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Chefer VI, Thompson AC, Zapata A, Shippenberg TS. Overview of brain microdialysis. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2009; Chapter 7:Unit7.1. [PMID: 19340812 PMCID: PMC2953244 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0701s47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The technique of microdialysis enables sampling and collecting of small-molecular-weight substances from the interstitial space. It is a widely used method in neuroscience and is one of the few techniques available that permits quantification of neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones in the behaving animal. More recently, it has been used in tissue preparations for quantification of neurotransmitter release. This unit provides a brief review of the history of microdialysis and its general application in the neurosciences. The authors review the theoretical principles underlying the microdialysis process, methods available for estimating extracellular concentration from dialysis samples (i.e., relative recovery), the various factors that affect the estimate of in vivo relative recovery, and the importance of determining in vivo relative recovery to data interpretation. Several areas of special note, including impact of tissue trauma on the interpretation of microdialysis results, are discussed. Step-by-step instructions for the planning and execution of conventional and quantitative microdialysis experiments are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Chefer
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Darbin O, Carre E, Naritoku D, Risso JJ, Lonjon M, Patrylo PR. Glucose metabolites in the striatum of freely behaving rats following infusion of elevated potassium. Brain Res 2006; 1116:127-31. [PMID: 16979147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be predicted by the extracellular potassium concentration and the change in energy homeostasis. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of high potassium concentrations on extracellular levels of glucose, pyruvate and lactate in the rat striatum. Applying artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) enriched with 120 mM potassium by reverse microdialysis leads to an increase in lactate and reduction in glucose and pyruvate. Consequently, the lactate to pyruvate ratio was also increased. These data are discussed in the context of recent studies on lactate/pyruvate conversion and the potential mechanisms whereby high potassium could affect this equilibrium. We conclude that ischemic-like events are unlikely to explain these K(+)-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Abstract
The technique of microdialysis enables the monitoring of neurotransmitters and other molecules in the extracellular environment. This method has undergone several modifications and is now widely used for sampling and quantitating neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones in the brain and periphery. This unit describes the principles of conventional and quantitative microdialysis as well as strategies in designing a dialysis experiment. It establishes the groundwork for the basic techniques of preparation, conduct, and analysis of dialysis experiments in rodents and subhuman primates. Although the methods described are those used for monitoring CNS function, they can be easily applied with minor modification to other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Shippenberg
- NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Schousboe A. Pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects of the developmentally regulated expression of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors: cerebellar granule cells as a model system. Neurochem Int 1999; 34:373-7. [PMID: 10397364 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule neurons can be conveniently kept in culture. They constitute a useful model to study regulation of glutamatergic activity, in particular the inhibitory action of GABA (7-aminobutyrate). GABA exerts an inhibitory action on evoked transmitter release acting on both GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. The functional properties of these receptors are dependent upon the environment of the neurons during early development in culture as the expression of both receptor subtypes is enhanced by exposure of the neurons to GABA(A) receptor agonists. Thus, the inducible GABA(A) receptors are of low affinity and lack benzodiazepine sensitivity, and the G-protein coupling differs among the native and the inducible GABA(B) receptors. Moreover, the GABA(A) and the GABA(B) receptors are functionally coupled, leading to a disinhibitory action of GABA. Therefore drugs exhibiting selective agonist or antagonist action on subclasses of GABA(A) and GABA(B) may be of potential use as regulators of glutamatergic excitatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schousboe
- PharmaBiotec Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen.
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Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Fr∅lund B, Kristiansen U, Frydenvang K, Ebert B. GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists, partial agonists, antagonists and modulators: design and therapeutic prospects. Eur J Pharm Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(97)10009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Juhász G, Kékesi KA, Nyitrai G, Dobolyi A, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Schousboe A. Differential effects of nipecotic acid and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol on extracellular gamma-aminobutyrate levels in rat thalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 331:139-44. [PMID: 9274972 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the microdialysis technique and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) determination of amino acids, the extracellular concentrations of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamate, aspartate and a number of other amino acids were determined in rat thalamus during infusion through the microdialysis tubing of the GABA transport inhibitors 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol (THPO) and nipecotic acid. Administration of 5.0 mM THPO led to a 200% increase in the extracellular GABA concentration. Simultaneous infusion of THPO and GABA (50 microM) increased the extracellular GABA concentration to 1200% of the basal level whereas GABA alone was found to increase the GABA level to 500%. If nipecotic acid (0.5 mM) was administered together with GABA (50 microM) the extracellular concentration of GABA was not increased further. While administration of GABA alone or GABA together with nipecotic acid had no effect on the extracellular levels of glutamate and aspartate it was found that GABA plus THPO increased the extracellular concentration of these amino acids. GABA administered alone or together with nipecotic acid or THPO led to relatively small but significant increases in the extracellular concentrations of the amino acids glycine, glutamine, serine and threonine. The results demonstrate that THPO, which preferentially inhibits glial GABA uptake and which is not a substrate for the GABA carriers, was more efficient increasing the extracellular concentration of GABA than nipocotic acid which is a substrate and an inhibitor of both neuronal and glial GABA uptake. This indicates that GABA uptake inhibitors that are not substrates for the carrier and which preferentially inhibit glial GABA uptake may constitute a group of drugs by which the efficacy of GABAergic neurotransmission may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Juhász
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Eötvös Lorano University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Svarna R, Georgopoulos A, Palaiologos G. Effectors of D-[3H]aspartate release from rat cerebellum. Neurochem Res 1996; 21:603-8. [PMID: 8726969 DOI: 10.1007/bf02527759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), NH4+, phenylsuccinate (Phs), ketone bodies (KB) and glutamine (Gln), that might interfere with the biosynthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate on the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of D-[3H]aspartate from rat cerebellar slices was studied. Therefore slices were preincubated in a Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate-glucose (KR) buffer, loaded with D-[3H]aspartate and superfused in the presence of Ca2+ or when Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+ or in some cases by EGTA. AOAA, NH4+ and Phs increase the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of radioactivity by 30%, 68% and 188% compared to the control respectively indicating that these agents are inhibitors of the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate. KB and Gln had no effect on the Ca(2+)-dependent release of radioactivity. AOAA, NH4+, Phs and KB but not Gln increase the total release of radioactivity by 43%, 69%, 139%, and 37% respectively. AOAA, NH4+ and KB but not Phs or Gln increase the Ca(2+)-independent release (Mg2+ replacing Ca2+) of radioactivity by 71%, 71% and 108% respectively. The present results indicate that in the cerebellum: 1) Neurotransmitter glutamate is mostly synthesized through the phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG) reaction 2) It is further supported that glutamate released in Ca(2+)-dependent manner before entering its pool in the cytosol has to move into the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Svarna
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Brailowsky S, Montiel T, Meneses S, Di Scala G. Effects of GABAB receptor antagonists on two models of focal epileptogenesis. Brain Res 1995; 702:126-32. [PMID: 8846067 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of two GABAB receptor antagonists (phaclofen and CGP-35348) were studied in two types of epileptogenic activity: that produced by intracortical injections of baclofen and that appearing after withdrawal of chronic intracerebral GABA infusion (the GABA-withdrawal syndrome, GWS). Intracortical baclofen induced two types of electrographic paroxysmal discharges: one consisting of single spike-and-wave (pattern I) and another of polyspike-and-wave patterns (pattern II). Both patterns showed similar latencies and temporal evolution of spike frequency discharges. Phaclofen, applied directly into the baclofen-induced epileptogenic focus, suppressed pattern II but was ineffective in modifying both pattern I and the GWS. CGP-35348, administered systemically, inhibited both patterns I and II. Intracortical microinjection of baclofen or phaclofen in rats showing a GWS had no effect, nor the systematically given CGP 35348. These results indicate a differential participation of GABAB receptors in GABA-related epileptic syndromes of cortical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brailowsky
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. sbrailow@ifcsun 1.ifisiol.unam.mx
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Tzavara E, Svarna R, Palaiologos G. Haloperidol reduces K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent D-[3H]aspartate release from rat hippocampal slices. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:17-22. [PMID: 7739754 DOI: 10.1007/bf00995147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rat hippocampal slices preloaded with D-[3H]aspartate, a non metabolizable analogue of L-glutamate, were superfused with artificial CSF. Depolarization was induced by 53.5 mM K+, in the presence of Ca2+ (1.3 mM) or Mg2+ (5 mM) to determine the Ca2+ dependent release. Haloperidol added in the superfusion medium at 100 microM reduced by about 60% the Ca2+ dependent release of D-[3H]aspartate. This drug at 20 microM or 100 microM inhibited the non-activated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) but had no effect on GDH activated by ADP (2 mM) or leucine (5 mM). In addition no effect was observed on phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG) in the presence either of 20 mM or 5 mM phosphate. These results indicate that the effect of haloperidol is exerted on presynaptic mechanisms regulating neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tzavara
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School University of Athens, Greece
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Georgopoulos A, Svarna R, Palaiologos G. Regulatory sites and effectors of D-[3H]aspartate release from rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:45-9. [PMID: 7739758 DOI: 10.1007/bf00995151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of agents interfering with the biosynthesis and/or the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of neurotransmitter glutamate, rat cerebral slices were preincubated with Krebs-Ringer-HEPES-glucose-glutamine buffer (KRH buffer), loaded with D-[3H]aspartate and superfused with the preincubation medium in the presence or in the absence of Ca2+. The difference in radioactivity release divided by the basal release per min under the two conditions represented the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release. The agents used were: 1) Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), the inhibitor of transaminases, 2) Leucine (Leu), the inhibitor of phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG), 3) NH4+, the inhibitor of PAG, 4) Phenylsuccinic acid (Phs), the inhibitor of the mitochondrial ketodicarboxylate carrier, 5) ketone bodies, the inhibitors of glycolysis, 6) the absence of glutamine, the substrate of PAG. The results show that Leu, NH4+, Phs and the absence of Gln significantly increase the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of radioactivity by 64%, 200%, 95% and 147% respectively, indicating that these agents are inhibitors of the K(+)-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate. Ketone bodies and AOAA had no effect. These results indicate that the major if not the exclusive biosynthetic pathway of neurotransmitter glutamate in rat cerebral cortex is through the PAG reaction and support a model for the pathway followed by neurotransmitter glutamate i.e. glutamate formed outside the inner mitochondrial membrane has to enter the mitochondrial matrix or is formed within it from where it can be extruded to supply the transmitter pool in exchange of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Georgopoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Kardos J, Elster L, Damgaard I, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Schousboe A. Role of GABAB receptors in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and possible interaction between GABAA and GABAB receptors in regulation of transmitter release in cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurosci Res 1994; 39:646-55. [PMID: 7897700 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490390604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of GABAB receptors in cultured mouse cerebellar granule cells was investigated in binding experiments using [3H](S,R)-baclofen as well as in functional assessment of the ability of (R)-baclofen to interact with depolarization (15-40 mM KCl) coupled changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and neurotransmitter release. In the latter case a possible functional coupling between GABAA and GABAB receptors was investigated. The binding studies showed that the granule cells express specific binding sites for (R)-baclofen. The number of binding sites could be increased by exposure of the cells to the GABAA receptor agonist THIP (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol) during the culture period. Pretreatment of the neurons with pertussis toxin showed that the GABAB receptors are coupled to G-proteins. This coupling was, however, less pronounced when the cells had been cultured in the presence of THIP. When 45Ca2+ uptake was measured or the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) determined using the fluorescent Ca2+ chelator Fluo-3 it could be demonstrated that culturing the neurons in THIP influences intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Moreover, this homeostasis was found to be functionally coupled to the GABAB receptors as (R)-baclofen inhibited depolarization-induced increases in 45Ca2+ uptake and [Ca2+]i. (R)-Baclofen also inhibited K(+)-induced transmitter release from the neurons as monitored by the use of [3H]D-aspartate which labels the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate. Using the selective GABAA receptor agonist isoguvacine it could be demonstrated that the GABAB receptors are functionally coupled to GABAA receptors in the neurons leading to a disinhibitory action of GABAB receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kardos
- Department of Biological Sciences, PharmaBiotec Research Center, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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Lyden PD, Hedges B. Protective effect of synaptic inhibition during cerebral ischemia in rats and rabbits. Stroke 1992; 23:1463-9; discussion 1469-70. [PMID: 1357785 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.23.10.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excitatory neurotransmitters appear to cause cell death during ischemia by inducing depolarization, influx of ions, and metabolic failure in the postsynaptic neuron. If this hypothesis is correct, then postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of metabolism may be protective. Antagonists of the excitotoxic amino acid glutamate protect neurons in culture and in animal models of stroke but appear to cause unacceptable side effects in humans. We propose an alternative strategy of protection using agonists of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. METHODS We caused multifocal cerebral ischemia in rats and rabbits by injecting microspheres into the carotid circulation. We administered saline, muscimol, or MK-801 within 5 minutes of stroke onset. We used a bioassay to measure outcome. In rats, we also used learning to assess cortical function, and we performed detailed quantitative brain morphometry 3 months after infarction. RESULTS Using the bioassay, we found that muscimol exerted a protective effect in rats (p less than 0.01). There was a dose-response effect seen in muscimol-treated rabbits. Rats treated with muscimol or MK-801 exhibited significantly better visual-spatial learning compared with saline-treated subjects (p less than 0.001). Hemisphere volume after ischemia was comparable in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Agonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid and antagonists of glutamate appear to protect brain during ischemia. Since agonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid are known to have fewer side effects in humans, they may prove more useful in the clinical setting as neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Lyden
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernath
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, PA 15260
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Christensen T, Bruhn T, Diemer NH, Schousboe A. Effect of phenylsuccinate on potassium- and ischemia-induced release of glutamate in rat hippocampus monitored by microdialysis. Neurosci Lett 1991; 134:71-4. [PMID: 1687703 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90511-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular concentration of glutamate in rat hippocampus during physiological conditions, elevated extracellular K+ and global ischemia was followed by microdialysis and subsequent determination of glutamate by HPLC. The effect of phenylsuccinate, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier, was studied. It was found that while phenylsuccinate had no effect on the extracellular glutamate concentration during perfusion under physiological and ischemic conditions, the potassium-induced increase in the extracellular glutamate concentration was totally blocked by phenylsuccinate. Ischemia led to a pronounced glutamate overflow. The finding that phenylsuccinate could inhibit potassium-induced glutamate release into the extracellular space but not that induced by ischemia suggests that glutamate released under these conditions originates from different pools. Since glutamate released by a depolarizing concentration of potassium is likely to originate primarily from the transmitter pool, the ischemia-induced glutamate overflow may primarily be released from both the transmitter and the metabolic pool. This is compatible with the previous finding that phenylsuccinate specifically prevents biosynthesis of transmitter glutamate leaving the metabolic glutamate pool unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Christensen
- PharmaBiotec Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Beani L, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T, Ferraro L, Morari M, Spalluto P, Nordberg A, Bianchi C. Effect of acute and subchronic nicotine treatment on cortical efflux of [3H]-D-aspartate and endogenous GABA in freely moving guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104:15-20. [PMID: 1664759 PMCID: PMC1908294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The [3H]-D-aspartate preloading of the parietal cortex of freely moving guinea-pigs equipped with epidural cups makes it possible to investigate drug effects on the efflux of this radiolabel, assumed as a marker of the glutamatergic structures underlying the cup. In the same model, the efflux of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]-GABA) and endogenous GABA can be measured. 2. Nicotine, 0.9-3.6 mg kg-1, s.c., or 3-5 micrograms, i.c.v., increased the efflux of [3H]-D-aspartate but reduced that of GABA. 3. These effects were mediated through mecamylamine-sensitive receptors but the ganglionic blocking agent was devoid of any primary activity. 4. The inhibition of GABA efflux induced by nicotine 3.6 mg kg-1, s.c., was abolished by methysergide 2 mg kg-1, i.p. and was reduced by naloxone 3 mg kg-1, i.p. pretreatment, suggesting the involvement of tryptaminergic and opioid systems. In contrast, muscarinic and catecholamine antagonists were ineffective. 5. Chronic treatment with nicotine (3.6 mg kg-1, twice daily for 16 days) reduced the facilitatory effect of [3H]-D-aspartate and abolished the inhibition of endogenous GABA efflux. 6. A slight increase in the number of nicotinic binding sites (by use of [3H]-nicotine as ligand) was found in the neocortex of chronically treated guinea-pigs. 7. The higher degree of tolerance to chronic nicotine treatment shown by GABA as compared with [3H]-D-aspartate efflux suggests that adaptative changes of the inhibitory neuronal pools prevail. This may contribute to the reinforcing and addictive properties of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Johansen FF, Diemer NH. Enhancement of GABA neurotransmission after cerebral ischemia in the rat reduces loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 84:1-6. [PMID: 1656687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased excitation may be involved in the development of delayed CA1 pyramidal cell death in hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia. Therefore we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of the GABA uptake inhibitor, R-(-)-1-(4,4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl)-3-piperidine carboxylic acid (No-328), in a rat cerebral ischemia model of delayed CA1 pyramidal cell death. No-328 in doses of 36 mg/kg given 30 min before, and 1, 24, 48 and 72 h after ischemia significantly reduced the CA1 neuron loss. Doses of 50 mg/kg of No-328 given immediately before, 24 h and 48 h after ischemia, also reduced the CA1 neuron loss significantly. Furthermore, we demonstrated that postischemic treatment with diazepam (4 x 15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the CA1 neuron loss. However, postischemic treatment with several doses (5 x 12 mg/kg) of the GABA analog, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP), offered no CA1 neuron protection when given alone, but when administrated together with diazepam (4 x 15 mg/kg) it significantly reduced the CA1 neuron loss. We conclude that enhancement of postischemic GABA neurotransmission, during the first 2-3 days after ischemia, may reduce the ischemic CA1 damage through a continuous increase in hippocampal GABA extracellular levels (No-328), or through an increase in sensitivity to GABA neurotransmission (diazepam).
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Johansen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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