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Toriumi S, Mimori R, Sakamoto H, Sueki H, Yamamoto M, Uesawa Y. Examination of Risk Factors and Expression Patterns of Atypical Femoral Fractures Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database: A Retrospective Pharmacovigilance Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040626. [PMID: 37111383 PMCID: PMC10144616 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical femoral fracture (AFF) is a rare complication related to the use of bisphosphonates (BPs). Herein, we analyzed the risk factors and onset patterns of AFF using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database and reported the findings. First, the independent risk factors for AFF were gender (female), high body mass index, and medical history of osteoporosis, arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Drug-related risk factors for AFF included BPs (i.e., alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, etidronic acid, zoledronic acid, minodronic acid, risedronic acid), denosumab, prednisolone, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, exemestane, letrozole, eldecalcitol, and menatetrenone. Therefore, it appears that AFF is influenced by a combination of patient backgrounds and drugs, and that the risk of developing AFF is particularly high in patients with fragile bones (e.g., osteoporosis, arthritis, and SLE). Second, in the analysis of AFF onset patterns, the onset of AFF from BPs and denosumab took a long time (>1 year) to develop. Analysis using a Weibull distribution showed wear-out failure-type AFF onset for BPs and denosumab, and both osteoporosis and cancer patients with long-term administration of these drugs showed a tendency to have an increased risk of onset. AFF developed earlier in osteoporosis patients with long-term administration of BPs and denosumab than in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toriumi
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital, Hadano 257-8585, Japan
| | - Ryuji Mimori
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital, Hadano 257-8585, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital, Hadano 257-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sueki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital, Hadano 257-8585, Japan
| | - Munehiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital, Hadano 257-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Reduced Bone Mineral Density in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3731648. [PMID: 30915352 PMCID: PMC6402203 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3731648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis concerning the frequency and risk factors of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with evidence from published studies. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted based on the EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases up to March 5th, 2017. Eligible studies reported any prevalence of reduced BMD in SLE patients. All risk factors with odds ratios or risk ratios associated with reduced BMD were extracted. Results 71 reports with 33527 SLE patients were included. Low BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis at any site were presented, respectively, in 45%, 38%, and 13% of the SLE patients. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with the advancing of age, while U-shaped associations between age and the prevalence of low BMD and osteopenia were found. Lumbar spine was indicated to have higher prevalence of osteoporosis. Age, disease duration, drugs use, and many other factors were identified as predictors of reduced BMD. Conclusion Low BMD, osteoporosis, and osteopenia appeared to be prevalent in patients with SLE. Risk factors of reduced BMD were various.
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Gottschalk TA, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML. Pathogenic Inflammation and Its Therapeutic Targeting in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:550. [PMID: 26579125 PMCID: PMC4623412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is a highly complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease that most often afflicts women in their child-bearing years. It is characterized by circulating self-reactive antibodies that deposit in tissues, including skin, kidneys, and brain, and the ensuing inflammatory response can lead to irreparable tissue damage. Over many years, clinical trials in SLE have focused on agents that control B- and T-lymphocyte activation, and, with the single exception of an agent known as belimumab which targets the B-cell survival factor BAFF, they have been disappointing. At present, standard therapy for SLE with mild disease is the agent hydroxychloroquine. During disease flares, steroids are often used, while the more severe manifestations with major organ involvement warrant potent, broad-spectrum immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate. Current treatments have severe and dose-limiting toxicities and thus a more specific therapy targeting a causative factor or signaling pathway would be greatly beneficial in SLE treatment. Moreover, the ability to control inflammation alongside B-cell activation may be a superior approach for disease control. There has been a recent focus on the innate immune system and associated inflammation, which has uncovered key players in driving the pathogenesis of SLE. Delineating some of these intricate inflammatory mechanisms has been possible with studies using spontaneous mouse mutants and genetically engineered mice. These strains, to varying degrees, exhibit hallmarks of the human disease and therefore have been utilized to model human SLE and to test new drugs. Developing a better understanding of the initiation and perpetuation of disease in SLE may uncover suitable novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the involvement of inflammation in SLE disease pathogenesis, with a focus on several key proinflammatory cytokines and myeloid growth factors, and review the known outcomes or the potential for targeting these factors in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gottschalk
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Park YJ, Park BH, Min DJ, Kim WU. Risk Factors for Low Bone Mineral Density in Korean Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2011. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2011.18.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bo-Hyoung Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Do-June Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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Mendoza-Pinto C, García-Carrasco M, Sandoval-Cruz H, Escárcega RO, Jiménez-Hernández M, Etchegaray-Morales I, Soto-Vega E, Muñoz-Guarneros M, López-Colombo A, Delezé-Hinojosa M, Cervera R. Risks factors for low bone mineral density in pre-menopausal Mexican women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2008; 28:65-70. [PMID: 18670734 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-008-0984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 pre-menopausal patients with SLE. Patients were evaluated using a questionnaire about the following variables: age, disease duration, disease activity, chronic disease damage, cumulative corticosteroid dose, and history of fracture. Lumbar spine and hip measurements of BMD were performed by dual absorptiometry. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to assess the relationship between risk factors and BMD. The mean age was 32.8 +/- 8.7 years, and the median duration of SLE was 73.2 +/- 65 months. The mean cumulative corticosteroid dose was 20.0 +/- 21.3 g. The mean BMD was 1.09 +/- .18 g/cm(2) in the lumbar spine and 1.0 +/- .14 g/cm(2) in the hip. Osteopenia was present in 40% of patients and osteoporosis in 5%. In the multiple regression analysis, low BMD in the lumbar spine was associated with chronic disease damage and low body mass index (BMI). Low BMD in the hip was associated with cumulative corticosteroid dose and low BMI. Chronic disease damage, low BMI, and cumulative corticosteroid dose are risks factors for low BMD in pre-menopausal SLE patients. Osteopenia was found in 40% of patients, while osteoporosis was found in only 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mendoza-Pinto
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, HGR 36, CMN Manuel Avila Camacho, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
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Viswanathan A, Sylvester FA. Chronic pediatric inflammatory diseases: effects on bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008; 9:107-22. [PMID: 18165904 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-007-9070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In children, chronic inflammatory diseases present a significant challenge to long-term skeletal health. These conditions are often associated with poor appetite and suboptimal overall nutrition, altered nutrient utilization, delayed puberty, inactivity, and reduced muscle mass, all of which can alter bone metabolism. In addition, bone cell activity is susceptible to the effects of the immune response that characterizes these diseases. Moreover, drugs used to treat these maladies, notably glucocorticoids, may have negative effects on bone formation and on linear growth in developing children. As a result, predicted peak bone mass may not be achieved, and fracture risk may be increased in the short term or in the future. Studies using primarily dual energy X-ray absorptiometry have documented that deficits in bone mass are common in these diseases. However, there are wide variations in the prevalence of low bone mass, largely due to differences in the characteristics of each study population. Recent studies provide insight into the pathogenesis of decreased bone mass in these conditions. In this paper we will provide an overview of the effects of chronic inflammatory conditions on bone mass in children. We will also present relevant data from adult patients, when pediatric data are scant or not available.
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Mandelbrot DA, Santos PW, Burt RK, Oyama Y, Block GA, Ahya SN, Rosa RM, Traynor AE. Resolution of SLE-related soft-tissue calcification following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:2679-84. [PMID: 18326564 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calciphylaxis and calcinosis can both cause severe morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been successfully used to treat patients with refractory SLE. It was hypothesized that in calciphylaxis and calcinosis, ongoing inflammatory activity contributes to the calcium deposition in the media of small arteries, as well as perivascular and periarticular tissues. We report three patients whose soft-tissue calcification syndromes dramatically resolved after undergoing HSCT. METHODS Three patients referred for refractory SLE underwent HSCT at a tertiary care medical center. SLE serologies and clinical features before and after HSCT were recorded. RESULTS Despite receiving >6 months of intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC), three SLE patients showed signs of persistent lupus activity, including severe soft-tissue calcification. The first patient was on haemodialysis and developed severe calciphylaxis with large ulcers and tissue necrosis. The second patient had calcinosis, with palpable crystals extruding from ulcers. The third patient had calcinosis characterized by subcutaneous nodules and plaques. Because prior conventional therapies had failed, the three were treated with high-dose CYC, anti-thymocyte globulin and HSCT. They have been followed post-HSCT for 26-38 months, with excellent clinical responses, including sustained resolution of skin abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The successful treatment of advanced calcium deposition by aggressive immune ablation underscores the contribution of SLE-mediated inflammation to soft-tissue calcification syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier A Mandelbrot
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a well-recognized major health problem in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Children and adolescents with SLE, however are at even higher risk of developing osteoporosis later in life, since they develop the disease before achieving peak bone mass, which serves as a 'bone bank' for the rest of life. There is still a paucity of studies on bone mass in pediatric SLE, but those studies available provide evidence of reduced bone mass in this age group. A frequency of osteopenia of 40% measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at one or more skeletal sites has been reported, and the lumbar spine is most seriously affected. Peak bone mass seems to be lower in childhood-onset SLE patients compared to healthy controls, and there are no signs of catch-up of bone mass in young adult patients with a history of pediatric SLE. Glucocorticoid therapy has been found to have a major negative effect on bone mass in these patients, thus the importance of keeping corticosteroid doses down to the lowest possible dose whenever possible. Interestingly, studies of oral alendronate therapy in children with rheumatic childhood diseases have shown promising results with increases of 15-33% during one year of treatment with no major side effects reported. Finally, there is a hope that new biologic therapies, which are more specific and steroid-sparing, will also have a beneficial effect on bone health in SLE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lilleby
- Department of Rheumatology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Gladkevich A, Nelemans SA, Kauffman HF, Korf J. Microarray profiling of lymphocytes in internal diseases with an altered immune response: potential and methodology. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:317-30. [PMID: 16489251 PMCID: PMC1323332 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently it has become possible to investigate
expression of all human genes with microarray technique. The
authors provide arguments to consider peripheral white blood cells
and in particular lymphocytes as a model for the investigation of
pathophysiology of asthma, RA, and SLE diseases in which
inflammation is a major component. Lymphocytes are an alternative
to tissue biopsies that are most often difficult to collect
systematically. Lymphocytes express more than 75% of the human
genome, and, being an important part of the immune system, they
play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma, RA, and SLE.
Here we review alterations of gene expression in lymphocytes and
methodological aspects of the microarray technique in these
diseases. Lymphocytic genes may become activated because of a
general nonspecific versus disease-specific mechanism.
The authors suppose that in these diseases microarray profiles of
gene expression in lymphocytes can be disease specific, rather
than inflammation specific. Some potentials and pitfalls of the
array technologies are discussed. Optimal clinical designs aimed
to identify disease-specific genes are proposed. Lymphocytes can
be explored for research, diagnostic, and possible treatment
purposes in these diseases, but their precise
value should be clarified in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Gladkevich
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lee C, Almagor O, Dunlop DD, Manzi S, Spies S, Chadha AB, Ramsey-Goldman R. Disease damage and low bone mineral density: an analysis of women with systemic lupus erythematosus ever and never receiving corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 45:53-60. [PMID: 16278288 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between disease damage and bone mineral density (BMD) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 307 women with SLE. Patients attended a single clinic visit that included an interview, physical examination, laboratory testing and BMD measurements (hip and/or lumbar spine). Women were stratified by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology cumulative disease damage index (SDI) > or =1 (Damage) vs SDI=0 (No Damage), and prior use of corticosteroids (CS), yielding four groups: (1) Damage/CS(+) (n=138), (2) Damage/CS(-) (n=23), (3) no Damage/CS(-) (n=100), and (4) no Damage/CS(-) (n=46). RESULTS Mean age at SLE diagnosis was 32.7 +/- 11.8 yr, 24.4% were African American, 65.0% were premenopausal, and mean SDI +/- S.D. was 1.3 +/- 1.8. In the unadjusted and adjusted models controlling for significant univariate risk factors for osteoporosis, the reference group (Group 1) had significantly lower mean BMD T-scores at the hip and lumbar spine than groups having no disease damage (Groups 3 and 4) independent of CS use status. Similar hip and lumbar spine mean BMD T-scores were observed in women with disease damage with and without CS exposure (Groups 1 and 2). CONCLUSIONS Women with SLE having disease damage and no CS use had BMD T-scores at the hip and lumbar spine similar to those of women with disease damage and prior CS use. These findings suggest an association between disease damage and lower BMD T-scores in women with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lilleby V, Lien G, Frey Frøslie K, Haugen M, Flatø B, Førre Ø. Frequency of osteopenia in children and young adults with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2051-9. [PMID: 15986346 DOI: 10.1002/art.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of osteopenia in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with that in healthy matched controls, and to evaluate the relationship between disease-related variables and bone mineral mass. METHODS Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured in a cohort of 70 patients with childhood-onset SLE (mean +/- SD disease duration 10.8 +/- 8.3 years, mean +/- SD age 26.4 +/- 9.9 years) and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. BMD and BMC of the femoral neck, lumbar spine, total body, and distal one-third of the radius were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. We investigated the relationship between BMC and the following disease variables: cumulative dose of corticosteroids, organ damage, current use of corticosteroids, use of cyclophosphamide, age at disease onset, and disease activity at the time of diagnosis. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism were also measured. RESULTS BMD values for the lumbar spine and femoral neck were significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. The reduction in BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly greater than that of the total body. In multiple linear regression analyses, a higher cumulative corticosteroid dose was significantly associated with lower BMC of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Decreased lumbar spine BMC was also related to male sex. CONCLUSION The frequency of osteopenia was higher in patients with childhood-onset SLE than in matched controls. The lumbar spine was the most seriously affected skeletal site, followed by the femoral neck. The cumulative dose of corticosteroids was shown to be an important explanatory variable for BMC values in the lumbar spine and femoral neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibke Lilleby
- Department of Rheumatology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a potentially preventable condition frequently encountered in patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Bone loss in SLE is heterogeneous and likely a multifactorial process involving both traditional and lupus-related risk factors. Recognizing potential contributors to bone loss in the SLE patient may allow for earlier detection of osteoporosis and optimize bone health. This article reviews the current epidemiologic information available on osteoporosis and fracture data in SLE and discusses evaluation and management strategies pertinent to patients who have lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Castro TCMD, Terreri MTRA, Szejnfeld VL, Len C, Fonseca ASMD, Hilário MOE. Bone mineral density of Brazilian girls with juvenile dermatomyositis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:309-13. [PMID: 15785843 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in girls with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) considering multiple factors in order to determine if it could be used as a predictor of reduction in bone mass. A cross-sectional study of lumbar spine BMD (L2-L4) was conducted on 10 girls aged 7-16 years with JDM. A group of 20 age-matched healthy girls was used as control. Lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weight, height and pubertal Tanner stage were determined in all patients and controls. Duration of disease and mean daily and cumulative steroid doses were calculated for all patients on the basis of their medical charts. JDM activity was determined on the basis of the presence of muscle weakness, cutaneous vasculitis and/or elevation of serum concentration of one or more skeletal muscle enzymes. Seven patients demonstrated osteopenia or osteoporosis. Lumbar BMD was significantly lower in the JDM patients than the age-matched healthy control girls (0.712 vs 0.878, respectively; Student t-test, P = 0.041). No significant correlation between BMD and age, height, Tanner stage, disease duration, corticosteroid use, or disease activity was observed in JDM girls, but a correlation was observed between BMD and weight (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.802). Patients with JDM may be at risk for a significant reduction in BMD that might contribute to further skeletal fragility. Our results suggest that reduced bone mass in JDM may be related to other intrinsic mechanisms in addition to steroid treatment and some aspects of the disease itself may contribute to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C M de Castro
- Divisão de Alergia, Imunologia e Reumatologia, Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Di Munno O, Mazzantini M, Delle Sedie A, Mosca M, Bombardieri S. Risk factors for osteoporosis in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004; 13:724-30. [PMID: 15485112 DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu1097oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last years it has been recognized that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and fractures, both occurring through disease-specific (chronic arthritis, reduced physical activity, induction of cytokines promoting bone resorption, renal impairment, endocrine factors) and nondisease-specific mechanisms (sunshine avoidance with consequent vitamin D deficiency, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and chronic anticoagulants). Regarding anticoagulants, subcutaneous heparin is crucial against the risk of recurrent thromboembolism or pregnancy loss, specifically in patients with SLE and anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). Thus heparin-induced OP represents one of the hazards of this treatment, first because heparin must be used long-term and secondly because pregnancy and lactation themselves may predispose to OP and fractures. Current data suggest the use of prophylaxis with calcium and vitamin D in all patients treated with heparin during pregnancy. Nevertheless glucocorticoid-induced OP (GIOP) is considered the most serious risk factor for OP and fractures in SLE patients. All guidelines recommend general measures and supplementation with calcium and vitamin D in all patients. However when considering premenopausal patients, there is no generally recommended treatment. Bisphosphonates, which are considered the first choice therapy for the prevention and treatment of GIOP, should be used 'cautiously' in these patients. Therefore the potential risks and lack of efficacy data on fracture risk reduction in premenopausal patients must be weighed against their proven efficacy in postmenopausal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Di Munno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Boling EP. Secondary osteoporosis: underlying disease and the risk for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Clin Ther 2004; 26:1-14. [PMID: 14996513 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diseases of many organ systems require long-term (>or=1 year) treatment with glucocorticoids. Owing to the catabolic activity of glucocorticoid therapy, osteoporosis is a potential complication. OBJECTIVES This review discusses glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and the factors, including underlying disease, that increase the risk for osteoporosis. Therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) also are reviewed. METHODS A review of the English-language literature was conducted using the MEDLINE database and proceedings from scientific meetings. Search terms including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, bone loss, and fracture were used to refine the search, and preference was given to studies published after 1990. RESULTS Long-term glucocorticoid treatment causes bone loss that is most precipitous in the first 6 months. Patients treated with glucocorticoids have additional risk factors for bone loss and osteoporosis that are associated with their primary disease. Chronic diseases can cause changes in bone metabolism, leading to bone loss in addition to that induced by glucocorticoids alone. Bone loss can be minimized through proper nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and, where indicated, bisphosphonate treatment. The American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis guidelines recommend bisphosphonates for minimizing bone loss and fracture risk in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate is indicated for the prevention and treatment of GIO, and alendronate is indicated for its treatment. Both risedronate and alendronate increase bone mineral density in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate significantly reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures after 1 year of treatment (P<0.05). The effectiveness and tolerability of the bisphosphonates have not been established in pregnant women or pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONS Men and women initiating long-term glucocorticoid treatment and those with GIO should be concomitantly treated with effective osteoporosis therapy to reduce fracture risk and counseled on preventive lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Boling
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Rancho Cucamonga, California, USA.
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Castro TCM, Terreri MT, Szejnfeld VL, Castro CHM, Fisberg M, Gabay M, Hilário MOE. Bone mineral density in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:1159-63. [PMID: 12424488 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated spine bone mineral density (BMD) in Brazilian children with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) in order to detect potential predictors of reduction in bone mass. A cross-sectional study of BMD at the lumbar spine level (L2-L4) was conducted on 16 female JSLE patients aged 6-17 years. Thirty-two age-matched healthy girls were used as control. BMD at the lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weight, height and pubertal Tanner stage were determined in patients and controls. Disease duration, mean daily steroid doses, mean cumulative steroid doses and JSLE activity measured by the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) were determined for all JSLE patients based on their medical charts. All parameters were used as potential determinant factors for bone loss. Lumbar BMD tended to be lower in the JSLE patients, however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). No significant correlation was observed in JSLE girls between BMD and age, height, Tanner stage, disease duration, corticosteroid use or disease activity. We found a weak correlation between BMD and weight (r = 0.672). In the JSLE group we found no significant parameters to correlate with reduced bone mass. Disease activity and mean cumulative steroid doses were not related to BMD values. We did not observe reduced bone mass in female JSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C M Castro
- Divisão de Alergia, Imunologia e Reumatologia, Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Rus V, Atamas SP, Shustova V, Luzina IG, Selaru F, Magder LS, Via CS. Expression of cytokine- and chemokine-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lupus patients by cDNA array. Clin Immunol 2002; 102:283-90. [PMID: 11890715 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by diverse and complex immune abnormalities. In an effort to begin to characterize the full complexity of immune abnormalities, the expression pattern of 375 potentially relevant genes was analyzed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 21 SLE patients and 12 controls by cDNA arrays. When mean gene expression for patients was compared to controls, 50 genes were identified that exhibited more than 2.5-fold difference in expression level. By the Mann-Whitney U test, 20 genes were significantly different (P < 0.05) between patients and controls. Most of these genes have not been previously associated with SLE and belong to a variety of families such as TNF/death receptor, IL-1 cytokine family, and IL-8 and its receptors. Hierarchical clustering of samples and differentially expressed genes revealed that with few exceptions, patients clustered separately from controls. These results highlight the potential use of the microarray data in identifying genes associated with SLE, which could become candidate molecular markers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Rus
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Schapira D, Kabala A, Raz B, Israeli E. Osteoporosis in murine systemic lupus erythematosus--a laboratory model. Lupus 2002; 10:431-8. [PMID: 11434579 DOI: 10.1191/096120301678646182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal metabolism in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MRL/n and MRL/l mice (respectively representing a benign and a malignant form of the disease) were observed from 1.5 to 6.5 months of life. The monthly follow-up included: biochemical and histomorphometrical studies of the femoral bone, serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins and osteocalcin, and histological evaluation of the kidney tissue. The results showed a higher femoral weight (+11.5%), calcium (+4.4%) and protein bone content (+11.4%) and a significantly higher (+77%) phosphorus bone content in the MRL/n group; significantly lower (-48.9%) bone alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, lower bone alkaline/acid phosphatase enzymatic activities ratio (-40.8%) and lower (-38.4%) serum osteocalcin values in the MRL/l group (which might suggest reduced bone formation in these animals); markedly smaller trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in the femoral head (-36.2%) and femoral neck (-39.8%), and smaller cortical and femoral areas in the mid-femoral shaft (-38.8% and -38.1% respectively) in the MRL/l group; higher serum immunoglobulins, increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and a higher index of activity in the kidney histology in the MRL/l group, indicating increased activity of the disease in this substrain. The MRL mice, through their two substrains, may serve as a valuable laboratory animal model for study of the skeletal changes in SLE and of the influence of the disease activity on the skeletal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schapira
- The B Shine Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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19
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Abstract
The patient with SLE is at considerable risk of osteoporosis, because of the inflammatory disease itself, its consequences, and its treatments. Because of their extensive use, glucocorticoids are thought to be the most frequent cause of drug-related osteoporosis and may be responsible for much of the bone loss in lupus. This article focuses on the mechanisms of steroid-induced osteoporosis in SLE and outlines strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cunnane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Gilboe IM, Kvien TK, Haugeberg G, Husby G. Bone mineral density in systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:110-5. [PMID: 10666165 PMCID: PMC1753071 DOI: 10.1136/ard.59.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine bone mineral density (BMD) frequency of osteoporosis and reduced bone mass in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and compare the data of the SLE patients with matched rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls. Secondly, to study possible correlations between BMD, demographic and disease variables in the SLE patients. METHODS Measures of BMD assessed by dual energy x ray absorptiometry were obtained from 75 SLE patients aged </= 70 years, 75 RA patients matched for age, sex and disease duration, and from 75 healthy controls matched for age, sex and geographical area. Disease activity and accumulated organ damage were assessed in the SLE patients. RESULTS The SLE patients had significantly lower BMD values at lumbar spine L2-L4 and hip, and higher frequency of osteoporosis at all sites of measurement compared with matched healthy controls. The matched SLE and RA patients had similar BMD, prevalence of osteoporosis and reduced bone mass. In the SLE patients BMD was more strongly correlated with accumulated organ damage than with markers of disease activity or duration. In multivariate analyses BMD was at all sites predicted by age and body mass, at lumbar spine also by the current corticosteroid dose. CONCLUSION The study showed reduced BMD in patients with SLE compared with matched healthy controls. Premenopausal women taking corticosteroids were especially affected. Furthermore, the BMD of matched SLE and RA patients was reduced to a similar extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Gilboe
- Oslo City Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Box 23 Vinderen, N-0319 Oslo, Norway
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Kipen Y, Will R, Strauss BJ, Morand EF. Urinary excretion of the pyridinium cross-links of collagen in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17:271-6. [PMID: 9776107 DOI: 10.1007/bf01451004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the urinary excretion of the pyridinium cross-links of collagen and to determine their usefulness as markers of reduced bone mineral density in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All female SLE patients managed at a single centre were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study of urinary pyridinium cross-links excretion (HPLC), bone mineral density (DXA), and SLE-related variables. Ninety-one women with SLE were studied, 35 of whom were postmenopausal. Pyridinoline/Creatinine (Pyd/Cr) and deoxypyridinoline/Cr (Dpd/Cr) levels in postmenopausal women were significantly increased compared with premenopausal values (p = 0.010 and p = 0.004, respectively). Univariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant association of Dpd/Cr with reduced femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.001, p<0.001), and of Pyd/Cr with reduced femoral neck BMD (p = 0.020). In addition, the association of Pyd/Cr with reduced lumbar spine BMD approached significance (p = 0.055). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for other variables confirmed a significant association of Dpd/Cr with reduced lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.006), and a significant association of both Pyd/Cr and Dpd/Cr with postmenopausal status (p = 0.003, p<0.001). It was concluded that in this SLE population, the urinary excretion of Dpd/Cr was a useful marker of reduced BMD at the lumbar spine. Menopausal status was a major predictor of cross-links excretion in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kipen
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sels F, Dequeker J, Verwilghen J, Mbuyi-Muamba JM. SLE and osteoporosis: dependence and/or independence on glucocorticoids. Lupus 1996; 5:89-92. [PMID: 8743120 DOI: 10.1177/096120339600500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Sels
- Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease Research Unit, KU Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium
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Formiga F, Moga I, Nolla JM, Pac M, Mitjavila F, Roig-Escofet D. Loss of bone mineral density in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:274-6. [PMID: 7763104 PMCID: PMC1005573 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We measured BMD by dual energy x ray absorptiometry at lumbar vertebrae L2-4 and at the right femoral neck in 74 premenopausal white patients (mean age 30.8 years) with SLE who were receiving glucocorticoid therapy, and in a control group. RESULTS The mean cumulative dose of prednisone was 32.5 (SD 28) g. The mean dose at the time of absorptiometry was 13.7 (6.9) mg. BMD was significantly reduced at the spine and at the femoral neck in SLE patients when compared with the control group: L2-4 = 0.943 (0.1) g/cm2 v 1.038 (0.1) g/cm2 (p < 0.001); femoral neck = 0.766 (0.09) g/cm2 v 0.864 (0.1) g/cm2 (p < 0.001). Nine patients (12.1%), but none of the control group, had a BMD less than the reference range. CONCLUSION BMD in premenopausal patients with SLE was less than that in a control group and less than the reference range of values defining the presence of osteoporosis in 12.1%. We did not find a relationship between BMD and either cumulative or baseline dose of corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Formiga
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital de Bellvitge Princeps d'Espanya, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
IL-1 and related cytokines have multiple biologic activities relevant to the rheumatic diseases. In addition to mediating inflammatory and immune responses, these proteins regulate many aspects of connective tissue metabolism. The cytokines interact in complex cascades: because of this, and various technical reasons, the exact role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases remains uncertain. However, considerable experimental data suggest that the abnormal regulation of cytokines contributes to such siseases as inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis. Animal models of these diseases have contributed to understanding the role of cytokines in pathogenesis. Furthermore, drugs useful in treating these diseases affect cytokine pathways; some cytokines, their antagonists, or related substances have been used therapeutically to treat rheumatic diseases. The therapeutic use of these agents will likely increase as knowledge about the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Miller
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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