1
|
Merkulyeva N, Mikhalkin A, Veshchitskii A. Inner Structure of the Lateral Geniculate Complex of Adult and Newborn Acomys cahirinus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7855. [PMID: 39063096 PMCID: PMC11277159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acomys cahirinus is a unique Rodentia species with several distinctive physiological traits, such as precocial development and remarkable regenerative abilities. These characteristics render A. cahirinus increasingly valuable for regenerative and developmental physiology studies. Despite this, the structure and postnatal development of the central nervous system in A. cahirinus have been inadequately explored, with only sporadic data available. This study is the first in a series of papers addressing these gaps. Our first objective was to characterize the structure of the main visual thalamic region, the lateral geniculate complex, using several neuronal markers (including Ca2+-binding proteins, glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme, and non-phosphorylated domains of heavy-chain neurofilaments) to label populations of principal neurons and interneurons in adult and newborn A. cahirinus. As typically found in other rodents, we identified three subdivisions in the geniculate complex: the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (LGNd and LGNv) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Additionally, we characterized internal diversity in the LGN nuclei. The "shell" and "core" regions of the LGNd were identified using calretinin in adults and newborns. In adults, the inner and outer parts of the LGNv were identified using calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, GAD67, and SMI-32, whereas in newborns, calretinin and SMI-32 were employed for this purpose. Our findings revealed more pronounced developmental changes in LGNd compared to LGNv and IGL, suggesting that LGNd is less mature at birth and more influenced by visual experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Merkulyeva
- Neuromorphology Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pedrazzi JFC, Hassib L, Ferreira FR, Hallak JC, Del-Bel E, Crippa JA. Therapeutic potential of CBD in Autism Spectrum Disorder. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:149-203. [PMID: 39029984 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Despite extensive research, effective pharmacological interventions for ASD remain limited. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic compound of the Cannabis sativa plant, has potential therapeutic effects on several neurological and psychiatric disorders. CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system, a complex cell-signaling system that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, maintaining homeostasis, participating in social and behavioral processing, and neuronal development and maturation with great relevance to ASD. Furthermore, preliminary findings from clinical trials indicate that CBD may have a modulatory effect on specific ASD symptoms and comorbidities in humans. Interestingly, emerging evidence suggests that CBD may influence the gut microbiota, with implications for the bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system. CBD is a safe drug with low induction of side effects. As it has a multi-target pharmacological profile, it becomes a candidate compound for treating the central symptoms and comorbidities of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João F C Pedrazzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Hassib
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime C Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology, Translational Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cannabinoid Research, Mental Health Building, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vega-López A, Lara-Vega I, Atonal-Brioso G, Nájera-Martínez M. Neurotoxicant effects of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and tert‑butyl phenol in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106868. [PMID: 38387248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide production of alkyl phenols and ethoxylated alkyl phenols is high due to their broad industrial uses. It has been widely documented that they are endocrine disruptors, and it has been suggested that they could exert neurotoxic effects. However, a lack of information about the neurotoxic effects of APs and APEs prevails. In this study, the bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), and 3‑tert-butylphenol (tertBP) effects on brain and spinal cord of Nile tilapia exposed to environmental concentrations were evaluated by assessing acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and carboxylesterases (CES) activities, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and their effects were evaluated by molecular docking. BPA and NP, tertBP behave as agonists and antagonists of AChE, BuChE, CES, and GABA, with notable differences among organs. However, none of these compounds or their metabolites interact with the enzymes' catalytic triad, suggesting an indirect alteration of enzymatic activities. While inhibiting these enzymes stand out hydrophobic interactions with the peripheral anion site, contacts with the inner face of the active site and blocking the mouth of the gorge of the active site, and steric hindrance in the enzyme pocket of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In contrast, inductions probably are by homotropic pseudo-cooperative phenomenon, where APEs behave as anchors favoring the active site to remain open and interactions that confer a conservative stabilization of the regulatory domain. Although the results of this study are complex, with notable differences between organs and toxicants, they are some of the first evidence of the neurotoxicity of alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico.
| | - Israel Lara-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Genaro Atonal-Brioso
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yavarzadeh M, Anwar F, Saadi S, Saari N. Production of glycerolamines based conjugated γ-aminobutyric acids using microbial COX and LOX as successor enzymes to GAD. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110282. [PMID: 37393814 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (γ-ABA) can be produced by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and yeasts using enzymatic bioconversion, microbial fermentation or chemical hydrolysis. Regenerating conjugated glycerol-amines is valid by the intervention of microbial cyclooxygenase [COX] and lipooxygenase [LOX] enzymes produced via lactobacillus bacteria (LAB) as successor enzymes to glutamate decarboxylases (GAD). Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview on γ-ABA production, and microbiological achievements used in producing this signal molecule based on those fermenting enzymes. The formation of aminoglycerides based conjugated γ-ABA is considered the key substances in controlling the host defense against pathogens and is aimed in increasing the neurotransmission effects and in suppressing further cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Yavarzadeh
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine, 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine, 1 UFC1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goltash S, Stevens SJ, Topcu E, Bui TV. Changes in synaptic inputs to dI3 INs and MNs after complete transection in adult mice. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1176310. [PMID: 37476398 PMCID: PMC10354275 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1176310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that disrupts the communication between the brain and the spinal cord. Several studies have sought to determine how to revive dormant spinal circuits caudal to the lesion to restore movements in paralyzed patients. So far, recovery levels in human patients have been modest at best. In contrast, animal models of SCI exhibit more recovery of lost function. Previous work from our lab has identified dI3 interneurons as a spinal neuron population central to the recovery of locomotor function in spinalized mice. We seek to determine the changes in the circuitry of dI3 interneurons and motoneurons following SCI in adult mice. Methods After a complete transection of the spinal cord at T9-T11 level in transgenic Isl1:YFP mice and subsequent treadmill training at various time points of recovery following surgery, we examined changes in three key circuits involving dI3 interneurons and motoneurons: (1) Sensory inputs from proprioceptive and cutaneous afferents, (2) Presynaptic inhibition of sensory inputs, and (3) Central excitatory glutamatergic synapses from spinal neurons onto dI3 INs and motoneurons. Furthermore, we examined the possible role of treadmill training on changes in synaptic connectivity to dI3 interneurons and motoneurons. Results Our data suggests that VGLUT1+ inputs to dI3 interneurons decrease transiently or only at later stages after injury, whereas levels of VGLUT1+ remain the same for motoneurons after injury. Levels of VGLUT2+ inputs to dI3 INs and MNs may show transient increases but fall below levels seen in sham-operated mice after a period of time. Levels of presynaptic inhibition to VGLUT1+ inputs to dI3 INs and MNs can rise shortly after SCI, but those increases do not persist. However, levels of presynaptic inhibition to VGLUT1+ inputs never fell below levels observed in sham-operated mice. For some synaptic inputs studied, levels were higher in spinal cord-injured animals that received treadmill training, but these increases were observed only at some time points. Discussion These results suggest remodeling of spinal circuits involving spinal interneurons that have previously been implicated in the recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ueberbach T, Simacek CA, Tegeder I, Kirischuk S, Mittmann T. Tonic activation of GABA B receptors via GAT-3 mediated GABA release reduces network activity in the developing somatosensory cortex in GAD67-GFP mice. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1198159. [PMID: 37325697 PMCID: PMC10267986 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1198159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of neocortical information processing critically depends on the balance between the glutamatergic (excitatory, E) and GABAergic (inhibitory, I) synaptic transmission. A transient imbalance of the E/I-ratio during early development might lead to neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. The transgenic glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein (GAD67-GFP) mouse line (KI) was developed to selectively visualize GABAergic interneurons in the CNS. However, haplodeficiency of the GAD67 enzyme, the main GABA synthetizing enzyme in the brain, temporarily leads to a low GABA level in the developing brain of these animals. However, KI mice did not demonstrate any epileptic activity and only few and mild behavioral deficits. In the present study we investigated how the developing somatosensory cortex of KI-mice compensates the reduced GABA level to prevent brain hyperexcitability. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons at P14 and at P21 revealed a reduced frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in KI mice without any change in amplitude or kinetics. Interestingly, mEPSC frequencies were also decreased, while the E/I-ratio was nevertheless shifted toward excitation. Surprisingly, multi-electrode-recordings (MEA) from acute slices revealed a decreased spontaneous neuronal network activity in KI mice compared to wild-type (WT) littermates, pointing to a compensatory mechanism that prevents hyperexcitability. Blockade of GABAB receptors (GABABRs) with CGP55845 strongly increased the frequency of mEPSCs in KI, but failed to affect mIPSCs in any genotype or age. It also induced a membrane depolarization in P14 KI, but not in P21 KI or WT mice. MEA recordings in presence of CGP55845 revealed comparable levels of network activity in both genotypes, indicating that tonically activated GABABRs balance neuronal activity in P14 KI cortex despite the reduced GABA levels. Blockade of GABA transporter 3 (GAT-3) reproduced the CGP55845 effects suggesting that tonic activation of GABABRs is mediated by ambient GABA released via GAT-3 operating in reverse mode. We conclude that GAT-3-mediated GABA release leads to tonic activation of both pre- and postsynaptic GABABRs and restricts neuronal excitability in the developing cortex to compensate for reduced neuronal GABA synthesis. Since GAT-3 is predominantly located in astrocytes, GAD67 haplodeficiency may potentially stimulate astrocytic GABA synthesis through GAD67-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ueberbach
- Institute for Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clara A. Simacek
- Institute for Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute for Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittmann
- Institute for Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biljecki M, Eisenhut K, Beltrán E, Winklmeier S, Mader S, Thaller A, Eichhorn P, Steininger P, Flierl-Hecht A, Lewerenz J, Kümpfel T, Kerschensteiner M, Meinl E, Thaler FS. Antibodies Against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Are Locally Produced in the CSF and Arise During Affinity Maturation. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/3/e200090. [PMID: 36823135 PMCID: PMC9969496 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antibodies (Abs) against the cytoplasmic protein glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) are detected in patients with neurologic syndromes together referred to as GAD65-Ab spectrum disorders. The response of some of these patients to plasma exchange or immunoglobulins indicates that GAD65-Abs could contribute to disease pathogenesis at least at some stages of disease. However, the involvement of GAD65-reactive B cells in the CNS is incompletely understood. METHODS We studied 7 patients with high levels of GAD65-Abs and generated monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from single cells in the CSF. Sequence characteristics, reactivity to GAD65, and the role of somatic hypermutations of the mAbs were analyzed. RESULTS Twelve CSF-derived mAbs were generated originating from 3 patients with short disease duration, and 7/12 of these mAbs (58%) were GAD65 reactive in at least 1 detection assay. Four of 12 (33%) were definitely positive in all 3 detection assays. The intrathecal anti-GAD65 response was polyclonal. GAD65-Abs were mostly of the IgG1 subtype and had undergone affinity maturation. Reversion of 2 GAD65-reactive mAbs to their corresponding germline-encoded unmutated common ancestors abolished GAD65 reactivity. DISCUSSION GAD65-specific B cells are present in the CNS and represent a sizable fraction of CSF B cells early in the disease course. The anti-GAD65 response in the CSF is polyclonal and shows evidence of antigen-driven affinity maturation required for GAD65 recognition. Our data support the hypothesis that the accumulation of GAD65-specific B cells and plasma cells in the CSF is an important feature of early disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Biljecki
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Mader
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Thaller
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Flierl-Hecht
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska S Thaler
- From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich; Biomedical Center (BMC) (M.B., K.E., E.B., S.W., S.M., A.T., A.F.-H., T.K., M.K., E.M., F.S.T.), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (M.B., K.E.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (E.B., M.K., F.S.T.); Innate Immunity Unit (A.T.), Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France; Université de Paris (A.T.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (P.E.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology (P.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; and Department of Neurology (J.L.), University Hospital Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pedrazzi JFC, Ferreira FR, Silva-Amaral D, Lima DA, Hallak JEC, Zuardi AW, Del-Bel EA, Guimarães FS, Costa KCM, Campos AC, Crippa ACS, Crippa JAS. Cannabidiol for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: hope or hype? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2713-2734. [PMID: 35904579 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose symptoms include impaired communication and social interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, and varying levels of intellectual disability. ASD is observed in early childhood and is one of the most severe chronic childhood disorders in prevalence, morbidity, and impact on society. It is usually accompanied by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and epilepsy. The treatment of ASD has low efficacy, possibly because it has a heterogeneous nature, and its neurobiological basis is not clearly understood. Drugs such as risperidone and aripiprazole are the only two drugs available that are recognized by the Food and Drug Administration, primarily for treating the behavioral symptoms of this disorder. These drugs have limited efficacy and a high potential for inducing undesirable effects, compromising treatment adherence. Therefore, there is great interest in exploring the endocannabinoid system, which modulates the activity of other neurotransmitters, has actions in social behavior and seems to be altered in patients with ASD. Thus, cannabidiol (CBD) emerges as a possible strategy for treating ASD symptoms since it has relevant pharmacological actions on the endocannabinoid system and shows promising results in studies related to disorders in the central nervous system. OBJECTIVES Review the preclinical and clinical data supporting CBD's potential as a treatment for the symptoms and comorbidities associated with ASD, as well as discuss and provide information with the purpose of not trivializing the use of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João F C Pedrazzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Frederico R Ferreira
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Silva-Amaral
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Lima
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime E C Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio W Zuardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine A Del-Bel
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla C M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alline C Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C S Crippa
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Neuropediatric Center of the Hospital of Clinics (CENEP), Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José A S Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bangsumruaj J, Kijtawornrat A, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Effects of chronic mild stress on GABAergic system in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus associated with cardiac autonomic activity. Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113985. [PMID: 35787398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases. One possible mechanism is the reduction in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contributes to the disinhibition of sympathoexcitatory circuits and activates sympathetic outflow. At present, the mechanism of chronic mild stress (CMS) on GABAergic transmission at the PVN and cardiac autonomic activity is not yet fully clarified. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CMS on the GABAergic system at the PVN and on the cardiac autonomic activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (left undisturbed in their home cage) or CMS (subjected to various mild stressors for 4 weeks). Cardiac autonomic activities were determined by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and GABAergic alterations at the PVN were determined from GABA levels and mRNA expression of GABA-related activities. Results showed that the CMS group had decreased HRV as determined by the standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN). The low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) powers of the CMS group were higher than those of the control. Hence, the LF/HF ratio was consequently unaffected. These findings indicated that despite the increase in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, the autonomic balance was preserved at 4 weeks post CMS. For the GABAergic-related parameters, the CMS group had decreased mRNA expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65), the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, and increased mRNA expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 (GAT-1). Moreover, the GAD-65 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with LF. In conclusion, 4-week CMS exposure in male rats could attenuate GABAergic transmission at the PVN and alter cardiac autonomic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janpen Bangsumruaj
- Interdisciplinary Program in Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang D, Wang Y, Thompson JW, Yin T, Alexander PB, Qin D, Mudgal P, Wu H, Liang Y, Tan L, Pan C, Yuan L, Wan Y, Li QJ, Wang XF. Cancer-cell-derived GABA promotes β-catenin-mediated tumour growth and immunosuppression. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:230-241. [PMID: 35145222 PMCID: PMC8852304 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers have an unusual dependence on glutamine. However, most previous studies have focused on the contribution of glutamine to metabolic building blocks and the energy supply. Here, we report that cancer cells with aberrant expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) rewire glutamine metabolism for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-a prominent neurotransmitter-in non-nervous tissues. An analysis of clinical samples reveals that increased GABA levels predict poor prognosis. Mechanistically, we identify a cancer-intrinsic pathway through which GABA activates the GABAB receptor to inhibit GSK-3β activity, leading to enhanced β-catenin signalling. This GABA-mediated β-catenin activation both stimulates tumour cell proliferation and suppresses CD8+ T cell intratumoural infiltration, such that targeting GAD1 or GABABR in mouse models overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Our findings uncover a signalling role for tumour-derived GABA beyond its classic function as a neurotransmitter that can be targeted pharmacologically to reverse immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Chongqing, China
- Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - J Will Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter B Alexander
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diyuan Qin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yaosi Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lianmei Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lifeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Wan
- Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ren H, Li W, Liu X, Li S, Guo H, Wang W, Zhao N. Identification and Validation of an 6-Metabolism-Related Gene Signature and Its Correlation With Immune Checkpoint in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:783934. [PMID: 34869039 PMCID: PMC8634254 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.783934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with relatively high malignancy and rapid disease progression. Metabolism-related genes (MRGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. This study explored potential key MRGs and their effect on T-cell immune function in the tumor immune microenvironment to provide new insight for the treatment of HCC. Of 456 differentially expressed MRGs identified from TCGA database, 21 were screened by MCODE and cytoHubba algorithms. From the key module, GAD1, SPP1, WFS1, GOT2, EHHADH, and APOA1 were selected for validation. The six MRGs were closely correlated with survival outcomes and clinicopathological characteristics in HCC. Receiver operating characteristics analysis and Kaplan-Meier plots showed that these genes had good prognostic value for HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis of the six MRGs indicated that they were associated with HCC development. TIMER and GEPIA databases revealed that WFS1 was significantly positively correlated and EHHADH was negatively correlated with tumor immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression. Finally, quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed the expression of WFS1 and EHHADH mRNA in our own patients’ cohort samples and four HCC cell lines. Collectively, the present study identified six potential MRG biomarkers associated with the prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of HCC, thus providing new insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanjing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuliang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Liaocheng Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petropavlovskiy A, Kogut J, Leekha A, Townsend C, Sanders S. A sticky situation: regulation and function of protein palmitoylation with a spotlight on the axon and axon initial segment. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210005. [PMID: 34659801 PMCID: PMC8495546 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the axon and axon initial segment (AIS) are critical structures for action potential initiation and propagation. Their formation and function rely on tight compartmentalisation, a process where specific proteins are trafficked to and retained at distinct subcellular locations. One mechanism which regulates protein trafficking and association with lipid membranes is the modification of protein cysteine residues with the 16-carbon palmitic acid, known as S-acylation or palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, akin to phosphorylation, is reversible, with palmitate cycling being mediated by substrate-specific enzymes. Palmitoylation is well-known to be highly prevalent among neuronal proteins and is well studied in the context of the synapse. Comparatively, how palmitoylation regulates trafficking and clustering of axonal and AIS proteins remains less understood. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical regulation of palmitoylation, its involvement in various neurological diseases, and the most up-to-date perspective on axonal palmitoylation. Through a palmitoylation analysis of the AIS proteome, we also report that an overwhelming proportion of AIS proteins are likely palmitoylated. Overall, our review and analysis confirm a central role for palmitoylation in the formation and function of the axon and AIS and provide a resource for further exploration of palmitoylation-dependent protein targeting to and function at the AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshia Leekha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte A. Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berezovskaya AS, Tyganov SA, Nikolaeva SD, Naumova AA, Merkulyeva NS, Shenkman BS, Glazova MV. Dynamic Foot Stimulations During Short-Term Hindlimb Unloading Prevent Dysregulation of the Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus of Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1549-1561. [PMID: 32683580 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spaceflight and simulated microgravity both affect learning and memory, which are mostly controlled by the hippocampus. However, data about molecular alterations in the hippocampus in real or simulated microgravity conditions are limited. Adult Wistar rats were recruited in the experiments. Here we analyzed whether short-term simulated microgravity caused by 3-day hindlimb unloading (HU) will affect the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems of the hippocampus and how dynamic foot stimulation (DFS) to the plantar surface applied during HU can contribute in the regulation of hippocampus functioning. The results demonstrated a decreased expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1/2) in the hippocampus after 3 days of HU, while glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression was not affected. HU also significantly induced Akt signaling and transcriptional factor CREB that are supposed to activate the neuroprotective mechanisms. On the other hand, DFS led to normalization of VGLUT1/2 expression and activity of Akt and CREB. Analysis of exocytosis proteins revealed the inhibition of SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin 1 expression in DFS group proposing attenuation of excitatory neurotransmission. Thus, we revealed that short-term HU causes dysregulation of glutamatergic system of the hippocampus, but, at the same time, stimulates neuroprotective Akt-dependent mechanism. In addition, most importantly, we demonstrated positive effect of DFS on the hippocampus functioning that probably depends on the regulation of neurotransmitter exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berezovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A Tyganov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana D Nikolaeva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Naumova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia S Merkulyeva
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris S Shenkman
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita V Glazova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223, St.Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pöstyéni E, Kovács-Valasek A, Urbán P, Czuni L, Sétáló G, Fekete C, Gabriel R. Profile of miR-23 Expression and Possible Role in Regulation of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase during Postnatal Retinal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137078. [PMID: 34209226 PMCID: PMC8268301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As neurotransmitter, GABA is fundamental for physiological processes in the developing retina. Its synthesis enzymes are present during retinal development, although the molecular regulatory mechanisms behind the changes in expression are not entirely understood. In this study, we revealed the expression patterns of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67(GAD67) and its coding gene (GAD1) and its potential miRNA-dependent regulation during the first three postnatal weeks in rat retina. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms, miRNA-sequencing supported by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were carried out. GAD1 expression shows an increasing tendency, peaking at P15. From the in silico-predicted GAD1 targeting miRNAs, only miR-23 showed similar expression patterns, which is a known regulator of GAD1 expression. For further investigation, we made an in situ hybridization investigation where both GAD67 and miR-23 also showed lower expression before P7, with the intensity of expression gradually increasing until P21. Horizontal cells at P7, amacrine cells at P15 and P21, and some cells in the ganglion cell layer at several time points were double labelled with miR-23 and GAD67. Our results highlight the complexity of these regulatory networks and the possible role of miR-23 in the regulation of GABA synthesizing enzyme expression during postnatal retina development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (A.K.-V.); (R.G.)
| | - Péter Urbán
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Lilla Czuni
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Fekete
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (A.K.-V.); (R.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soejima S, Kondo K, Tsuboi M, Muguruma K, Tegshee B, Kawakami Y, Kajiura K, Kawakita N, Toba H, Yoshida M, Takizawa H, Tangoku A. GAD1 expression and its methylation as indicators of malignant behavior in thymic epithelial tumors. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:483. [PMID: 33968199 PMCID: PMC8100960 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) comprise thymomas and thymic carcinoma (TC). TC has more aggressive features and a poorer prognosis than thymomas. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in thymomas and TC have been investigated in an attempt to identify novel target molecules for TC. In the present study, genome-wide screening was performed on aberrantly methylated CpG islands in thymomas and TC, and the glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene (GAD1) was identified as the 4th significantly hypermethylated CpG island in TC compared with thymomas. GAD1 catalyzes the production of γ-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. GAD1 expression is abundant in the brain but rare in other tissues, including the thymus. A total of 73 thymomas and 17 TC tissues were obtained from 90 patients who underwent surgery or biopsy at Tokushima University Hospital between 1990 and 2017. DNA methylation was examined by bisulfite pyrosequencing, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of GAD1 were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The DNA methylation levels of GAD1 were significantly higher in TC tissues than in the normal thymus and thymoma tissues, and GAD1 methylation exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between TC and thymoma. The mRNA and protein expression levels of GAD1 were significantly higher in TC tissues than in thymomas. Patients with TET with high GAD1 DNA hypermethylation and high mRNA and protein expression levels had significantly shorter relapse-free survival rates than those with low levels. In conclusion, significantly more epigenetic alterations were observed in TC tissues compared with in thymomas, which may contribute to the clinical features and prognosis of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Soejima
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kyoka Muguruma
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Bilguun Tegshee
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Yukikiyo Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kajiura
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoya Kawakita
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toba
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aavani F, Biazar E, Heshmatipour Z, Arabameri N, Kamalvand M, Nazbar A. Applications of bacteria and their derived biomaterials for repair and tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2021; 16:581-605. [PMID: 34030458 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms such as bacteria and their derived biopolymers can be used in biomaterials and tissue regeneration. Various methods have been applied to regenerate damaged tissues, but using probiotics and biomaterials derived from bacteria with improved economic-production efficiency and highly applicable properties can be a new solution in tissue regeneration. Bacteria can synthesize numerous types of biopolymers. These biopolymers possess many desirable properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them good candidates for tissue regeneration. Here, we reviewed different types of bacterial-derived biopolymers and highlight their applications for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Aavani
- Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 15916-34311 Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Group, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Zoheir Heshmatipour
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Arabameri
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mahshad Kamalvand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Group, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nazbar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13169-43551 Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cerrah Gunes M, Gunes MS, Vural A, Aybuga F, Bayram A, Bayram KK, Sahin MI, Dogan ME, Ozdemir SY, Ozkul Y. Change in gene expression levels of GABA, glutamate and neurosteroid pathways due to acoustic trauma in the cochlea. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:45-57. [PMID: 33825593 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1904922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic feature of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the loss or malfunction of the outer hair cells (OHC) and the inner hair cells (IHC) of the cochlea. 90-95% of the spiral ganglion neurons, forming the cell bodies of cochlear nerve, synapse with the IHCs. Glutamate is the most potent excitatory neurotransmitter for IHC-auditory nerve synapses. Excessive release of glutamate in response to acoustic trauma (AT), may cause excitotoxicity by causing damage to the spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) or loss of the spiral ganglion dendrites, post-synaptic to the IHCs. Another neurotransmitter, GABA, plays an important role in the processing of acoustic stimuli and central regulation after peripheral injury, so it is potentially related to the regulation of hearing function and sensitivity after noise. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of AT on the expressions of glutamate excitotoxicity, GABA inhibition and neurosteroid synthesis genes.We exposed 24 BALB/c mice to AT. Controls were sacrificed without exposure to noise, Post-AT(1) and Post-AT(15) were sacrificed on the 1st and 15th day, respectively, after noise exposure. The expressions of various genes playing roles in glutamate, GABA and neurosteroid pathways were compared between groups by real-time PCR.Expressions of Cyp11a1, Gls, Gabra1, Grin2b, Sult1a1, Gad1, and Slc1a2 genes in Post-AT(15) mice were significantly decreased in comparison to control and Post-AT(1) mice. No significant differences in the expression of Slc6a1 and Slc17a8 genes was detected.These findings support the possible role of balance between glutamate excitotoxicity and GABA inhibition is disturbed during the post AT days and also the synthesis of some neurosteroids such as pregnenolone sulfate may be important in this balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Cerrah Gunes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Salih Gunes
- Department of Otolaryngology, Izmit Seka State Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Alperen Vural
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Arslan Bayram
- Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women's Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, T.R. Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Keziban Korkmaz Bayram
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Yıldirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ilhan Sahin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ensar Dogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevda Yesim Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkul
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Center of Genome and Stem Cell, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Integrative opioid-GABAergic neuronal mechanisms regulating dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving animals. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:971-983. [PMID: 33743175 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a terminal region of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) neuronal projections from the ventral tegmental area. Accumbal DA release is integrated by afferents from other brain regions and by interneurons, which involve a diversity of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These integrative processes, implicated in the pathobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, are mediated via receptor subtypes whose relative roles in the regulation of accumbal DA release are poorly understood. Such complex interactions are exemplified by how selective activation of opioid receptor subtypes enhances accumbal DA efflux in a manner that is modulated by changes in neural activity through GABA receptor subtypes. This review delineates the roles of GABAA and GABAB receptors in GABAergic neural mechanisms in NAc that participate in delta- and mu-opioid receptor-mediated increases in accumbal DA efflux in freely moving rats, focusing on studies using in vivo brain microdialysis. First, we consider how endogenous GABA exerts inhibition of accumbal DA efflux through GABA receptor subtypes. We also consider possible intra-neuronal source of the endogenous GABA that inhibits accumbal DA efflux. As NAc contains GABAergic neurons that express delta- or mu-opioid receptors, inhibition of accumbal GABAergic neurons is a candidate for mediating delta- or mu-opioid receptor-mediated increases in accumbal DA efflux. Therefore, we provide a detailed analysis of the effects of GABA receptor subtype ligands on delta- and mu-opioid receptor-mediated accumbal DA efflux. Finally, we present an integrative model to explain the mechanisms of interaction among delta- and mu-opioid receptors, GABAergic neurons and DAergic neurons in NAc.
Collapse
|
19
|
Acharya KD, Nettles SA, Lichti CF, Warre-Cornish K, Polit LD, Srivastava DP, Denner L, Tetel MJ. Dopamine-induced interactions of female mouse hypothalamic proteins with progestin receptor-A in the absence of hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12904. [PMID: 33000549 PMCID: PMC7591852 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural progestin receptors (PR) function in reproduction, neural development, neuroprotection, learning, memory and the anxiety response. In the absence of progestins, PR can be activated by dopamine (DA) in the rodent hypothalamus to elicit female sexual behaviour. The present study investigated mechanisms of DA activation of PR by testing the hypothesis that proteins from DA-treated hypothalami interact with PR in the absence of progestins. Ovariectomised, oestradiol-primed mice were infused with a D1-receptor agonist, SKF38393 (SKF), into the third ventricle 30 minutes prior to death. Proteins from SKF-treated hypothalami were pulled-down with glutathione S-transferase-tagged mouse PR-A or PR-B and the interactomes were analysed by mass spectrometry. The largest functional group to interact with PR-A in a DA-dependent manner was synaptic proteins. To test the hypothesis that DA activation of PR regulates synaptic proteins, we developed oestradiol-induced PR-expressing hypothalamic-like neurones derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Similar to progesterone (P4), SKF treatment of hiPSCs increased synapsin1/2 expression. This SKF-dependent effect was blocked by the PR antagonist RU486, suggesting that PR are necessary for this DA-induced increase. The second largest DA-dependent PR-A protein interactome comprised metabolic regulators involved in glucose metabolism, lipid synthesis and mitochondrial energy production. Interestingly, hypothalamic proteins interacted with PR-A, but not PR-B, in an SKF-dependent manner, suggesting that DA promotes the interaction of multiple hypothalamic proteins with PR-A. These in vivo and in vitro results indicate novel mechanisms by which DA can differentially activate PR isoforms in the absence of P4 and provide a better understanding of ligand-independent PR activation in reproductive, metabolic and mental health disorders in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl F. Lichti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Katherine Warre-Cornish
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Dutan Polit
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Marc J. Tetel
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. GAD antibodies in neurological disorders — insights and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:353-365. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
21
|
Lander SS, Chornyy S, Safory H, Gross A, Wolosker H, Gaisler‐Salomon I. Glutamate dehydrogenase deficiency disrupts glutamate homeostasis in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and impairs recognition memory. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12636. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergiy Chornyy
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Hazem Safory
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Amit Gross
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Herman Wolosker
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wearne TA, Cornish JL. Inhibitory regulation of the prefrontal cortex following behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and/or methamphetamine psychostimulants: A review of GABAergic mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109681. [PMID: 31255648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization to repeated psychostimulant administration has been proposed to reflect many of the neurochemical and behavioral changes that are characteristic of a range of disorders, including drug addiction and psychoses. While previous studies have examined the role of dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in mediating sensitization, particularly within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the role of inhibitory GABAergic processing of the PFC in the expression of sensitization is not well understood. Recent research, however, has proposed an emerging role of GABA synthesis, reuptake, ionotropic and metabotropic receptor regulation, and interneuronal changes following sensitization to methamphetamine and/or amphetamine within the PFC. The aim of this review, therefore, is to synthesize research findings on changes to the GABAergic network following sensitization induced by amphetamines (i.e., amphetamine and/or methamphetamine) in the PFC. In addition to providing an overview of global PFC changes, we also provide evidence of regional specific inhibitory influences on sensitized circuitry, focusing on the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices. We propose a neural circuit through which inhibitory PFC GABA changes mediate sensitized disease states, focusing on the interaction between the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices with subcortical brain structures and the mesolimbic system. Methodological considerations and avenues for future research are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Wearne
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Γ-Aminobutyric acid in adult brain: an update. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
24
|
Olberg HK, Eide GE, Vedeler CA. Can serum GAD65 antibody levels predict neurological disease or cancer? J Neuroimmunol 2019; 336:577025. [PMID: 31472399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical relevance of antibodies that bind to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is controversial regarding diagnostic utility in screening for neurological disease or cancer. We did a retrospective study of 3152 GAD65 antibody-positive patients to examine whether analysis of the antibody levels could predict neurological disease or cancer. Serum GAD65 antibody levels were not associated with any of the following groups: neurological disease, neurological disease and diabetes, diabetes only, no neurological diagnosis and no diabetes mellitus, or cancer. Analysis of serum GAD65 antibody levels had no prognostic value in neurological disease or cancer. GAD65 antibodies should therefore be measured in selective cases of autoimmune neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning K Olberg
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir E Eide
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian A Vedeler
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway; Neuro-SysMed - Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsuboi M, Kondo K, Masuda K, Tange S, Kajiura K, Kohmoto T, Takizawa H, Imoto I, Tangoku A. Prognostic significance of GAD1 overexpression in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4189-4199. [PMID: 31207151 PMCID: PMC6675743 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In a previous genome-wide screening, we identified hypermethylated CpG islands around glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the methylation and expression status of GAD1 and its prognostic value in patients with LADC. METHODS GAD1 methylation and mRNA expression status were analyzed using 33 tumorous and paired non-tumorous LADC samples and publicly available datasets. The prognostic value of GAD1 overexpression was investigated using publicly available datasets of mRNA levels and 162 cases of LADC by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The methylation and mRNA expression levels of GAD1, each having a positive correlation, were significantly higher in LADC tumors than in paired non-tumorous tissues. LADC patients with higher GAD1 mRNA expression showed significantly poorer prognosis for overall survival in publicly available datasets. Higher immunoreactivity of GAD1 was significantly associated with the pathological stage, pleural invasion, lymph vessel invasion, and poorer prognosis for cancer-specific and disease-free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that GAD1 protein overexpression is an independent prognosticator for disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS GAD1 mRNA and protein expression levels were significant prognostic factors in LADC, suggesting that they might be useful biomarkers to stratify patients with worse clinical outcomes after resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
- Kawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
| | - Shoichiro Tange
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Koichiro Kajiura
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kohmoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
- Division of Molecular GeneticsAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
- Department of Cancer GeneticsNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thaler FS, Thaller AL, Biljecki M, Schuh E, Winklmeier S, Mahler CF, Gerhards R, Völk S, Schnorfeil F, Subklewe M, Hohlfeld R, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Abundant glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-reactive B cells in gad-antibody-associated neurological disorders. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:448-454. [PMID: 30635933 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High levels of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are observed in patients with different neurological disorders, but cells producing these autoantibodies are largely unexplored. We detect circulating GAD-reactive B cells in peripheral blood that readily differentiate into antibody-producing cells. These cells are highly elevated in most patients with GAD-antibody-associated disorders (n = 15) compared to controls (n = 19). They mainly produce GAD65 antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses and are as abundant as B cells reactive for common recall antigens. Bone marrow cells represent an additional source of GAD antibodies. The identification of GAD-antibody-producing cells has implications for the selection of cell-specific biologics. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:448-454.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Thaler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna L Thaller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle Biljecki
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph F Mahler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Gerhards
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Völk
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Schnorfeil
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
O’Connor MJ, Beebe LL, Deodato D, Ball RE, Page AT, VanLeuven AJ, Harris KT, Park S, Hariharan V, Lauderdale JD, Dore TM. Bypassing Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) Induced Craniofacial Defects with a Photoactivatable Translation Blocker Morpholino. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:266-278. [PMID: 30200754 PMCID: PMC6337688 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
γ-Amino
butyric acid (GABA) mediated signaling is critical
in the central and enteric nervous systems, pancreas, lungs, and other
tissues. It is associated with many neurological disorders and craniofacial
development. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) synthesizes GABA from
glutamate, and knockdown of the gad1 gene results
in craniofacial defects that are lethal in zebrafish. To bypass this
and enable observation of the neurological defects resulting from
knocking down gad1 expression, a photoactivatable
morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) against gad1 was
prepared by cyclization with a photocleavable linker rendering the
MO inactive. The cyclized MO was stable in the dark and toward degradative
enzymes and was completely linearized upon brief exposure to 405 nm
light. In the course of investigating the function of the ccMOs in
zebrafish, we discovered that zebrafish possess paralogous gad1 genes, gad1a and gad1b. A gad1b MO injected at the 1–4 cell stage
caused severe morphological defects in head development, which could
be bypassed, enabling the fish to develop normally, if the fish were
injected with a photoactivatable, cyclized gad1b MO
and grown in the dark. At 1 day post fertilization (dpf), light activation
of the gad1b MO followed by observation at 3 and
7 dpf led to increased and abnormal electrophysiological brain activity
compared to wild type animals. The photocleavable linker can be used
to cyclize and inactivate any MO, and represents a general strategy
to parse the function of developmentally important genes in a spatiotemporal
manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. O’Connor
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lindsey L. Beebe
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Davide Deodato
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rebecca E. Ball
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - A. Tyler Page
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ariel J. VanLeuven
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kyle T. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Sungdae Park
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vani Hariharan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - James D. Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Neuroscience
Division
of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rosenberg AB, Roco CM, Muscat RA, Kuchina A, Sample P, Yao Z, Graybuck LT, Peeler DJ, Mukherjee S, Chen W, Pun SH, Sellers DL, Tasic B, Seelig G. Single-cell profiling of the developing mouse brain and spinal cord with split-pool barcoding. Science 2018; 360:176-182. [PMID: 29545511 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate scalable profiling of single cells, we developed split-pool ligation-based transcriptome sequencing (SPLiT-seq), a single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) method that labels the cellular origin of RNA through combinatorial barcoding. SPLiT-seq is compatible with fixed cells or nuclei, allows efficient sample multiplexing, and requires no customized equipment. We used SPLiT-seq to analyze 156,049 single-nucleus transcriptomes from postnatal day 2 and 11 mouse brains and spinal cords. More than 100 cell types were identified, with gene expression patterns corresponding to cellular function, regional specificity, and stage of differentiation. Pseudotime analysis revealed transcriptional programs driving four developmental lineages, providing a snapshot of early postnatal development in the murine central nervous system. SPLiT-seq provides a path toward comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic analysis of other similarly complex multicellular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M Roco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A Muscat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Kuchina
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Sample
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Georg Seelig
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Enhanced susceptibility to stress and seizures in GAD65 deficient mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191794. [PMID: 29377906 PMCID: PMC5788371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition has been implicated in both anxiety and epilepsy. GAD65-/- (NOD/LtJ) mice have significantly decreased basal GABA levels in the brain and a lowered threshold for seizure generation. One fifth of GAD65 -/- mice experienced stress-induced seizures upon exposure to an open field at 4 weeks of age. In each successive week until 8 weeks of age, the latency to seizures decreased with prior seizure experience. 100% of GAD65-/- mice exhibited stress-induced seizures by the end of 8 weeks. GAD65-/- mice also exhibited marked impairment in open field exploratory behavior and deficits in spatial learning acquisition on a Barnes maze. Anxiety-like behavior in an open field was observed prior to seizure onset and was predictive of subsequent seizures. Immunohistochemical characterization of interneuron subtypes in GAD65-/- mice showed a selective decrease in GABA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and no change in calbindin (CLB) or calretinin (CLR) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. Stem cells from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) were injected into the hippocampal hilus to restore GABAergic interneurons. One week after transplantation, MGE-transplanted mice demonstrated significant seizure resistance compared to sham surgical controls. The percent area of GFP+ MGE graft in the hippocampus correlated significantly with the increase in seizure latency. Our data indicate that impaired GABAergic neurotransmission can cause anxiety-like behavior and stress-induced seizures that can be rescued by MGE stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yin Y, Cheng C, Fang W. Effects of the inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase on the development and GABA accumulation in germinating fava beans under hypoxia-NaCl stress. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20456-20461. [PMID: 35541651 PMCID: PMC9080790 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme in GABA shunt, which catalyzes the α-decarboxylation of glutamate to produce GABA. A specific inhibitor for GAD is convenient to study the dynamic balances of GABA metabolism in plants. The inhibitor of GAD in germinated fava beans was screened, and its inhibitory effect on the growth and GABA accumulation in fava beans during germination under hypoxia-NaCl stress was investigated. The inhibitory effect of aminoxyacetate for fava bean GAD was better than those of other chemicals, and it increased with the increase in concentration in vivo. After aminoxyacetate (5 mM) application for 4 days during germination, the GAD activity in germinating fava beans was significantly inhibited by more than 90% in both organs. Meanwhile, the growth of fava bean sprouts was also slightly suppressed. Moreover, the GABA contents decreased by 43.9% and 81.5% in a 4 day-old cotyledon and embryo, respectively, under aminoxyacetate treatment compared with that in the control. In summary, these results showed that aminoxyacetate can serve as a specific inhibitor of GAD in plants. At least 43.9% and 81.5% of GABA in germinating fava beans under hypoxia-NaCl stress were synthesized via GABA shunt. Effects of aminoxyacetate, a specific inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase, on GABA accumulation in germinating fava beans under hypoxia-NaCl stress.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chung YCE, Chen SC, Chuang LC, Shih WL, Chiu YH, Lu ML, Chen HC, Kuo PH. Evaluation of the interaction between genetic variants of GAD1 and miRNA in bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2017; 223:1-7. [PMID: 28710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamic acid dehydrogenase 1 (GAD1) serves as the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesizing GABA, and is reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. The present study examined the effects of GAD1 genetic variants on bipolar disorder (BD) and its subtypes. Moreover, we investigated functional interactions between genetic variants and miRNAs via algorithm prediction and experimental validation. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 280 BD patients and 200 healthy controls. Eight tag SNPs in GAD1 were genotyped. For associated markers, we performed in silico prediction for their potential functions through SNP-miRNA interactions by establishing a scoring system to combine information from several miRNA predictive algorithms. We then tested allelic expression differences using Dual-Glo luciferase reporter assays for the selected SNP-miRNA pair. Lastly, we examined the associations of the GAD1 gene and BD in two additional independent datasets with a few thousand samples for replication. RESULTS Marker rs3749034 was associated with BD, in particular the BD-II subtype. According to our scoring system, several candidate miRNAs were predicted to interact with rs3749034, and hsa-miR-504 had the highest score. Findings from an in vitro experiment revealed a non-statistically significant trend for lower gene expression level with the A allele of rs3749034 compared with the G allele. The association between rs3749034 and BD was not replicated in either of the independent datasets. Instead, other rarer genetic variants in GAD1 showed suggestive signals (e.g. rs575441409, p-value = 3.8*10-4, D' = 1 with rs3749034) with BD in the Taiwanese dataset. LIMITATIONS The present study considered common genetic variants only. In addition, we only used a 293T cell-line in conducting luciferase reporter assays, as no primary cell-lines from patient samples were available to differentiate the effects between BD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a weak effect of the GAD1 gene on the risk of bipolar illness, and the associated marker might represent a proxy for real signals of rare variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chu Ella Chung
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chien Chen
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, College of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Li-Chung Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare & Management, Yilan 266, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Shih
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roda E, Bottone MG, Insolia V, Barni S, Bernocchi G. Changes in the cerebellar cytoarchitecture of hibernating hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus L. (Mammalia): an immunocytochemical approach. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1380722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Roda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri Spa Benefit Corporation, IRCCS of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M. G. Bottone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - V. Insolia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Barni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Bernocchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Banasr M, Lepack A, Fee C, Duric V, Maldonado-Aviles J, DiLeone R, Sibille E, Duman RS, Sanacora G. Characterization of GABAergic marker expression in the chronic unpredictable stress model of depression. CHRONIC STRESS 2017; 1. [PMID: 28835932 PMCID: PMC5565173 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017720459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence continues to build suggesting that the GABAergic neurotransmitter system is altered in brains of patients with major depressive disorder. However, there is little information available related to the extent of these changes or the potential mechanisms associated with these alterations. As stress is a well-established precipitant to depressive episodes, we sought to explore the impact of chronic stress on GABAergic interneurons. Using western blot analyses and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) we assessed the effects of five-weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) exposure on the expression of GABA-synthesizing enzymes (GAD65 and GAD67), calcium-binding proteins (calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR)), and neuropeptides co-expressed in GABAergic neurons (somatostatin (SST), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK)) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) of rats. We also investigated the effects of corticosterone (CORT) and dexamethasone (DEX) exposure on these markers in vitro in primary cortical and hippocampal cultures. We found that CUS induced significant reductions of GAD67 protein levels in both the PFC and HPC of CUS-exposed rats, but did not detect changes in GAD65 protein expression. Similar protein expression changes were found in vitro in cortical neurons. In addition, our results provide clear evidence of reduced markers of interneuron population(s), namely SST and NPY, in the PFC, suggesting these cell types may be selectively vulnerable to chronic stress. Together, this work highlights that chronic stress induces regional and cell type-selective effects on GABAergic interneurons in rats. These findings provide additional supporting evidence that stress-induced GABA neuron dysfunction and cell vulnerability play critical roles in the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, including major depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Banasr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Lepack
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanja Duric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA
| | | | - Ralph DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neurochemical correlates of functional plasticity in the mature cortex of the brain of rodents. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Xiong Q, Xu Z, Xu L, Yao Z, Li S, Xu H. Efficient Production of γ-GABA Using Recombinant E. coli Expressing Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Derived from Eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:1390-1400. [PMID: 28656550 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, which acts as a major regulator in the central nervous system. Glutamate decarboxylase (namely GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) is known to be an ideal enzyme for γ-GABA production using L-glutamic acid as substrate. In this study, we cloned and expressed GAD gene from eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGAD) in E. coli BL21(DE3). This enzyme was further purified and its optimal reaction temperature and pH were 37 °C and pH 4.2, respectively. The cofactor of ScGAD was verified to be either pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) or pyridoxal hydrochloride. The optimal concentration of either cofactor was 50 mg/L. The optimal medium for E. coli-ScGAD cultivation and expression were 10 g/L lactose, 5 g/L glycerol, 20 g/L yeast extract, and 10 g/L sodium chloride, resulting in an activity of 55 U/mL medium, three times higher than that of using Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. The maximal concentration of γ-GABA was 245 g/L whereas L-glutamic acid was near completely converted. These findings provided us a good example for bio-production of γ-GABA using recombinant E. coli expressing a GAD enzyme derived from eukaryote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yin SB, Zhang XG, Chen S, Yang WT, Zheng XW, Zheng GQ. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Gene Knockout Prevents l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Induced Dyskinesia by Downregulation of Striatal GAD67 in 6-OHDA-Lesioned Parkinson's Mice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:88. [PMID: 28377741 PMCID: PMC5359221 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) remains the primary pharmacological agent for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) limits the long-term use of l-DOPA for PD patients. Some data have reported that adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists prevented LID in animal model of PD. However, the mechanism in which adenosine A2AR blockade alleviates the symptoms of LID has not been fully clarified. Here, we determined to knock out (KO) the gene of A2AR and explored the possible underlying mechanisms implicated in development of LID in a mouse model of PD. A2AR gene KO mice were unilaterally injected into the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in order to damage dopamine neurons on one side of the brain. 6-OHDA-lesioned mice were then injected once daily for 21 days with l-DOPA. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) were evaluated on days 3, 8, 13, and 18 after l-DOPA administration, and real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and GAD67 were performed. We found that A2AR gene KO was effective in reducing AIM scores and accompanied with decrease of striatal GAD67, rather than GAD65. These results demonstrated that the possible mechanism involved in alleviation of AIM symptoms by A2AR gene KO might be through reducing the expression of striatal GAD67.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bing Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Wen-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xia-Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nguyen CTO, Hui F, Charng J, Velaedan S, van Koeverden AK, Lim JKH, He Z, Wong VHY, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV, Ivarsson M. Retinal biomarkers provide "insight" into cortical pharmacology and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:151-177. [PMID: 28174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The retina is an easily accessible out-pouching of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus lends itself to being a biomarker of the brain. More specifically, the presence of neuronal, vascular and blood-neural barrier parallels in the eye and brain coupled with fast and inexpensive methods to quantify retinal changes make ocular biomarkers an attractive option. This includes its utility as a biomarker for a number of cerebrovascular diseases as well as a drug pharmacology and safety biomarker for the CNS. It is a rapidly emerging field, with some areas well established, such as stroke risk and multiple sclerosis, whereas others are still in development (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, psychological disease and cortical diabetic dysfunction). The current applications and future potential of retinal biomarkers, including potential ways to improve their sensitivity and specificity are discussed. This review summarises the existing literature and provides a perspective on the strength of current retinal biomarkers and their future potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shajan Velaedan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K H Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Morphology of Human Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Based on the Immunohistochemical Expression of Gad67. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens is a part of the ventral striatum along with the caudate nucleus and putamen. The role of the human nucleus accumbens in drug addiction and other psychiatric disorders is of great importance. The aim of this study was to characterize medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens according to the immunohistochemical expression of GAD67.
This study was conducted on twenty human brains of both sexes between the ages of 20 and 75. The expression of GAD67 was assessed immunohistochemically, and the characterization of the neurons was based on the shape and size of the soma and the number of impregnated primary dendrites.
We showed that neurons of the human nucleus accumbens expressed GAD67 in the neuron soma and in the primary dendrites. An analysis of the cell body morphology revealed the following four different types of neurons: fusiform neurons, fusiform neurons with lateral dendrites, pyramidal neurons and multipolar neurons.
An immunohistochemical analysis showed a strong GAD67 expression in GABAergic medium spiny neurons, which could be classifi ed into four different types, and these neurons morphologically correlated with those described by the Golgi study.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pavlou HJ, Lin AC, Neville MC, Nojima T, Diao F, Chen BE, White BH, Goodwin SF. Neural circuitry coordinating male copulation. eLife 2016; 5:e20713. [PMID: 27855059 PMCID: PMC5114013 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copulation is the goal of the courtship process, crucial to reproductive success and evolutionary fitness. Identifying the circuitry underlying copulation is a necessary step towards understanding universal principles of circuit operation, and how circuit elements are recruited into the production of ordered action sequences. Here, we identify key sex-specific neurons that mediate copulation in Drosophila, and define a sexually dimorphic motor circuit in the male abdominal ganglion that mediates the action sequence of initiating and terminating copulation. This sexually dimorphic circuit composed of three neuronal classes - motor neurons, interneurons and mechanosensory neurons - controls the mechanics of copulation. By correlating the connectivity, function and activity of these neurons we have determined the logic for how this circuitry is coordinated to generate this male-specific behavior, and sets the stage for a circuit-level dissection of active sensing and modulation of copulatory behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hania J Pavlou
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Lin
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Megan C Neville
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuya Nojima
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fengqiu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Brian E Chen
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Stephen F Goodwin
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Development of putative inhibitory neurons in the embryonic and postnatal mouse superficial spinal dorsal horn. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2157-2171. [PMID: 27783222 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The superficial spinal dorsal horn is the first relay station of pain processing. It is also widely accepted that spinal synaptic processing to control the modality and intensity of pain signals transmitted to higher brain centers is primarily defined by inhibitory neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. Earlier studies suggest that the construction of pain processing spinal neural circuits including the GABAergic components should be completed by birth, although major chemical refinements may occur postnatally. Because of their utmost importance in pain processing, we intended to provide a detailed knowledge concerning the development of GABAergic neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, which is now missing from the literature. Thus, we studied the developmental changes in the distribution of neurons expressing GABAergic markers like Pax2, GAD65 and GAD67 in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of wild type as well as GAD65-GFP and GAD67-GFP transgenic mice from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) till postnatal day 14 (P14). We found that GABAergic neurons populate the superficial spinal dorsal horn from the beginning of its delineation at E14.5. We also showed that the numbers of GABAergic neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn continuously increase till E17.5, but there is a prominent decline in their numbers during the first two postnatal weeks. Our results indicate that the developmental process leading to the delineation of the inhibitory and excitatory cellular assemblies of pain processing neural circuits in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of mice is not completed by birth, but it continues postnatally.
Collapse
|
41
|
Li M, Wang L, Qiu L, Wang W, Xin L, Xu J, Wang H, Song L. A glutamic acid decarboxylase (CgGAD) highly expressed in hemocytes of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 63:56-65. [PMID: 27208883 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a rate-limiting enzyme to catalyze the reaction converting the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), not only functions in nervous system, but also plays important roles in immunomodulation in vertebrates. However, GAD has rarely been reported in invertebrates, and never in molluscs. In the present study, one GAD homologue (designed as CgGAD) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The full length cDNA of CgGAD was 1689 bp encoding a polypeptide of 562 amino acids containing a conserved pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain. CgGAD mRNA and protein could be detected in ganglion and hemocytes of oysters, and their abundance in hemocytes was unexpectedly much higher than those in ganglion. More importantly, CgGAD was mostly located in those granulocytes without phagocytic capacity in oysters, and could dynamically respond to LPS stimulation. Further, after being transfected into HEK293 cells, CgGAD could promote the production of GABA. Collectively, these findings suggested that CgGAD, as a GABA synthase and molecular marker of GABAergic system, was mainly distributed in hemocytes and ganglion and involved in neuroendocrine-immune regulation network in oysters, which also provided a novel insight to the co-evolution between nervous system and immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kapolowicz MR, Thompson LT. Acute high-intensity noise induces rapid Arc protein expression but fails to rapidly change GAD expression in amygdala and hippocampus of rats: Effects of treatment with D-cycloserine. Hear Res 2016; 342:69-79. [PMID: 27702572 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a devastating auditory disorder impacting a growing number of people each year. The aims of the current experiment were to assess neuronal mechanisms involved in the initial plasticity after traumatic noise exposure that could contribute to the emergence of tinnitus and to test a potential pharmacological treatment to alter this early neural plasticity. Specifically, this study addressed rapid effects of acute noise trauma on amygdalo-hippocampal circuitry, characterizing biomarkers of both excitation and inhibition in these limbic regions, and compared them to expression of these same markers in primary auditory cortex shortly after acute noise trauma. To assess excitatory plasticity, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein expression was evaluated in male rats 45 min after bilateral exposure to acute high-intensity noise (16 kHz, 115 dB SPL, for 1 h), sufficient to cause acute cochlear trauma, a common cause of tinnitus in humans and previously shown sufficient to induce tinnitus in rat models of this auditory neuropathology. Western blot analyses confirmed that up-regulation of amygdalo-hippocampal Arc expression occurred rapidly post-noise trauma, corroborating several lines of evidence from our own and other laboratories indicating that limbic brain structures, i.e. outside of the classical auditory pathways, exhibit plasticity early in the initiation of tinnitus. Western blot analyses revealed no noise-induced changes in amygdalo-hippocampal expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme required for GABAergic inhibition. No changes in either Arc or GAD protein expression were observed in primary auditory cortex in this immediate post-noise exposure period, confirming other reports that auditory cortical plasticity may not occur until later in the development of tinnitus. As a further control, our experiments compared Arc protein expression between groups exposed to the quiet background of a sound-proof chamber to those exposed not only to the traumatic noise described above, but also to an intermediate, non-traumatic noise level (70 dB SPL) for the same duration in each of these three brain regions. We found that non-traumatic noise did not up-regulate Arc protein expression in these brain regions. To see if changes in Arc expression due to acute traumatic noise exposure were stress-related, we compared circulating serum corticosterone in controls and rats exposed to traumatic noise at the time when changes in Arc were observed, and found no significant differences in this stress hormone in our experimental conditions. Finally, the ability of D-cycloserine (DCS; an NMDA-receptor NR1 partial agonist) to reduce or prevent the noise trauma-related plastic changes in the biomarker, Arc, was tested. D-cycloserine prevented traumatic noise-induced up-regulation of Arc protein expression in amygdala but not in hippocampus, suggesting that DCS alone is not fully effective in eliminating regionally-specific early plastic changes after traumatic noise exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Kapolowicz
- Behavioral & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800W. Campbell Rd., BSB 14, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - L T Thompson
- Behavioral & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800W. Campbell Rd., BSB 14, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A single low dose of valproic acid in late prenatal life alters postnatal behavior and glutamic acid decarboxylase levels in the mouse. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:190-8. [PMID: 27498245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rodents exposed to valproic acid (VPA) in prenatal life exhibit post-natal characteristics analogous to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many previous studies used relatively high doses of VPA during early pregnancy, potentially confounding interpretation because the offspring are the 'survivors' of a toxic insult. Low dose or late gestation exposure has not been widely studied. OBJECTIVES We examined the behavioral sequelae of late gestation exposure to low dose VPA in the mouse. We also examined postnatal levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) as markers for GABA neurons, because GABA pathology and subsequent excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is strongly implicated in ASD. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6N mice received a single subcutaneous injection of 100 or 200mg/kg on gestation day 17. The control group received a saline injection on the same day. The offspring were tested in a battery of behavioral tests in adolescence and adulthood. Six brain regions were harvested and GAD65 and GAD67 were measured by western blotting. RESULTS Compared to saline-exposed controls, adult mice exposed to prenatal VPA had impaired novel object exploration and fear conditioning anomalies. GAD67 was decreased in midbrain, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and increased in cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum; GAD65 was decreased in all 6 regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a low dose of VPA in late pregnancy has persistent effects on brain development, and in particular the GABA system, which may be relevant to ASD. Further attention to the impact of gestation time and dose of exposure in VPA-induced ASD models is encouraged.
Collapse
|
44
|
Santana N, Artigas F. Expression of Serotonin2CReceptors in Pyramidal and GABAergic Neurons of Rat Prefrontal Cortex: A Comparison with Striatum. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:3125-3139. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
45
|
Zhang MD, Barde S, Szodorai E, Josephson A, Mitsios N, Watanabe M, Attems J, Lubec G, Kovács GG, Uhlén M, Mulder J, Harkany T, Hökfelt T. Comparative anatomical distribution of neuronal calcium-binding protein (NECAB) 1 and -2 in rodent and human spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:3803-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Jamiu ZA, Al-Muallem HA, Ali SA. A glutamic acid-based polymer keeping intact the integrity of all the three original functionalities of the amino acid. Des Monomers Polym 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyah A. Jamiu
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan A. Al-Muallem
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikh A. Ali
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yoo JH, Ha TW, Hong JT, Oh KW. Rhynchophylline, One of Major Constituents ofUncariae Ramulus et UncusEnhances Pentobarbital-induced Sleep Behaviors and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2016.22.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The alternate cyclocopolymerization of a glutamic acid-based monomer and SO2led to a pH-responsive polydianionic electrolyte (PDE) which is used to construct a recyclable aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and found to be an effective antiscalant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyah A. Jamiu
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikh A. Ali
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Su L, Huang Y, Wu J. Enhanced production of recombinant Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase through optimization of induction strategy and addition of pyridoxine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:63-69. [PMID: 26364229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the optimization of recombinant Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) production from engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) in a 3-L fermentor. Investigation of different induction strategies revealed that induction was optimal when the temperature was maintained at 30°C, the inducer (lactose) was fed at a rate of 0.2 g L(-1)h(-1), and protein expression was induced when the cell density (OD600) reached 50. Under these conditions, the GAD activity of 1273.8 U mL(-1) was achieved. Because GAD is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, the effect of supplementing the medium with pyridoxine hydrochloride (PN), a cheap and stable PLP precursor, on GAD production was also investigated. When the culture medium was supplemented with PN to a concentration of 2mM at the initiation of protein expression, and then again 10h later, the GAD activity reached 3193.4 U mL(-1), which represented the highest GAD production ever reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Moinuddin, Ansari NA, Shahab U, Habeeb S, Ahmad S. Immuno-chemistry of hydroxyl radical modified GAD-65: A possible role in experimental and human diabetes mellitus. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:746-56. [PMID: 26362234 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of known auto-antigens is limited to a very small proportion of all human proteins, and the reason why only some proteins become auto-antigens is unclear. The 65 kDa isoform of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) is a major auto-antigen in type I diabetes, and in various neurological diseases. Most patients with type I diabetes (70-80%) have auto-antibodies against GAD-65, which often appear years before clinical onset of the autoimmune diabetes. Thus, the aim of the study is to focus on the immunogenicity of GAD65 and its reactive oxygen species (ROS) conformer in STZ-induced diabetic rats and on human diabetic patients. In the present study, GAD-65 was modified by hydroxyl radical following Fenton's reaction. The modifications in the structure of the GAD-65 are supported by UV-vis and fluorescence spectral studies. Immunogenicity of both native and hydroxyl radical modified GAD-65 (ROS-GAD-65) was studied in experimental rabbits and was confirmed by inducing type I diabetes in experimental male albino rats using streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). We found that ROS-GAD-65 was a better immunogen as compared to the native GAD-65. A considerable high binding to ROS-GAD-65 was observed as compared to native GAD-65 in both the serum antibodies from diabetes animal models and as well as in the serum samples of type I diabetes. Hydrogen peroxide under the exposure of UV light produces hydroxyl radical (·OH) which is most potent oxidant, and could cause protein damage (GAD-65) to the extent of generating neo-epitopes on the molecule, thus making it immunogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Nadeem A Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Uzma Shahab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.,Department of Biochemistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Safia Habeeb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.,Department of Bio-Sciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| |
Collapse
|