox are important venomous snakes from Ecuador responsible for the most of ophidic accidents, which in the past were treated with a national polyvant antivenom. For years, the venom pools were collected and stored at room temperature in a laboratory. Taking into account the controversial ability of desiccated samples to retain their biological effects and enzymatic activities, we investigated the biochemical and toxicological properties of venoms after years of storage. The proteomic profiles of historical venoms analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoresis are very similar. The fresh batches of venom were more lethal than those stored for years, just as the initial and current LD50 values of these samples changed. Significant differences were showed in the myotoxic and hemorrhagic activity of some venom pools, while no significant statistical differences were found for the edema activity. The enzymatic assays revealed a variation in proteolytic activity on azocasein and phospholipase A2 activity, and low differences were reported for thrombin-like serine protease activity. The maintenance of the proteomic profile and certain toxicological activities convert this venom library in a valuable source for research purposes. Nonetheless, the significative reduction of toxicological activities, such as hemorrhagic activity not feasible using these samples for the antivenom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S P Patiño
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - José Pico
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Johanna Laines
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Noroska G S Mogollón
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Fausto Zaruma-Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Química, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Cleópatra A da S Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas a Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Rondônia (Fiocruz Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR)
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Química, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
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De arco-Rodríguez B, Montealegre-Sánchez L, Solano-Redondo L, Castro-Herrera F, Ortega JG, Castillo A, Vargas-Zapata C, Jiménez-Charris E. Phylogeny and toxicological assessments of two Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii morphotypes from the caribbean region of Colombia. Toxicon 2019; 166:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nusair SD, Ahmad MI. Toxicity of Vipera palaestinae venom and antagonistic effects of methanolic leaf extract of Eryngium creticum lam. Toxicon 2019; 166:1-8. [PMID: 31095960 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vipera palaestinae is responsible for many venomous incidents in the Middle East. However, this species is not included in the antigenic pool of venoms for the production of the regionally available polyvalent antivenoms. In an attempt to develop a potential complementary alternative therapy for snakebite patients, this study is investigating the antagonistic effect of Eryngium creticum against V. palaestinae venom. In this context, the concentration of the venom as well as the electrophoretic profile, and the venom LD50 were determined by intraperitoneal injection (ip). The methanolic leaf extract was prepared, and its safety on rats was examined. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 6); G1-G3 were injected subplantar in the right hind paws with 2.5, 3.125, and 3.75 mg kg-1 then 200 mg kg-1 extract ip. G4-G6 were given the same venom dose with no extract, respectively. Controls were G7 that only had the extract ip, and G8 that was injected subplantar with PBS. The swollen paws were measured at Hour 0 (before injection), Hour 1, Hour 6, and Hour 24. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in serum using ELISA. Histopathological changes were examined in paw sections. The pooled venom concentration was 176.93 ± 35.81 mg ml-1, revealed 10 protein bands (5-80 kDa), and the LD50 via ip rout was 6.56 mg kg-1. Paw edema peaked at Hour 1. At Hour 6, edema in G1 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to G6, while at Hour 24 there was no significant difference between all groups including the controls. Treated animals in G1-G3 expressed IL-6 significantly lower (p < 0.001) than untreated G4-G6, respectively. Levels of TNF-α in G1 and G2 were significantly (p < 0.001) lower than G3-G6, while G5 and G6 were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than G1-G4. Histopathological changes showed intensifying edema, hemorrhage, and inflammation with incrementing venom doses. Sections from treated animals expressed less adverse changes compared to untreated animals. Together, the outcomes are encouraging future utilization of E. creticum as a supportive remedy for snakebite cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreen Deeb Nusair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim Ahmad
- Research and Innovation Centre, The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company, Amman, Jordan
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Méndez R, Bonilla F, Sasa M, Dwyer Q, Fernández J, Lomonte B. Proteomic profiling, functional characterization, and immunoneutralization of the venom of Porthidium porrasi, a pitviper endemic to Costa Rica. Acta Trop 2019; 193:113-123. [PMID: 30831113 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Porthidium includes nine pitviper species inhabiting Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Porthidium porrasi is a species endemic to the Southwest of Costa Rica, for which no information on its venom was available. In this study, the proteomic composition and functional activities of P. porrasi venom are described. The most abundant venom proteins were identified as metalloproteinases (36.5%). In descending order of abundance, proteins belonging to the disintegrin, phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, C-type lectin/lectin-like, vascular endothelial growth factor, Cysteine-rich secretory protein, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase B, and phosphodiesterase families were also identified. P. porrasi venom showed a weak lethal potency in mice (10 μg/g body weight by intraperitoneal route), induced marked hemorrhage and edema, and weak myotoxic effect. These in vivo activities, as well as those assayed in vitro (proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities) correlated with compositional data. A comparison of P. porrasi venom with those of three other Porthidium species studied to date reveals a generally conserved compositional and functional pattern in this pitviper genus. Importantly, the lethal effect of P. porrasi venom in mice was adequately cross-neutralized by a heterospecific polyvalent antivenom, supporting its use in the treatment of eventual envenomings by this species.
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Monzavi SM, Afshari R, Khoshdel AR, Mahmoudi M, Salarian AA, Samieimanesh F, Shirmast E, Mihandoust A. Analysis of effectiveness of Iranian snake antivenom on Viper venom induced effects including analysis of immunologic biomarkers in the Echis carinatus sochureki envenomed victims. Toxicon 2019; 158:38-46. [PMID: 30452924 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite is an important toxicologic emergency with the potential of triggering local and systemic inflammation. Antivenom has remained the mainstay of treatment for snakebite envenomation. In this study we sought to investigate the effectiveness of Iranian antivenom in a series of 44 viper envenomed patients through analysis of changes in clinical severity and the levels of inflammatory markers. Clinical envenomation severity assessed by snakebite severity score (SSS) and laboratory exams of the patients were recorded before (baseline visit) and after antivenom therapy. During 12-h antivenom therapy, the median (range) score of SSS significantly decreased from 3.5 (2-10) on admission to 1 (0-5) in the last visit (P < 0.001). Moreover, a significant decrease in prothrombin time and international normalized ratio was found (P = 0.006 and 0.008; respectively). Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL) 1-β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), complement hemolytic activity (CH50) were also measured in 10 severely Echis carinatus sochureki envenomed victims and 10 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Except IL-8, the baseline levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in victims were significantly higher than healthy controls (P = 0.005, <0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the baseline level of CH50 was significantly lower in the patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001). After 12-h antivenom therapy, the plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased (P = 0.032, 0.006 and 0.003, respectively), the levels of IL-8 remained relatively unchanged and the CH50 significantly increased (P = 0.011). Iranian snake antivenom was effective in treating viper bite envenomation as it reversed clinical venom effects and restored near normal underlying inflammatory status. This study is the first to ascertain and report the effectiveness of this antivenom in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Monzavi
- Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Afshari
- Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khoshdel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Central Laboratory, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Farhad Samieimanesh
- Central Laboratory, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Shirmast
- Central Laboratory, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azam Mihandoust
- Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Preciado LM, Comer J, Núñez V, Rey-Súarez P, Pereañez JA. Inhibition of a Snake Venom Metalloproteinase by the Flavonoid Myricetin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102662. [PMID: 30332829 PMCID: PMC6222685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the snakebite envenomations in Central and South America are caused by species belonging to Bothrops genus. Their venom is composed mainly by zinc-dependent metalloproteinases, responsible of the hemorrhage characteristic of these envenomations. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory ability of ten flavonoids on the in-vitro proteolytic activity of Bothrops atrox venom and on the hemorrhagic, edema-forming and myonecrotic activities of Batx-I, the most abundant metalloproteinase isolated from this venom. Myricetin was the most active compound, exhibiting an IC 50 value of 150 μ M and 1021 μ M for the inhibition of proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity, respectively. Independent injection experiments, with a concentration of 1600 μ M of myricetin administered locally, immediately after toxin injection, demonstrated a reduction of 28 ± 6 % in the hemorrhagic lesion. Additionally, myricetin at concentrations 800, 1200 and 1600 μ M promoted a reduction in plasma creatine kinase activity induced by Batx-I of 21 ± 2 % , 60 ± 5 % and 63 ± 2 % , respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations coupled with the adaptive biasing method suggest that myricetin can bind to the metalloproteinase active site via formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups 3', 4' and 5' of the benzyl moiety and amino acid Glu143 of the metalloproteinase. The hydroxyl substitution pattern of myricetin appears to be essential for its inhibitory activity. Based on this evidence, myricetin constitutes a candidate for the development of inhibitors to reduce local tissue damage in snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Preciado
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Vitelbina Núñez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Paola Rey-Súarez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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Zoccal KF, Ferreira GZ, Prado MK, Gardinassi LG, Sampaio SV, Faccioli LH. LTB4 and PGE2 modulate the release of MIP-1α and IL-1β by cells stimulated with Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 150:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Resiere D, Arias AS, Villalta M, Rucavado A, Brouste Y, Cabié A, Névière R, Césaire R, Kallel H, Mégarbane B, Mehdaoui H, Gutiérrez JM. Preclinical evaluation of the neutralizing ability of a monospecific antivenom for the treatment of envenomings by Bothrops lanceolatus in Martinique. Toxicon 2018; 148:50-55. [PMID: 29654867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops lanceolatus is an endemic viperid species in the Lesser Caribbean island of Martinique. Envenomings by this species are characterized by local and systemic effects, among which the development of thrombosis in various organs is the most severe complication. An experimental toxicological characterization of this venom was performed using in vivo mouse tests and various in vitro assays. The venom induced lethal, local and systemic hemorrhagic, edema-forming, myotoxic, thrombocytopenic, proteinase and phospholipase A2 activities. The preclinical efficacy of a batch of monospecific Bothrofav® antivenom currently in use in Martinique was assessed. The antivenom was highly effective in the neutralization of all activities tested, in agreement with its described clinical efficacy. This batch of antivenom showed a higher preclinical efficacy as compared to a previous batch used in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabor Resiere
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Ana Silvia Arias
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yannick Brouste
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - André Cabié
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Rémi Névière
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM 1144, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Su H, Li Y, Tang C, Su C, Tsai M. Can Surgery in Patient with Protobothrops Mucrosquamatus Envenomation be Predicted in Emergency Department? HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/102490791602300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, a Crotalinae snake with haemorrhagic venom, is responsible for the most common poisoning snakebites in Taiwan. Although a specific antivenin has been developed to treat this snakebite, surgical intervention is still needed in some patients because of the progression of tissue injury. Early risk stratification is important to identify the early signs of need for surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the early predictors for surgery in patients with P. mucrosquamatus envenomation. Methods The medical records of inpatients with P. mucrosquamatus envenomation between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical information was collected and analysed between surgical and nonsurgical patients. Results A total of 60 patients with P. mucrosquamatus envenomation, including 8 surgical patients (13.3%) and 52 non-surgical patients (86.7%), presented to the emergency department during the study period. Compartment syndrome (62.5%) and tissue necrosis (37.5%) were the main reasons for surgery. Comparison between surgical and non-surgical patients showed significantly higher white blood cell count (17.1 × 103/μL vs. 8.5 × 103/μL; p=0.002) and peak D-dimer level (1924.8 ng/mL vs. 730.0 ng/mL; p=0.006) in the surgical group. Ecchymosis (p=0.009), haemorrhagic bulla formation (p=0.002), leukocytosis (p=0.002), elevated peak D-dimer level (>1000 ng/mL) (p=0.005), and rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase level >1000 IU/L) (p=0.007) were the significant signs relevant to surgery. On multivariate analysis, leukocytosis and ecchymosis were the most significant predictors of surgery in patients with P. mucrosquamatus envenomation. Conclusions Patients with P. mucrosquamatus envenomation presenting with leukocytosis and wound ecchymosis will have a high probability of requiring surgical therapy. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2016;23:210-219)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hy Su
- E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung; and Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yh Li
- Tzu Chi University, Department of Public Health, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cn Tang
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ci Su
- National Cheng-Kung University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Isolation and Functional Characterization of an Acidic Myotoxic Phospholipase A₂ from Colombian Bothrops asper Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110342. [PMID: 29072602 PMCID: PMC5705957 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotoxic phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂) are responsible for many clinical manifestations in envenomation by Bothrops snakes. A new myotoxic acidic Asp49 PLA₂ (BaCol PLA₂) was isolated from Colombian Bothrops asper venom using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). BaCol PLA₂ had a molecular mass of 14,180.69 Da (by mass spectrometry) and an isoelectric point of 4.4. The complete amino acid sequence was obtained by cDNA cloning (GenBank accession No. MF319968) and revealed a mature product of 124 amino acids with Asp at position 49. BaCol PLA₂ showed structural homology with other acidic PLA₂ isolated from Bothrops venoms, including a non-myotoxic PLA₂ from Costa Rican B. asper. In vitro studies showed cell membrane damage without exposure of phosphatidylserine, an early apoptosis hallmark. BaCol PLA₂ had high indirect hemolytic activity and moderate anticoagulant action. In mice, BaCol PLA₂ caused marked edema and myotoxicity, the latter seen as an increase in plasma creatine kinase and histological damage to gastrocnemius muscle fibers that included vacuolization and hyalinization necrosis of the sarcoplasm.
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Rey-Suárez P, Núñez V, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Lomonte B. Primary structures and partial toxicological characterization of two phospholipases A 2 from Micrurus mipartitus and Micrurus dumerilii coral snake venoms. Biochimie 2017; 137:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gutiérrez JM, Solano G, Pla D, Herrera M, Segura Á, Vargas M, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Sanz L, Lomonte B, León G, Calvete JJ. Preclinical Evaluation of the Efficacy of Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming: State-of-the-Art and Challenges Ahead. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050163. [PMID: 28505100 PMCID: PMC5450711 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived antivenoms constitute the mainstay in the therapy of snakebite envenoming. The efficacy of antivenoms to neutralize toxicity of medically-relevant snake venoms has to be demonstrated through meticulous preclinical testing before their introduction into the clinical setting. The gold standard in the preclinical assessment and quality control of antivenoms is the neutralization of venom-induced lethality. In addition, depending on the pathophysiological profile of snake venoms, the neutralization of other toxic activities has to be evaluated, such as hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edema-forming, dermonecrotic, in vitro coagulant, and defibrinogenating effects. There is a need to develop laboratory assays to evaluate neutralization of other relevant venom activities. The concept of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in Toxinology is of utmost importance, and some advances have been performed in their implementation. A significant leap forward in the study of the immunological reactivity of antivenoms against venoms has been the development of “antivenomics”, which brings the analytical power of mass spectrometry to the evaluation of antivenoms. International partnerships are required to assess the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms against snake venoms in different regions of the world in order to have a detailed knowledge on the neutralizing profile of these immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Davinia Pla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Sección de Química Analítica, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Caro D, Ocampo Y, Castro J, Barrios L, Salas R, Franco LA. Protective effect of Dracontium dubium against Bothrops asper venom. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1105-1114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Dias RG, Sampaio SC, Sant'Anna MB, Cunha FQ, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Cury Y, Picolo G. Articular inflammation induced by an enzymatically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A 2: activation of endogenous phospholipases contributes to the pronociceptive effect. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:18. [PMID: 28344594 PMCID: PMC5364601 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthritis is a set of inflammatory conditions that induce aching, stiffness, swelling, pain and may cause functional disability with severe consequences to the patient's lives. These are multi-mediated pathologies that cannot be effectively protected and/or treated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of acute arthritis, using a Lys49-PLA2 (Bothrops asper myotoxin II; MT-II) to induce articular inflammation. METHODS The articular inflammation was induced by MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection into the left tibio-tarsal or femoral-tibial-patellar joints. Cellular influx was evaluated counting total and differential cells that migrated to the joint. The plasma extravasation was determined using Evans blue dye. The edematogenic response was evaluated measuring the joint thickness using a caliper. The articular hypernociception was determined by a dorsal flexion of the tibio-tarsal joint using an electronic pressure-meter test. The mediators involved in the articular hypernociception were evaluated using receptor antagonists and enzymatic inhibitors. RESULTS Plasma extravasation in the knee joints was observed 5 and 15 min after MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection. MT-II also induced a polymorphonuclear cell influx into the femoral-tibial-patellar joints observed 8 h after its injection, a period that coincided with the peak of the hyperalgesic effect. Hyperalgesia was inhibited by the pretreatment of the animals with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, with type-2 cyclooxygenase inhibitor celecoxib, with AACOCF3 and PACOCF3, inhibitors of cytosolic and Ca2+-independent PLA2s, respectively, with bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140, with antibodies against TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and CINC-1 and with selective ET-A (BQ-123) and ET-B (BQ-788) endothelin receptors antagonists. The MT-II-induced hyperalgesia was not altered by the lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, by the bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist Lys-(Des-Arg9,Leu8)-bradykinin, by the histamine and serotonin antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the nitric oxide inhibitor LNMMA and by the inhibitor of matrix 1-, 2-, 3-, 8- and 9- metalloproteinases GM6001 (Ilomastat). CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the multi-mediated characteristic of the articular inflammation induced by MT-II, which demonstrates its relevance as a model for arthritis mechanisms and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gonçalves Dias
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil.,Healthy Sciences Institute, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Morena Brazil Sant'Anna
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yara Cury
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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Resende L, Almeida J, Schezaro-Ramos R, Collaço R, Simioni L, Ramírez D, González W, Soares A, Calderon L, Marangoni S, da Silva S. Exploring and understanding the functional role, and biochemical and structural characteristics of an acidic phospholipase A2, AplTx-I, purified from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 127:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Camacho E, Sanz L, Escalante T, Pérez A, Villalta F, Lomonte B, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Feoli A, Calvete JJ, Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A. Novel Catalytically-Inactive PII Metalloproteinases from a Viperid Snake Venom with Substitutions in the Canonical Zinc-Binding Motif. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27754342 PMCID: PMC5086652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) play key biological roles in prey immobilization and digestion. The majority of these activities depend on the hydrolysis of relevant protein substrates in the tissues. Hereby, we describe several isoforms and a cDNA clone sequence, corresponding to PII SVMP homologues from the venom of the Central American pit viper Bothriechis lateralis, which have modifications in the residues of the canonical sequence of the zinc-binding motif HEXXHXXGXXH. As a consequence, the proteolytic activity of the isolated proteins was undetectable when tested on azocasein and gelatin. These PII isoforms comprise metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains in the mature protein, thus belonging to the subclass PIIb of SVMPs. PII SVMP homologues were devoid of hemorrhagic and in vitro coagulant activities, effects attributed to the enzymatic activity of SVMPs, but induced a mild edema. One of the isoforms presents the characteristic RGD sequence in the disintegrin domain and inhibits ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Catalytically-inactive SVMP homologues may have been hitherto missed in the characterization of snake venoms. The presence of such enzymatically-inactive homologues in snake venoms and their possible toxic and adaptive roles deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Camacho
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Fabián Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Andrés Feoli
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
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Divergent functional profiles of acidic and basic phospholipases A2 in the venom of the snake Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii. Toxicon 2016; 119:289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chrzanowski SM, Batra A, Lee-McMullen B, Vohra RS, Forbes SC, Jiang H, Vandenborne K, Walter GA. Near-Infrared Optical Imaging Noninvasively Detects Acutely Damaged Muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2692-700. [PMID: 27565039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Muscle damage is currently assessed through methods such as muscle biopsy, serum biomarkers, functional testing, and imaging procedures, each with its own inherent limitations, and a pressing need for a safe, repeatable, inexpensive, and noninvasive modality to assess the state of muscle health remains. Our aim was to develop and assess near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging as a novel noninvasive method of detecting and quantifying muscle damage. An immobilization-reambulation model was used for inducing muscle damage and recovery in the lower hindlimbs in mice. Confirmation of muscle damage was obtained using in vivo indocyanine green-enhanced NIR optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and ex vivo tissue analysis. The soleus of the immobilized-reambulated hindlimb was found to have a greater amount of muscle damage compared to that in the contralateral nonimmobilized limb, confirmed by in vivo indocyanine green-enhanced NIR optical imaging (3.86-fold increase in radiant efficiency), magnetic resonance imaging (1.41-fold increase in T2), and an ex vivo spectrophotometric assay of indocyanine green uptake (1.87-fold increase in normalized absorbance). Contrast-enhanced NIR optical imaging provides a sensitive, rapid, and noninvasive screening method that can be used for imaging and quantifying muscle damage and recovery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Chrzanowski
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Abhinandan Batra
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Ravneet S Vohra
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sean C Forbes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Huabei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Glenn A Walter
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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Fernández J, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Sanz L, Lomonte B. Characterization of a novel snake venom component: Kazal-type inhibitor-like protein from the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii. Biochimie 2016; 125:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Herrera C, Macêdo JKA, Feoli A, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Muscle Tissue Damage Induced by the Venom of Bothrops asper: Identification of Early and Late Pathological Events through Proteomic Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004599. [PMID: 27035343 PMCID: PMC4818029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The time-course of the pathological effects induced by the venom of the snake Bothrops asper in muscle tissue was investigated by a combination of histology, proteomic analysis of exudates collected in the vicinity of damaged muscle, and immunodetection of extracellular matrix proteins in exudates. Proteomic assay of exudates has become an excellent new methodological tool to detect key biomarkers of tissue alterations for a more integrative perspective of snake venom-induced pathology. The time-course analysis of the intracellular proteins showed an early presence of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in exudates, while cytoskeletal proteins increased later on. This underscores the rapid cytotoxic effect of venom, especially in muscle fibers, due to the action of myotoxic phospholipases A2, followed by the action of proteinases in the cytoskeleton of damaged muscle fibers. Similarly, the early presence of basement membrane (BM) and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in exudates reflects the rapid microvascular damage and hemorrhage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases. The presence of fragments of type IV collagen and perlecan one hour after envenoming suggests that hydrolysis of these mechanically/structurally-relevant BM components plays a key role in the genesis of hemorrhage. On the other hand, the increment of some ECM proteins in the exudate at later time intervals is likely a consequence of the action of endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or of de novo synthesis of ECM proteins during tissue remodeling as part of the inflammatory reaction. Our results offer relevant insights for a more integrative and systematic understanding of the time-course dynamics of muscle tissue damage induced by B. asper venom and possibly other viperid venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jéssica Kele A. Macêdo
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrés Feoli
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail: (JMG); (JWF)
| | - Jay W. Fox
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMG); (JWF)
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de Menezes RRPPB, Mello CP, Lima DB, Tessarolo LD, Sampaio TL, Paes LCF, Alves NTQ, Assis Junior EM, Lima Junior RCP, Toyama MH, Martins AMC. Involvement of Nitric Oxide on Bothropoides insularis Venom Biological Effects on Murine Macrophages In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151029. [PMID: 26974665 PMCID: PMC4790960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperidae venom has several local and systemic effects, such as pain, edema, inflammation, kidney failure and coagulopathy. Additionally, bothropic venom and its isolated components directly interfere on cellular metabolism, causing alterations such as cell death and proliferation. Inflammatory cells are particularly involved in pathological envenomation mechanisms due to their capacity of releasing many mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO). NO has many effects on cell viability and it is associated to the development of inflammation and tissue damage caused by Bothrops and Bothropoides venom. Bothropoides insularis is a snake found only in Queimada Grande Island, which has markedly toxic venom. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the biological effects of Bothropoides insularis venom (BiV) on RAW 264.7 cells and assess NO involvement. The venom was submitted to colorimetric assays to identify the presence of some enzymatic components. We observed that BiV induced H2O2 production and showed proteolytic and phospholipasic activities. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of BiV and then cell viability was assessed by MTT reduction assay after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation. A time- and concentration-dependent effect was observed, with a tendency to cell proliferation at lower BiV concentrations and cell death at higher concentrations. The cytotoxic effect was confirmed after lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement in the supernatant from the experimental groups. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that necrosis is the main cell death pathway caused by BiV. Also, BiV induced NO release. The inhibition of both proliferative and cytotoxic effects with L-NAME were demonstrated, indicating that NO is important for these effects. Finally, BiV induced an increase in iNOS expression. Altogether, these results demonstrate that B. insularis venom have proliferative and cytotoxic effects on macrophages, with necrosis participation. We also suggest that BiV acts by inducing iNOS expression and causing NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon R. P. P. B. de Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Clarissa P. Mello
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dânya B. Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Louise D. Tessarolo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. F. Paes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natacha T. Q. Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto C. P. Lima Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- São Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice M. C. Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Integrative characterization of the venom of the coral snake Micrurus dumerilii (Elapidae) from Colombia: Proteome, toxicity, and cross-neutralization by antivenom. J Proteomics 2016; 136:262-73. [PMID: 26883873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In Colombia, nearly 2.8% of the 4200 snakebite accidents recorded annually are inflicted by coral snakes (genus Micrurus). Micrurus dumerilii has a broad distribution in this country, especially in densely populated areas. The proteomic profile of its venom was here studied by a bottom-up approach combining RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Venom proteins were assigned to eleven families, the most abundant being phospholipases A2 (PLA2; 52.0%) and three-finger toxins (3FTx; 28.1%). This compositional profile shows that M. dumerilii venom belongs to the 'PLA2-rich' phenotype, in the recently proposed dichotomy for Micrurus venoms. Enzymatic and toxic venom activities correlated with protein family abundances. Whole venom induced a conspicuous myotoxic, cytotoxic and anticoagulant effect, and was mildly edematogenic and proteolytic, whereas it lacked hemorrhagic activity. Some 3FTxs and PLA2s reproduced the lethal effect of venom. A coral snake antivenom to Micrurus nigrocinctus demonstrated significant cross-recognition of M. dumerilii venom proteins, and accordingly, ability to neutralize its lethal effect. The combined compositional, functional, and immunological data here reported for M. dumerilii venom may contribute to a better understanding of these envenomings, and support the possible use of anti-M. nigrocinctus coral snake antivenom in their treatment. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Coral snakes represent a highly diversified group of elapids in the New World, with nearly 70 species within the genus Micrurus. Owing to their scarce yields, the biochemical composition and toxic activities of coral snake venoms have been less well characterized than those of viperid species. In this work, an integrative view of the venom of M. dumerilii, a medically relevant coral snake from Colombia, was obtained by a combined proteomic, functional, and immunological approach. The venom contains proteins from at least eleven families, with a predominance of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), followed by three-finger toxins (3FTx). According to its compositional profile, M. dumerilii venom can be grouped with those of several Micrurus species from North and Central America that present a PLA2-predominant phenotype, to date it is the most southerly coral snake species to do so. Other coral snake species that a 'PLA2-rich' venom, M. dumerilii venom contains both components that form MitTx, a pain-inducing heterodimeric complex recently characterized from the venom of Micrurus tener, also present in Micrurus mosquitensis and M. nigrocinctus venoms. In addition to a lethal three-finger toxin, PLA2s participate in the toxicity of M. dumerilii venom, some of them displaying ability to induce cytolysis, muscle necrosis, and lethality to mice. An antivenom to M. nigrocinctus demonstrated significant cross-recognition of M. dumerilii venom proteins, and accordingly, ability to neutralize its lethal effect, being of potential therapeutic usefulness in these envenomings.
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Boumaiza S, Oussedik-Oumehdi H, Laraba-Djebari F. Pathophysiological effects of Cerastes cerastes and Vipera lebetina venoms: Immunoneutralization using anti-native and anti-60Co irradiated venoms. Biologicals 2016; 44:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Gopi K, Renu K, Sannanaik Vishwanath B, Jayaraman G. Protective effect of Euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:180-190. [PMID: 25727964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. Euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. However, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanolic extract of E. hirta was evaluated for anti-venom activity under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Histopathological changes in the vital organs of the mice were also monitored. UHPLC-SRM/MS was used to estimate the phenolic constituents whereas GC-MS analysis was performed to analyze the volatile metabolites present. The major compound was further evaluated for its contribution to the overall inhibitory potential of the extract. RESULTS Methanolic extract of E. hirta completely inhibited the venom enzymes under in vitro and reduced the edema ratio. The extract increased the survival time (>24h) of mice which was further evidenced by histopathological analysis of vital organs. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher content of phenolic (144 mg/g extract) compounds in the extract. UHPLC-SRM/MS demonstrated that ellagic acid, gallic acid and quinic acid are the major phenolics whereas GC-MS analysis revealed pyrogallol as the major constituent (60.07%) among the volatile components of the extract. It was also shown that pyrogallol has the ability to differentially inhibit venom protease but not phospholipase A2. CONCLUSION The present study confirmed that E. hirta methanolic extract was able to completely inhibit Naja naja venom induced toxicity under in vitro as well as ex vivo conditions, thus providing scientific evidence to its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiyala Gopi
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Kadali Renu
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | | | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Marques PP, Esteves A, Lancellotti M, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Novel acidic phospholipase A 2 from Porthidium hyoprora causes inflammation with mast cell rich infiltrate. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 1:78-84. [PMID: 29124136 PMCID: PMC5668520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position, being present in all nature. In venomous animals, these proteins assume a special role, being able to exert diverse pharmacological effects. In this work, authors identified a new isoform of PLA2 in the venom of Porthidium hyoprora, which was isolated through sequential chromatographic steps and named PhTX-III. The enzyme was characterized biochemically and structurally. Structural studies using mass spectrometry confirmed an acidic secretory PLA2, family IIA, with molecular mass of 13,620.9 Da and identification of 86% of its primary sequence. PhTX-III did not exhibit myotoxic, anticoagulant or antibacterial effects, often present in this class of enzymes. Although, it was capable of initiate inflammatory response, with local edema and release of cytokines IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α, probably due to mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Pires Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Esteves
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Van Fraga IT, Limborço-Filho M, Lima OCO, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Guidine PAM, Moraes MFD, Nascimento Araújo R, Moraes-Santos T, Massensini AR, Arantes RME, Carvalho-Tavares J. Effects of tityustoxin on cerebral inflammatory response in young rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 588:24-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jiménez-Charris E, Montealegre-Sanchez L, Solano-Redondo L, Mora-Obando D, Camacho E, Castro-Herrera F, Fierro-Pérez L, Lomonte B. Proteomic and functional analyses of the venom of Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii (Lansberg's hognose viper) from the Atlantic Department of Colombia. J Proteomics 2015; 114:287-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Mourão de Moura V, Serra Bezerra AN, Veras Mourão RH, Varjão Lameiras JL, Almeida Raposo JD, Luckwu de Sousa R, Boechat AL, Bezerra de Oliveira R, de Menezes Chalkidis H, Dos-Santos MC. A comparison of the ability of Bellucia dichotoma Cogn. (Melastomataceae) extract to inhibit the local effects of Bothrops atrox venom when pre-incubated and when used according to traditional methods. Toxicon 2014; 85:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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