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Flori E, Cavallo A, Mosca S, Kovacs D, Cota C, Zaccarini M, Di Nardo A, Bottillo G, Maiellaro M, Camera E, Cardinali G. JAK/STAT Inhibition Normalizes Lipid Composition in 3D Human Epidermal Equivalents Challenged with Th2 Cytokines. Cells 2024; 13:760. [PMID: 38727296 PMCID: PMC11083560 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Derangement of the epidermal barrier lipids and dysregulated immune responses are key pathogenic features of atopic dermatitis (AD). The Th2-type cytokines interleukin IL-4 and IL-13 play a prominent role in AD by activating the Janus Kinase/Signal Transduction and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) intracellular signaling axis. This study aimed to investigate the role of JAK/STAT in the lipid perturbations induced by Th2 signaling in 3D epidermal equivalents. Tofacitinib, a low-molecular-mass JAK inhibitor, was used to screen for JAK/STAT-mediated deregulation of lipid metabolism. Th2 cytokines decreased the expression of elongases 1, 3, and 4 and serine-palmitoyl-transferase and increased that of sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase and carbonic anhydrase 2. Th2 cytokines inhibited the synthesis of palmitoleic acid and caused depletion of triglycerides, in association with altered phosphatidylcholine profiles and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Overall, the ceramide profiles were minimally affected. Except for most sphingolipids and very-long-chain FAs, the effects of Th2 on lipid pathways were reversed by co-treatment with tofacitinib. An increase in the mRNA levels of CPT1A and ACAT1, reduced by tofacitinib, suggests that Th2 cytokines promote FA beta-oxidation. In conclusion, pharmacological inhibition of JAK/STAT activation prevents the lipid disruption caused by the halted homeostasis of FA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessia Cavallo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Grazia Bottillo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Miriam Maiellaro
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.D.N.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.C.)
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Liu H, Ming S. Causal Relationship Between Blood Triglyceride Levels and Age Spots: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:3121-3128. [PMID: 37927386 PMCID: PMC10625373 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s431276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study examined the association between blood triglyceride (TG) levels (TLIB) and age spots (AS). Methods We acquired data from the Mendelian randomization (MR) Base database and evaluated the causal association between TLIB and AS. Results From genome-wide association studies, we selected 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with TLIB and AS. The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) and weighted median estimation methods showed that TLIB had a protective effect on AS (IVW: β=-0.214, P=0.019, odds ratio [OR]=0.807, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.674-0.966; weighted median: β=-0.277, P=0.032, OR=0.758, 95% CI=0.589-0.977). However, the MR-Egger analysis suggested no causal association (β=-0.234, P=0.085, OR=0.792, 95% CI=0.612-1.024). The greater precision of the weighted median estimation and IVW suggests that our results support a potential causal association between TLIB and AS. Conclusion The MR analysis proved that TLIB has a protective effect against AS and that triglycerides have potential preventive and therapeutic effects against AS. However, the specific dose-effect relationship requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning, 530011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaopeng Ming
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People’s Republic of China
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Kong Z, Li B, Zhou C, He Q, Zheng Y, Tan Z. Multi-Omics Analysis of Mammary Metabolic Changes in Dairy Cows Exposed to Hypoxia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:764135. [PMID: 34722715 PMCID: PMC8553012 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.764135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure can cause a series of physiological and biochemical reactions in the organism and cells. Our previous studies found the milk fat rate increased significantly in hypoxic dairy cows, however, its specific metabolic mechanism is unclear. In this experiment, we explored and verified the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation based on the apparent and omics results of animal experiments and in vitro cell model. The results revealed that hypoxia exposure was associated with the elevation of AGPAT2-mediated glycerophospholipid metabolism. These intracellular metabolic disorders consequently led to the lipid disorders associated with apoptosis. Our findings update the existing understanding of increased adaptability of dairy cows exposure to hypoxia at the metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Kong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Nornal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Nornal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Liang Y, Zhang H, Cai Z. New insights into the cellular mechanism of triclosan-induced dermal toxicity from a combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143976. [PMID: 33310578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial chemical, has been widely used in consumer goods and personal care products. Despite skin is the crucial entry of TCS into human body, previous studies mainly focused on the potential health risks after TCS absorption. Considering in vivo evidences have indicated that topical use of TCS could lead to serious skin lesions, it is thus in urgent need to unveil the underlying mechanisms of dermal toxicity caused by TCS application. In this study, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and lipidomics were applied to investigate TCS-induced changes of endogenous small molecular metabolites and lipids in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Metabolic biomarker analysis revealed that TCS exposure was associated with the elevation of purine and glutathione metabolism, down-regulation of amino acid metabolism and dysregulation of lipid metabolism in keratinocytes. These intracellular metabolic disorders consequently led to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of ammonia. TCS-induced oxidative stress was further validated in human HaCaT cells, functioning as the crucial factor for the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that triggered inflammation and lipid disturbances related to cell apoptosis. Our findings update the existing understanding of skin health risks of TCS application at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Biosensing methods for determination of triglycerides: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:214-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Narwal V, Pundir C. An improved amperometric triglyceride biosensor based on co-immobilization of nanoparticles of lipase, glycerol kinase and glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase onto pencil graphite electrode. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 100:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Wound healing can be problematic in several clinical settings because of massive tissue injury (burns), wound healing deficiencies (chronic wounds), or congenital conditions and diseases. Engineered skin substitutes have been developed to address the medical need for wound coverage and tissue repair. Currently, no engineered skin substitute can replace all of the functions of intact human skin. A variety of biologic dressings and skin substitutes have however contributed to improved outcomes for patients suffering from acute and chronic wounds. These include acellular biomaterials and composite cultured skin analogs containing allogeneic or autologous cultured skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M Supp
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati Burns Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Rehder J, Souto LRM, Issa CMBM, Puzzi MB. Model of human epidermis reconstructed in vitro with keratinocytes and melanocytes on dead de-epidermized human dermis. SAO PAULO MED J 2004; 122:22-5. [PMID: 15160523 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802004000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent progress in the field of epithelial culture techniques has allowed the development of culture systems in which the reconstructed epidermis presents characteristics of morphological differentiation similar to those seen in vivo. Human epidermis reconstructed in vitro may be used as the best alternative for the in vitro testing of the toxicology and efficiency of products for topical use, as well as in the treatment of skin burns and chronic skin ulcers. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a method for obtaining human epidermis reconstructed in vitro, using keratinocytes and melanocytes cultivated on dead de-epidermized human dermis. TYPE OF STUDY Experimental/laboratory. SETTING Skin Cell Culture Laboratory of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. PROCEDURE Human keratinocytes and melanocytes cultured in vitro were grown on a biological matrix (dead de-epidermized human dermis) and the system was kept at an air-liquid interface, in a suitable culturing medium, until a stratified human epidermis was formed, maintaining the histological characteristics of the epidermis in vivo. RESULTS It was histologically demonstrated that it is possible to reproduce a differentiated epidermis through keratinocytes and melanocytes cultured on dead de-epidermized human dermis, thus obtaining a correctly positioned human epidermis reconstructed in vitro with functional keratinocytes and melanocytes that is similar to in vivo epidermis. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to obtain a completely differentiated human epidermis reconstructed in vitro from keratinocyte and melanocyte cultures on a dead de-epidermized human dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara Rehder
- Skin Cell Culture Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Corsini E, Sheasgreen J, Marinovich M, Galli CL. Use of differential display-polymerase chain reaction to identify genes selectively modulated by chemical allergens in reconstituted human epidermis. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:427-31. [PMID: 12110282 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the screening of topical drugs, cosmetics and other chemicals for human use, it is very important, both from a safety and an economic point of view, to have biological markers to discriminate irritant and allergic contact dermatitis that have different impacts on human health. Owing to their anatomical location, keratinocytes are among the first cells to be exposed to various antigens and the use of these cells as a simplified in vitro model to evaluate the potential toxicity of chemicals destined for cutaneous application is amply justified. The purpose of this work was to identify new genes selectively modulated by skin toxicants. Commercially available reconstituted human epidermis (Epiderm) was treated for 18 h with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 0.4 mg/ml, as reference irritant, or with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) 0.2 mg/ml, as reference allergen, or with vehicle control. Differential display PCR (DD-PCR) was performed. Results identified adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) as up-regulated by both irritant and allergen, and KIAA0368 as selectively up-regulated by contact allergen. These data indicate the enormous potential of functional genomic techniques, which allow the identification of genes not immediately connected with the immune response, or even novel genes with unknown functions, which nevertheless may be potential markers of skin irritation and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Boyce ST, Warden GD. Principles and practices for treatment of cutaneous wounds with cultured skin substitutes. Am J Surg 2002; 183:445-56. [PMID: 11975935 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin substitutes prepared from cultured skin cells and biopolymers may reduce requirements for donor skin autograft, and have been shown to be effective in treatment of excised burns, burn scars, and congenital skin lesions. DATA SOURCES Cultured skin substitutes (CSS) generate skin phenotypes (epidermal barrier, basement membrane) in the laboratory, and restore tissue function and systemic homeostasis. Healed skin is smooth, soft and strong, but develops irregular degrees of pigmentation. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that CSS closes 67 times the area of the donor skin, compared to less than 4 times for split-thickness skin autograft. CONCLUSIONS CSS reduce requirements for donor skin autograft for closure of excised, full-thickness cutaneous wounds, and demonstrate qualitative outcome that is not different from meshed, split-thickness autograft. These results offer reductions in morbidity and mortality for the treatment of burns and chronic wounds, and for cutaneous reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Boyce
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Boyce ST, Supp AP, Swope VB, Warden GD. Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:565-72. [PMID: 11918700 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cultured skin substitutes have become useful as adjunctive treatments for excised, full-thickness burns, but no skin substitutes have the anatomy and physiology of native skin. Hypothetically, deficiencies of structure and function may result, in part, from nutritional deficiencies in culture media. To address this hypothesis, vitamin C was titrated at 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mM in a cultured skin substitute model on filter inserts. Cultured skin substitute inserts were evaluated at 2 and 5 wk for viability by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion. Subsequently, cultured skin substitute grafts consisting of cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts attached to collagen-glycosaminoglycan substrates were incubated for 5 wk in media containing 0.0 mM or 0.1 mM vitamin C, and then grafted to athymic mice. Cultured skin substitutes (n = 3 per group) were evaluated in vitro at 2 wk of incubation for collagen IV, collagen VII, and laminin 5, and through 5 wk for epidermal barrier by surface electrical capacitance. Cultured skin substitutes were grafted to full-thickness wounds in athymic mice (n = 8 per group), evaluated for surface electrical capacitance through 6 wk, and scored for percentage original wound area through 8 wk and for HLA-ABC-positive wounds at 8 wk after grafting. The data show that incubation of cultured skin substitutes in medium containing vitamin C results in greater viability (higher BrdU and MTT), more complete basement membrane development at 2 wk, and better epidermal barrier (lower surface electrical capacitance) at 5 wk in vitro. After grafting, cultured skin substitutes with vitamin C developed functional epidermal barrier earlier, had less wound contraction, and had more HLA-positive wounds at 8 wk than without vitamin C. These results suggest that incubation of cultured skin substitutes in medium containing vitamin C extends cellular viability, promotes formation of epidermal barrier in vitro, and promotes engraftment. Improved anatomy and physiology of cultured skin substitutes that result from nutritional factors in culture media may be expected to improve efficacy in treatment of full-thickness skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Boyce
- Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Boyce
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 3229 Burnet Street, 45229, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Rivier M, Castiel I, Safonova I, Ailhaud G, Michel S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha enhances lipid metabolism in a skin equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:681-7. [PMID: 10733673 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are involved in certain cell types such as adipocytes and hepatocytes, in the control of several pathways of lipid synthesis or catabolism by regulating the gene expression level of key lipid metabolizing enzymes. As the epidermis exhibits an extensive lipid metabolism necessary for the establishment of the barrier function, we have examined the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation in this process. Living skin equivalents were treated with Wy 14,643, a selective peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-alpha ligand, which enhanced greatly the synthesis of membrane coating granules, the organelles specialized in the processing of stratum corneum lipids. Also, the overall stratum corneum neutral lipid content assessed by Oil red O staining was increased. A detailed analysis of the lipid species present in the reconstructed epidermis showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation increased the synthesis of ceramides and cholesterol derivatives, thought to be essential structural components of the permeability barrier. A synergistic effect was observed on lipid synthesis when peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and retinoid X receptor were simultaneously activated by selective ligands. Furthermore, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha led to increased mRNA expression of several key enzymes of ceramide and cholesterol metabolism. An increase of serine-palmitoyl transferase and of beta-glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity was also demonstrated. Altogether, these results show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha is a key transcription factor involved in the control of the epidermal lipid barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rivier
- GALDERMA R&D, Sophia-Antipolis cedex, Valbonne, France
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Stark HJ, Baur M, Breitkreutz D, Mirancea N, Fusenig NE. Organotypic keratinocyte cocultures in defined medium with regular epidermal morphogenesis and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:681-91. [PMID: 10233757 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin equivalents formed by keratinocytes cocultured with fibroblasts embedded in collagen lattices represent promising tools for mechanistic studies of skin physiology, for pharmacotoxicologic testing, and for the use as skin substitutes in wound treatment. Such cultures would be superior in defined media to avoid interference with components of serum or tissue extracts. Here we demonstrate that a defined medium (supplemented keratinocyte defined medium) supports epidermal morphogenesis in organotypic cocultures equally well as serum-containing medium (mixture of Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), as documented by hallmarks of the epidermal phenotype studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In both cases regularly structured, orthokeratinized epithelia evolved with similar kinetics. Morphology in mixture of Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium was slightly hyperplastic, and keratins 1 and 10 synthesis less co-ordinated than in supplemented keratinocyte defined medium, but a consistently inverted sequence of expression of keratins 1 and 10 was found in either medium. The late differentiation markers filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 2e, and transglutaminase 1 corresponded in their typical distribution in upper suprabasal layers. Keratin 16 persisted under both conditions indicating the activated epidermal state. Keratinocyte proliferation was comparable in both media, whereas fibroblast multiplication and proliferation was delayed and reduced in supplemented keratinocyte defined medium. In both media, ultrastructural features of epidermal differentiation as well as reconstitution of a basement membrane occurred similarly. Immature lamellar bodies and cytoplasmatic vacuoles, however, indicated an impaired lipid metabolism in supplemented keratinocyte defined medium. Nevertheless, these defined organotypic cocultures provide a suitable basis for in vitro skin models to study molecular mechanisms of tissue homeostasis and for use in pharmacotoxicologic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Stark
- Division of Differentiation and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Oku H, Yamashita M, Iwasaki H, Chinen I. Further optimization of culture method for rat keratinocytes: titration of glucose and sodium chloride. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999; 35:67-74. [PMID: 10475259 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-999-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study further improved the serum-free method of culturing rat keratinocytes. To obtain the best growth of rat keratinocytes, we modified our previous serum-free medium (MCDB153 based medium), particularly the amounts of glucose and sodium chloride (NaCl). Titration experiments showed the optimal concentration to be 0.8 mM for glucose and 100 mM for NaCl. This modification eliminated the requirement for albumin, which had been essential for colony formation when our previous medium was used. Titration of glucose and NaCl, followed by adjustment of essential amino acids and growth factors, produced a new formulation. More satisfactory and better growth was achieved with the new medium than with the previous medium. Accumulation of monoalkyldiacylglycerol (MADAG) was consistently noted in this study, representing the unusual lipid profile. A tendency toward normalization was, however, noted with the neutral lipid profile of keratinocytes cultivated in the new medium: lower production of MADAG was obtained with the new formulation, rather than the previous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oku
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of The Ryukyus, Okinawa-Ken, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Engineering skin substitutes provides a potential source of advanced therapies for the treatment of acute and chronic wounds. Cultured skin substitutes (CSS) consisting of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts attached to collagen-glycosaminoglycan substrates have been designed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Cell culture techniques follow general principles of primary culture and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage. Biopolymer substrates are fabricated from xenogeneic (bovine) collagen and glycosaminoglycan that are lyophilised for storage until use. At maturity in air-exposed culture, CSS develop an epidermal barrier that is not statistically different from native human skin, as measured by surface electrical capacitance. Preclinical studies in athymic mice show rapid healing, expression of cytokines and regulation of pigmentation. Clinical studies in burn patients demonstrate a qualitative outcome with autologous skin that is not different from 1:4 meshed, split-thickness autograft skin, and with a quantitative advantage over autograft skin in the ratio of healed skin to biopsy areas. Chronic wounds resulting from diabetes or venous stasis have been closed successfully with allogeneic CSS prepared from cryopreserved skin cells. These results define the therapeutic benefits of cultured skin substitutes prepared with skin cells from the patient or from cadaver donors. Future directions include genetic modification of transplanted cells to improve wound healing transiently or to deliver gene products systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Boyce
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Boyce
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, and Shriners Burns Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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