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Du S, Murray RL. Road salt pollution alters sex ratios in emerging mosquito populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122203. [PMID: 37453680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
De-icing road salt is a persistent emerging pollutant in temperate freshwater systems, where winter salting is necessary for road and pedestrian safety. Experts argue that road salts may increase salt-tolerant mosquito populations and, potentially, disease transmission in urban areas. Only adult females consume bloodmeals and may carry zoonotic diseases. While there are some species with naturally occurring male-biased sex ratios, it is unclear whether road salt differentially affects male and female mosquitoes to alter sex ratios. We hypothesized that road salts would masculinize emergence sex ratios and decrease female success because females may face higher exposure to stressors during their lengthy juvenile development compared to males. We measured mosquito emergence sex ratios of control (0 g/L added salt) and salt (4.5 g/L added salt) mesocosms in southern Ontario, Canada across the West Nile Virus season (May to October). We found female-biased sex ratios (i.e., <50% male frequency) in both 0 and 4.5 g/L. While mosquito abundance was significantly higher in 4.5 g/L compared to 0 g/L, road salt significantly increased the proportion of emerging males from 32.8% to 40.8% (Negative Binomial Model; Estimate ± SE = 0.283 ± 0.108; P = 0.009); mosquitoes shift their sex ratios from female-biased towards parity (50:50) in response to salt. Our study illustrates the need to evaluate sex-specific abundance in pollution-related mosquito population studies. By showing a shift toward more male mosquitoes emerging in high salinity compared to control treatments, our results suggest that road salts may have the potential to decrease female mosquito success and indirectly reduce disease transmission in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Du
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Rosalind L Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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2
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Kelly CD, Gwynne DT. Effect of body condition on mobility and mating success in a wild population of the scramble polygynous Cook Strait giant weta. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Gergely R, Tökölyi J. Resource availability modulates the effect of body size on reproductive development. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9722. [PMID: 36620418 PMCID: PMC9817193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Within-species variation in animal body size predicts major differences in life history, for example, in reproductive development, fecundity, and even longevity. Purely from an energetic perspective, large size could entail larger energy reserves, fuelling different life functions, such as reproduction and survival (the "energy reserve" hypothesis). Conversely, larger body size could demand more energy for maintenance, and larger individuals might do worse in reproduction and survival under resource shortage (the "energy demand" hypothesis). Disentangling these alternative hypotheses is difficult because large size often correlates with better resource availability during growth, which could mask direct effects of body size on fitness traits. Here, we used experimental body size manipulation in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra oligactis, coupled with manipulation of resource (food) availability to separate direct effects of body size from resource availability on fitness traits (sexual development time, fecundity, and survival). We found significant interaction between body size and food availability in sexual development time in both males and females, such that large individuals responded less strongly to variation in resource availability. These results are consistent with an energy reserve effect of large size in Hydra. Surprisingly, the response was different in males and females: small and starved females delayed their reproduction, while small and starved males developed reproductive organs faster. In case of fecundity and survival, both size and food availability had significant effects, but we detected no interaction between them. Our observations suggest that in Hydra, small individuals are sensitive to fluctuations in resource availability, but these small individuals are able to adjust their reproductive development to maintain fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Gergely
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- Pál Juhász‐Nagy Doctoral SchoolUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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4
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Mollet FM, Enberg K, Boukal DS, Rijnsdorp AD, Dieckmann U. An evolutionary explanation of female-biased sexual size dimorphism in North Sea plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e8070. [PMID: 36733451 PMCID: PMC9885137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is caused by differences in selection pressures and life-history trade-offs faced by males and females. Proximate causes of SSD may involve sex-specific mortality, energy acquisition, and energy expenditure for maintenance, reproductive tissues, and reproductive behavior. Using a quantitative, individual-based, eco-genetic model parameterized for North Sea plaice, we explore the importance of these mechanisms for female-biased SSD, under which males are smaller and reach sexual maturity earlier than females (common among fish, but also arising in arthropods and mammals). We consider two mechanisms potentially serving as ultimate causes: (a) Male investments in male reproductive behavior might evolve to detract energy resources that would otherwise be available for somatic growth, and (b) diminishing returns on male reproductive investments might evolve to reduce energy acquisition. In general, both of these can bring about smaller male body sizes. We report the following findings. First, higher investments in male reproductive behavior alone cannot explain the North Sea plaice SSD. This is because such higher reproductive investments require increased energy acquisition, which would cause a delay in maturation, leading to male-biased SSD contrary to observations. When accounting for the observed differential (lower) male mortality, maturation is postponed even further, leading to even larger males. Second, diminishing returns on male reproductive investments alone can qualitatively account for the North Sea plaice SSD, even though the quantitative match is imperfect. Third, both mechanisms can be reconciled with, and thus provide a mechanistic basis for, the previously advanced Ghiselin-Reiss hypothesis, according to which smaller males will evolve if their reproductive success is dominated by scramble competition for fertilizing females, as males would consequently invest more in reproduction than growth, potentially implying lower survival rates, and thus relaxing male-male competition. Fourth, a good quantitative fit with the North Sea plaice SSD is achieved by combining both mechanisms while accounting for sex-specific costs males incur during their spawning season. Fifth, evolution caused by fishing is likely to have modified the North Sea plaice SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Mollet
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Wageningen Marine ResearchIJmuidenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Blueyou Consulting Ltd.ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Katja Enberg
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - David S. Boukal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Present address:
Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp
- Wageningen Marine ResearchIJmuidenThe Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Complexity Science and Evolution UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)OnnaJapan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)HayamaJapan
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5
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de Almeida TR, Salomoni S, Vilela DS, Guillermo‐Ferreira R. Male agility in relation to mating success in two non‐territorial damselflies. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thais R. de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Entomology and Biodiversity Conservation Federal University of Grand Dourados Dourados Brazil
| | - Saul Salomoni
- Graduate Program in Entomology and Biodiversity Conservation Federal University of Grand Dourados Dourados Brazil
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Zhang Y, Tian X, Wang H, Castañé C, Arnó J, Wu S, Xian X, Liu W, Desneux N, Wan F, Zhang G. Nonreproductive effects are more important than reproductive effects in a host feeding parasitoid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11475. [PMID: 35794198 PMCID: PMC9259650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When female host feeding parasitoids encounter a potential host, they face a complicated trade-off between either laying an egg for investing in current reproduction or feeding on or killing the host for future reproduction. Few studies have measured these behavioral shift patterns in a given host-parasitoid association thus far. We systematically assessed the behavioral shifts and life history traits of a host feeding parasitoid, Necremnus tutae, on different instars of its host Tuta absoluta. N. tutae females, as idiobiont host feeding parasitoids, can act on the 1st–4th instar larvae of T. absoluta by either host feeding, parasitizing or host killing. Moreover, a significant behavioral shift was observed on different instar hosts. N. tutae preferred to feed on the young hosts (1st and 2nd instars), lay eggs on middle-aged hosts (3rd instars) and kill old hosts (4th instars) by ovipositor-mediated stinging. The offspring of N. tutae showed a significant female-biased sex ratio, with the number of instars of T. absoluta larvae that were parasitized increasing. Specifically, nonreproductive host mortality induced by host feeding and host killing accounted for high percentages of the total mortality (ranging from 70% on 3rd instar hosts to 88% on 1st instar and 4th instar hosts). We hypothesize that N. tutae could be not merely a parasitoid but also a predator. Our results shed light on the nonreproductive abilities of a host feeding parasitoid that should be given further attention, especially when evaluating the efficacy of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin, Ministry of Agriculture, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaocao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cristina Castañé
- Sustainable Plant Protection Department, Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (IRTA), 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Arnó
- Sustainable Plant Protection Department, Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (IRTA), 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suran Wu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, 06000, Nice, France.
| | - Fanghao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guifen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Boisseau RP, Büscher TH, Klawitter LJ, Gorb SN, Emlen DJ, Tobalske BW. Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:39. [PMID: 35350992 PMCID: PMC8962604 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most arthropods, adult females are larger than males, and male competition is a race to quickly locate and mate with scattered females (scramble competition polygyny). Variation in body size among males may confer advantages that depend on context. Smaller males may be favored due to more efficient locomotion leading to higher mobility during mate searching. Alternatively, larger males may benefit from increased speed and higher survivorship. While the relationship between male body size and mobility has been investigated in several systems, how different aspects of male body morphology specifically affect their locomotor performance in different contexts is often unclear. Results Using a combination of empirical measures of flight performance and modelling of body aerodynamics, we show that large body size impairs flight performance in male leaf insects (Phyllium philippinicum), a species where relatively small and skinny males fly through the canopy in search of large sedentary females. Smaller males were more agile in the air and ascended more rapidly during flight. Our models further predicted that variation in body shape would affect body lift and drag but suggested that flight costs may not explain the evolution of strong sexual dimorphism in body shape in this species. Finally, empirical measurements of substrate adhesion and subsequent modelling of landing impact forces suggested that smaller males had a lower risk of detaching from the substrates on which they walk and land. Conclusions By showing that male body size impairs their flight and substrate adhesion performance, we provide support to the hypothesis that smaller scrambling males benefit from an increased locomotor performance and shed light on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in scramble competition mating systems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-01993-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain P Boisseau
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
| | - Thies H Büscher
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lexi J Klawitter
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Bret W Tobalske
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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8
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Harvey JA. Prey availability affects developmental trade-offs and sexual-size dimorphism in the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104267. [PMID: 34153345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In many spiders, females are significantly larger than males. Several theories have been postulated to explain sexual size dimorphism (SSD), including differential predation risks experienced by each sex early in life (including female cannibalism of males), male-male competition, and the more costly production of eggs than sperm. However, there is considerable intraspecific variation in the relative size of males and females that is reflected in trade-offs on traits such as growth rate and body size. When SSD favors female size, the body mass ratios between the smallest and largest males is expected to be much greater than in females. Here, growth trajectories and body masses of the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa, were compared in male and female spiders fed continually or intermittently. Males provided with unlimited prey (fruit flies and house crickets) took about 15 weeks to attain full size and sexual maturity and grew to a mean of 25 mg. By contrast, males fed only once every three weeks took approximately 6 weeks longer to reach maturity but were only about half as large (mean 13 mg) as males fed constantly. Females fed intermittently took almost twice as long (45 weeks versus 24 weeks) as constantly-fed females to reach maturity, but were almost 90% as large when fully grown. These results reveal that, although both sexes trade-off development time and body size to achieve the optimal phenotype, rapid development is more important than larger body size in males whereas the opposite is true in females. This finding supports life-history theory underpinning sexual-size dimorphism in some spider lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Yu TL, Wang G, Vasconcellos MM, Li YJ. Evolution of sexual dimorphism in an endemic toad of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau fails to obey Rensch’s rule. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei Yu
- College of Life Science Xinyang Normal University Xinyang China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science Chengdu Normal University Chengdu China
| | | | - Yu Jie Li
- College of Life Science China West Normal University Nanchong China
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10
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Lang AS, Gehrmann T, Cronberg N. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Bryophyte With Facultative Nannandry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:517547. [PMID: 33897717 PMCID: PMC8059434 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.517547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Among plants, gender dimorphism occurs in about 10% of all angiosperms and more than 50% of all moss taxa, with dwarf males (DM) found exclusively in some unisexual mosses. In this study, we explore the role of male dwarfism as a reproductive strategy in the widespread acrocarpous moss Dicranum scoparium, which has facultative male dwarfism, having both dwarf males (DMs) and normal-sized males (NMs). We retrieved 119 SNP markers from transcriptomes which were used to genotype 403 samples from 11 sites at seven localities in southern Sweden. Our aims were to compare the genetic variability and genetic structure of sexually reproducing populations at different geographic levels (cushion, site, and locality) and compare in particular the relative contribution of females, dwarf males and normal-sized males to the observed genetic diversity. The numbers of DMs differed strongly between sites, but when present, they usually outnumbered both females and NMs. Low genetic differentiation was found at locality level. Genetic differentiation was strongest between cushions for females and NMs and within cushions for DMs indicating small scale structuring and sometimes inbreeding. NMs were more clonal than either DMs or females. Genetic diversity was similar between females and DMs, but lower for NMs. Two haplotypes were shared between females and DMs and one haplotype was shared between a DM and a NM. In conclusion, our results show that DMs and NMs play different roles in reproduction, inbreeding may occur at cushion level, but gene flow is high enough to prevent substantial genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thies Gehrmann
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nils Cronberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Höök TO, Svanbäck R, Eklöv P. Sex-specific plasticity in a trophic polymorphic aquatic predator: a modeling approach. Oecologia 2021; 195:341-354. [PMID: 33420521 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is common among animal taxa. While there are clearly limits and likely costs to plasticity, these costs are unknown for most organisms. Further, as plasticity is partially genetically determined, the potential magnitude of exhibited plasticity may vary among individuals. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, various animal taxa also display sexual size dimorphism, a feature ultimately thought to arise due to differential size-dependent fitness costs and benefits between sexes. We hypothesized that differential selection acting on males and females can indirectly select for unequal genetically defined plasticity potential between the sexes. We evaluate this possibility for Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), a species that displays modest sexual size dimorphism and habitat-related morphological plasticity. Using 500-year simulations of an ecogenetic agent-based model, we demonstrate that genetically determined morphological plasticity potential may evolve differently for males and females, leading to greater realized morphological variation between habitats for one sex over the other. Genetically determined potential for plasticity evolved differently between sexes across (a) various sex-specific life-history differences and (b) a variety of assumed costs of plasticity acting on both growth and survival. Morphological analyses of Eurasian perch collected in situ were consistent with model predictions: realized morphological variation between habitats was greater for females than males. We suggest that due to sex-specific selective pressures, differences in male and female genetically defined potential for plasticity may be a common feature across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Patterns of sexual dimorphism in flight agility in territorial and non-territorial Odonata. J ETHOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-020-00670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Amiresmaeili N, Romeis J, Collatz J. Cold tolerance of the drosophila pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 125:104087. [PMID: 32634433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) is a pupal parasitoid of drosophila flies recorded from several parts of the world. It is currently considered for augmentative biological programs to control the severe agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Since D. suzukii has invaded regions that experience zero and sub-zero winter temperatures, cold tolerance of the parasitoid is an important aspect to consider. We characterized low temperature tolerance and overwintering capacity of a colony of T. drosophilae collected in Northern Switzerland. We used copper-constantan thermocouples to determine the supercooling point and pre-freeze mortality. Moreover, we subjected honey-fed and unfed adult T. drosophilae as well as developing stages within their drosophila host to short- and long-term acclimation conditions and assessed the duration of their survival at low temperatures. Finally, we exposed adult and sub-adult stages to winter conditions in a semi-field experiment and evaluated their survival. We found that T. drosophilae is chill susceptible like D. suzukii, but adults froze and survived at colder temperatures than those reported for D. suzukii. Adult parasitoids could tolerate several days of exposure to sub-zero temperatures and could reproduce afterwards, whereas sub-adult stages could survive longer periods under these conditions. The provision of honey and water enhanced the survival of adults and long-term acclimation led to longer survival in all stages. The semi-field experiment supported the results of the laboratory tests. Based on these results we suggest that in Central Europe, T. drosophilae survives winters mainly in developing stages but adults are likely able to tolerate short periods of low spring temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Amiresmaeili
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jana Collatz
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Abstract
The mobility hypothesis argues that species in which males compete for mates in scrambles often exhibit female-biased size dimorphism because smaller male body size should increase male mobility and success in searching for mates. Sexual dimorphism can be further exaggerated if fecundity or sexual selection concurrently selects for larger female size. Scramble competition can select for trait characteristics that optimize locomotion; for example, long and slender wings should be favored if aerial speed is important to mating success. I tested these predictions in the scrambling Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), a female-biased size dimorphic insect pest that is invasive to North America. Multivariate selection analyses support the prediction that smaller body size and larger wings in males benefit their mating success. My analyses also revealed significant selection for larger wings in females but, contrary to prediction, direct sexual selection favors smaller body size in females. These results support the mobility hypothesis and partially explain the evolution of female-biased size dimorphism in this species. Sexual selection favored rounder bodies in females and more tapered bodies in males, whereas, in both sexes, the effect of wing shape appears less important to fitness than wing size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint D Kelly
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Blanckenhorn WU, Baur J, Busso JP, Giesen A, Gourgoulianni N, van Koppenhagen N, Roy J, Schäfer MA, Wegmann A, Rohner PT. Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julian Baur
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Athene Giesen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicola van Koppenhagen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Wegmann
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patrick T. Rohner
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Zhang F, Yuan C, Feng AS. Female concave‐eared torrent frogs prefer smaller males. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui China
| | - C. Yuan
- College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui China
| | - A. S. Feng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology & Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
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18
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Cui J, Lei B, Newman C, Ji S, Su H, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW, Zhou Y. Functional adaptation rather than ecogeographical rules determine body-size metrics along a thermal cline with elevation in the Chinese pygmy dormouse (Typhlomys cinereus). J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102510. [PMID: 32125991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is crucial for how organisms respond to variation in their environment, affecting their diversity and distribution, especially in the light of rapid environmental change. Ecogeographical rules predict an association between specific adaptive morphological and physiological traits with cooler conditions due to higher latitude, elevation, or climate change. Such ecogeographical effects are often most evident in ancient species due to continuous selective adaptation occurring over long periods of time. Here, we use the suitably ancient Chinese pygmy dormouse (Typhlomys cinereus) to test whether body-size, appendage length and heart size vary in accordance with Bergmann's, Allen's and Hesse's rule, respectively. Based on a sample of 67 adult individuals (female, n = 29; male n = 38) trapped at 37 sites transcending an elevational range from 414 to 1757 m, we tested for trait concordance with Bergmann's rule (body mass, length and SMI), Allen's rule (length of tail, foot, ear, snout), and Hesse's rule (wet and dry heart mass). Effects of elevation (and thus temperature lapse rate; calculated as 0.61 °C per 100 m) on body size, appendage length and heart size, were tested by fitting Standardized Major Axis (SMA) models. We observed substantial heterogeneity in morphometric traits allowing for the detection of ecogeographical clines. However, none conformed with Bergmann's, Allen's (except ear size), or Hesse's rule. However, our results indicate some support for Geist's rule of net primary productivity. We conclude that pervasive functional life-history adaptations in this blind, arboreal, echolocating ancient species exceeded selection for morphological energy efficiency constraints, with the notable exception of reduced ear pinnae size at colder, elevated sites. This is an important consideration for predicting how species, and populations in general, may adapt to human induced rapid environmental change, contrary to expectations of warming driving selection for smaller body-size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Cui
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, No. 8, Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443002, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boyu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Shengnan Ji
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Processes and Functions Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State-owned Longmenhe Forest Farm, Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Youbing Zhou
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, No. 8, Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443002, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.
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19
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Wishingrad V, Thomson RC. Ecological variability is associated with functional trait diversity in the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary ecology is to understand the ways in which ecological variability has structured morphological diversity. The aim of this study was to examine intraspecific phenotypic variation in the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) for functional traits previously shown to be linked to variation across latitude and climate at a genus-wide level. We found that body size in S. occidentalis was negatively related to minimum temperatures during the coldest month, potentially implicating overwintering survival as a mechanism leading to this relationship. We also demonstrated that scale size in S. occidentalis was negatively associated with aridity, which is consistent with several other studies in squamate reptiles and the known functional role of scale size in moderating evaporative water loss. However, contrary to predictions of the thermal melanism hypothesis, we found no association between lizard colour and temperature during the active season. Overall, our results are largely at odds with interspecific patterns examining the relationship between these traits and environmental conditions. It is unclear to what degree intraspecific trait variation generally agrees with inferences made at the interspecific level. In any case, more studies at the intraspecific level are needed to resolve this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Wishingrad
- University of Hawaii, School of Life Sciences, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert C Thomson
- University of Hawaii, School of Life Sciences, Honolulu, HI, USA
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20
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Chelini MC, Delong JP, Hebets EA. Ecophysiological determinants of sexual size dimorphism: integrating growth trajectories, environmental conditions, and metabolic rates. Oecologia 2019; 191:61-71. [PMID: 31432247 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) often results in dramatic differences in body size between females and males. Despite its ecological importance, little is known about the relationship between developmental, physiological, and energetic mechanisms underlying SSD. We take an integrative approach to understand the relationship between developmental trajectories, metabolism, and environmental conditions resulting in extreme female-biased SSD in the crab spider Mecaphesa celer (Thomisidae). We tested for sexual differences in growth trajectories, as well as in the energetics of growth, hypothesizing that female M. celer have lower metabolic rates than males or higher energy assimilation. We also hypothesized that the environment in which spiderlings develop influences the degree of SSD of a population. We tracked growth and resting metabolic rates of female and male spiderlings throughout their ontogeny and quantified the adult size of individuals raised in a combination of two diet and two temperature treatments. We show that M. celer's SSD results from differences in the shape of female and male growth trajectories. While female and male resting metabolic rates did not differ, diet, temperature, and their interaction influenced body size through an interactive effect with sex, with females being more sensitive to the environment than males. We demonstrate that the shape of the growth curve is an important but often overlooked determinant of SSD and that females may achieve larger sizes through a combination of high food ingestion and low activity levels. Our results highlight the need for new models of SSD based on ontogeny, ecology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Chelini
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, SE1 243, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| | - John P Delong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 324 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| | - Eileen A Hebets
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 324 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
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21
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Sugianto N, Newman C, Macdonald D, Buesching C. Extrinsic factors affecting cub development contribute to sexual size dimorphism in the European badger (Meles meles). ZOOLOGY 2019; 135:125688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Khelifa R, Zebsa R, Amari H, Mellal MK, Mahdjoub H. Field estimates of fitness costs of the pace-of-life in an endangered damselfly. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:943-954. [PMID: 31144357 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that within-population differences in the pace-of-life can lead to cohort splitting and produce marked intraspecific variation in body size. Although many studies showed that body size is positively correlated with fitness, many argue that selection for the larger body is counterbalanced by opposing physiological and ecological selective mechanisms that favour smaller body. When a population split into cohorts with different paces of life (slow or fast cohort), one would expect to detect the fitness-size relationship among and within cohorts, that is, (a) slower-developing cohort has larger body size and higher fitness than faster-developing cohort, and (b) larger individuals within each cohort show higher fitness than smaller individuals. Here, we test these hypotheses in capture-mark-recapture field surveys that assess body size, lifespan, survival and lifetime mating success in two consecutive generations of a partially bivoltine aquatic insect, Coenagrion mercuriale, where the spring cohort is slower-developing than the autumn cohort. As expected, body size was larger in the slow-developing cohort, which is consistent with the temperature-size rule and also with the duration of development. Body size seasonal variation was greater in slow-developing cohort most likely because of the higher variation in age at maturity. Concordant with theory, survival probability, lifespan and lifetime mating success were higher in the slow-developing cohort. Moreover, individual body size was positively correlated with survival and mating success in both cohorts. Our study confirms the fitness costs of fast pace-of-life and the benefits of larger body size to adult fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassim Khelifa
- Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rabah Zebsa
- Laboratoire Biologie, Eau et Environnement (LBEE), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Hichem Amari
- Laboratoire Biologie, Eau et Environnement (LBEE), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Khalil Mellal
- Laboratoire Biologie, Eau et Environnement (LBEE), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Hayat Mahdjoub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Sexual size dimorphism and sex ratio in arthropod ectoparasites: contrasting patterns at different hierarchical scales. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:969-978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Off-host longevity of the winged dispersal stage of Carnus hemapterus (Insecta: Diptera) modulated by gender, body size and food provisioning. Parasitology 2018; 146:241-245. [PMID: 30086815 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Highlighting the dispersal ecology of parasites is important for understanding epidemiological, demographic and coevolutionary aspects of host-parasite interactions. Yet, critical aspects of the dispersal stage of parasites, such as longevity and the factors influencing it, are poorly known. Here we study the lifespan of the dispersal stage of an ectoparasitic dipteran, Carnus hemapterus, and the impact of gender, body size and food provisioning on longevity. We found that freshly emerged imagoes survive at most less than 4 days. Longevity increased with body size and, since this parasite exhibits sexual size dimorphism, the bigger females lived longer than males. However, controlling for body size suggests that males lived relatively longer than females. Furthermore, a humid environment and food provisioning (flowers) significantly increased individual life spans. We discuss the relative importance of spatial and temporal dispersal in relation to the infectious potential of this parasite.
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25
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Correlated evolution of sexually selected traits: interspecific variation in ejaculates, sperm morphology, copulatory mate guarding, and body size in two sympatric species of garter snakes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Neumann R, Ruppel N, Schneider JM. Fitness implications of sex-specific catch-up growth in Nephila senegalensis, a spider with extreme reversed SSD. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4050. [PMID: 29158981 PMCID: PMC5694211 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal growth is often constrained by unfavourable conditions and divergences from optimal body size can be detrimental to an individual's fitness, particularly in species with determinate growth and a narrow time-frame for life-time reproduction. Growth restriction in early juvenile stages can later be compensated by means of plastic developmental responses, such as adaptive catch-up growth (the compensation of growth deficits through delayed development). Although sex differences regarding the mode and degree of growth compensation have been coherently predicted from sex-specific fitness payoffs, inconsistent results imply a need for further research. We used the African Nephila senegalensis, representing an extreme case of female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD), to study fitness implications of sex-specific growth compensation. We predicted effective catch-up growth in early food-restricted females to result in full compensation of growth deficits and a life-time fecundity (LTF) equivalent to unrestricted females. Based on a stronger trade-off between size-related benefits and costs of a delayed maturation, we expected less effective catch-up growth in males. METHODS We tracked the development of over one thousand spiders in different feeding treatments, e.g., comprising a fixed period of early low feeding conditions followed by unrestricted feeding conditions, permanent unrestricted feeding conditions, or permanent low feeding conditions as a control. In a second experimental section, we assessed female fitness by measuring LTF in a subset of females. In addition, we tested whether compensatory development affected the reproductive lifespan in both sexes and analysed genotype-by-treatment interactions as a potential cause of variation in life-history traits. RESULTS Both sexes delayed maturation to counteract early growth restriction, but only females achieved full compensation of adult body size. Female catch-up growth resulted in equivalent LTF compared to unrestricted females. We found significant interactions between experimental treatments and sex as well as between treatments and family lineage, suggesting that family-specific responses contribute to the unusually large variation of life-history traits in Nephila spiders. Our feeding treatments had no effect on the reproductive lifespan in either sex. DISCUSSION Our findings are in line with predictions of life-history theory and corroborate strong fecundity selection to result in full female growth compensation. Males showed incomplete growth compensation despite a delayed development, indicating relaxed selection on large size and a stronger trade-off between late maturation and size-related benefits. We suggest that moderate catch-up growth in males is still adaptive as a 'bet-hedging' strategy to disperse unavoidable costs between life-history traits affected by early growth restriction (the duration of development and adult size).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Neumann
- Zoologisches Institut, Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Ruppel
- Zoologisches Institut, Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta M. Schneider
- Zoologisches Institut, Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Alford L, Kishani Farahani H, Pierre JS, Burel F, van Baaren J. Why is there no impact of the host species on the cold tolerance of a generalist parasitoid? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:71-77. [PMID: 29038015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For generalist parasitoids such as those belonging to the Genus Aphidius, the choice of host species can have profound implications for the emerging parasitoid. Host species is known to affect a variety of life history traits. However, the impact of the host on thermal tolerance has never been studied. Physiological thermal tolerance, enabling survival at unfavourable temperatures, is not a fixed trait and may be influenced by a number of external factors including characteristics of the stress, of the individual exposed to the stress, and of the biological and physical environment. As such, the choice of host species is likely to also have implications for the thermal tolerance of the emerging parasitoid. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cereal aphid host species (Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum) on adult thermal tolerance, in addition to sex and size, of the aphid parasitoids Aphidius avenae, Aphidius matricariae and Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Results revealed no effect of host species on the cold tolerance of the emerging parasitoid, as determined by CTmin and Chill Coma, for all parasitoid species. Host species significantly affected the size of the emerging parasitoid for A. rhopalosiphi only, with individuals emerging from R. padi being significantly larger than those emerging from S. avenae, although this did not correspond to a difference in thermal tolerance. Furthermore, a significant difference in the size of male and female parasitoids was observed for A. avenae and A. matricariae, although, once again this did not correspond to a difference in cold tolerance. It is suggested that potential behavioural thermoregulation via host manipulation may act to influence the thermal environment experienced by the wasp and thus wasp thermal tolerance and, in doing so, may negate physiological thermal tolerance or any impact of the aphid host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | | - Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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28
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Chelini MC, Hebets E. Field evidence challenges the often-presumed relationship between early male maturation and female-biased sexual size dimorphism. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9592-9601. [PMID: 29187992 PMCID: PMC5696407 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Female‐biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often considered an epiphenomenon of selection for the increased mating opportunities provided by early male maturation (i.e., protandry). Empirical evidence of the adaptive significance of protandry remains nonetheless fairly scarce. We use field data collected throughout the reproductive season of an SSD crab spider, Mecaphesa celer, to test two hypotheses: Protandry provides fitness benefits to males, leading to female‐biased SSD, or protandry is an indirect consequence of selection for small male size/large female size. Using field‐collected data, we modeled the probability of mating success for females and males according to their timing of maturation. We found that males matured earlier than females and the proportion of virgin females decreased abruptly early in the season, but unexpectedly increased afterward. Timing of female maturation was not related to clutch size, but large females tended to have more offspring than small females. Timing of female and male maturation was inversely related to size at adulthood, as early‐maturing individuals were larger than late‐maturing ones, suggesting that both sexes exhibit some plasticity in their developmental trajectories. Such plasticity indicates that protandry could co‐occur with any degree and direction of SSD. Our calculation of the probability of mating success along the season shows multiple male maturation time points with similar predicted mating success. This suggests that males follow multiple strategies with equal success, trading‐off access to virgin females with intensity of male–male competition. Our results challenge classic hypotheses linking protandry and female‐biased SSD, and emphasize the importance of directly testing the often‐assumed relationships between co‐occurring animal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen Hebets
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln NE USA
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29
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Preziosi RF, Fairbairn DJ. SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM AND SELECTION IN THE WILD IN THE WATERSTRIDER AQUARIUS REMIGIS
: LIFETIME FECUNDITY SELECTION ON FEMALE TOTAL LENGTH AND ITS COMPONENTS. Evolution 2017; 51:467-474. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1996] [Accepted: 10/30/1996] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Preziosi
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Docteur Penfield Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Daphne J. Fairbairn
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West Montreal Quebec H3G 1M8 Canada
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30
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Fairbairn DJ, Preziosi RF. SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN THE WATER STRIDER,AQUARIUS REMIGIS. Evolution 2017; 50:1549-1559. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1995] [Accepted: 08/09/1995] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J. Fairbairn
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard, West Montreal Quebec H3G 1M8 Canada
| | - Richard F. Preziosi
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Docteur Penfield Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
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31
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Clay TA, Gifford ME. Population level differences in thermal sensitivity of energy assimilation in terrestrial salamanders. J Therm Biol 2017; 64:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Herberstein ME, Painting CJ, Holwell GI. Scramble Competition Polygyny in Terrestrial Arthropods. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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33
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Kristensen TN, Henningsen AK, Aastrup C, Bech-Hansen M, Bjerre LBH, Carlsen B, Hagstrup M, Jensen SG, Karlsen P, Kristensen L, Lundsgaard C, Møller T, Nielsen LD, Starcke C, Sørensen CR, Schou MF. Fitness components of Drosophila melanogaster developed on a standard laboratory diet or a typical natural food source. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:771-779. [PMID: 25989059 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is often used as a model organism in evolutionary biology and ecophysiology to study evolutionary processes and their physiological mechanisms. Diets used to feed Drosophila cultures differ between laboratories and are often nutritious and distinct from food sources in the natural habitat. Here we rear D. melanogaster on a standard diet used in our laboratory and a field diet composed of decomposing apples collected in the field. Flies developed on these two diet compositions are tested for heat, cold, desiccation, and starvation resistance as well as developmental time, dry body mass and fat percentage. The nutritional compositions of the standard and field diets were analyzed, and discussed in relation to the phenotypic observations. Results showed marked differences in phenotype of flies from the two types of diets. Flies reared on the field diet are more starvation resistant and they are smaller, leaner, and have lower heat resistance compared to flies reared on the standard diet. Sex specific effects of diet type are observed for several of the investigated traits and the strong sexual dimorphism usually observed in desiccation resistance in D. melanogaster disappeared when rearing the flies on the field diet. Based on our results we conclude that care should be taken in extrapolating results from one type of diet to another and especially from laboratory to field diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Kallestrup Henningsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Christian Aastrup
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Mads Bech-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Lise B Hoberg Bjerre
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Marie Hagstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Sofie Graarup Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Pernille Karlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Line Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Cecillie Lundsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Tine Møller
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Lise D Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Camilla Starcke
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Christine Riisager Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
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Lack of Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Heteromyidae (Rodentia): The Influence of Resource Defense and the Trade-Off between Pre- and Post-Copulatory Trait Investment. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Outomuro D, Söderquist L, Nilsson-Örtman V, Cortázar-Chinarro M, Lundgren C, Johansson F. Antagonistic natural and sexual selection on wing shape in a scrambling damselfly. Evolution 2016; 70:1582-95. [PMID: 27173835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wings are a key trait underlying the evolutionary success of birds, bats, and insects. For over a century, researchers have studied the form and function of wings to understand the determinants of flight performance. However, to understand the evolution of flight, we must comprehend not only how morphology affects performance, but also how morphology and performance affect fitness. Natural and sexual selection can either reinforce or oppose each other, but their role in flight evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we show that wing shape is under antagonistic selection with regard to sexual and natural selection in a scrambling damselfly. In a field setting, natural selection (survival) favored individuals with long and slender forewings and short and broad hindwings. In contrast, sexual selection (mating success) favored individuals with short and broad forewings and narrow-based hindwings. Both types of selection favored individuals of intermediate size. These results suggest that individuals face a trade-off between flight energetics and maneuverability and demonstrate how natural and sexual selection can operate in similar directions for some wing traits, that is, wing size, but antagonistically for others, that is, wing shape. Furthermore, they highlight the need to study flight evolution within the context of species' mating systems and mating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE752-36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Linus Söderquist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE752-36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.,Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Lund University, SE223-62 Lund, Sweden
| | - María Cortázar-Chinarro
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE752-36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lundgren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE752-36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE752-36, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bonneaud C, Marnocha E, Herrel A, Vanhooydonck B, Irschick DJ, Smith TB. Developmental plasticity affects sexual size dimorphism in an anole lizard. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter PenrynTR10 9FE CornwallUK
- Station d‐Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS USR 2936 09200 Moulis France
| | - Erin Marnocha
- Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Natural Reserve System University of California Office of the President Oakland CA 94607 USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. 75231 Paris France
| | - Bieke Vanhooydonck
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Duncan J. Irschick
- Department of Biology 221 Morrill Science Center University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas B. Smith
- Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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38
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Baena ML, Macías-Ordóñez R. Mobility and mating frequency in the scramble competition polygyny of a chrysomelid beetle. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gyulavári HA, Therry L, Dévai G, Stoks R. Sexual selection on flight endurance, flight-related morphology and physiology in a scrambling damselfly. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hendry CR, Guiher TJ, Pyron RA. Ecological divergence and sexual selection drive sexual size dimorphism in new world pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae). J Evol Biol 2014; 27:760-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Hendry
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC USA
| | - T. J. Guiher
- Department of Herpetology and Richard Gilder Graduate School; American Museum of Natural History; New York NY USA
| | - R. A. Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC USA
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41
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Han CS, Brooks RC. Long-Term Effect of Social Interactions on Behavioral Plasticity and Lifetime Mating Success. Am Nat 2014; 183:431-44. [DOI: 10.1086/674935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Chen C, Xia QW, Xiao HJ, Xiao L, Xue FS. A comparison of the life-history traits between diapause and direct development individuals in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 25373166 PMCID: PMC4199537 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the differences of life-history traits between diapause and direct development individuals in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the development time, body size, growth rate, and adult longevity were investigated between the two populations, which were induced under 12:12 L:D and 16:8 L:D photoperiods, respectively, at 20, 22, and 25°C. The results indicated that the larval development time, pupal weight, adult weight, and growth rate were significantly different between diapause and direct developing individuals. The diapause developing individuals had a significantly higher pupal and adult weight and a longer larval time compared with direct developing individuals. However, the growth rate in diapause developing individuals was lower than that in the direct developing individuals. Analysis by GLM showed that larval time, pupal and adult weight, and growth rate were significantly influenced by both temperature and developmental pathway. The pupal and adult weights were greater in males than females in both developmental pathways, exhibiting sexual size dimorphism. The dimorphism in adult weight was more pronounced than in pupal weight because female pupae lost more weight at metamorphosis compared to male pupae. Protogyny was observed in both developmental pathways. However, the protogyny phenomenon was more pronounced at lower temperatures in direct developing individuals, whereas it was more pronounced in diapause developing individuals when they experienced higher temperatures in their larval stage and partial pupal period. The adult longevity of diapause developing individuals was significantly longer than that of direct developing individuals. The results reveal that the life-history strategy was different between diapause and direct developing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Qin-Wen Xia
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Hai-Jun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fang-Sen Xue
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Province,China
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Nassar F, Challita M, Sadek R, Hraoui-Bloquet S. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive cycle in the scincid lizardTrachylepis vittata(Olivier, 1804) in Lebanon (Reptilia: Scincidae). ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2013.868130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Buser CC, Ward PI, Bussière LF. Adaptive maternal plasticity in response to perceptions of larval competition. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Buser
- The School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paul I. Ward
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luc F. Bussière
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland
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Scharf I, Martin OY. Same-sex sexual behavior in insects and arachnids: prevalence, causes, and consequences. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Alves JA, Gunnarsson TG, Potts PM, Sutherland WJ, Gill JA. Sex-biases in distribution and resource use at different spatial scales in a migratory shorebird. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1079-90. [PMID: 23610645 PMCID: PMC3631415 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In migratory species, sexual size dimorphism can mean differing energetic requirements for males and females. Differences in the costs of migration and in the environmental conditions occurring throughout the range may therefore result in sex-biases in distribution and resource use at different spatial scales. In order to identify the scale at which sexual segregation operates, and thus the scale at which environmental changes may have sex-biased impacts, we use range-wide tracking of individually color-ringed Icelandic black-tailed godwits (Limosa limosa islandica) to quantify sexual segregation at scales ranging from the occupation of sites throughout the non-breeding range to within-site differences in distribution and resource use. Throughout the range of this migratory shorebird, there is no evidence of large-scale sex differences in distribution during the non-breeding season. However, the sexes differ in their selection of prey types and sizes, which results in small-scale sexual segregation within estuaries. The scale of sexual segregation therefore depends on the scale of variation in resource distribution, which, in this system, is primarily within estuaries. Sexual segregation in within-site distribution and resource use means that local-scale anthropogenic impacts on estuarine benthic prey communities may disproportionately affect the sexes in these migratory shorebirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Alves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Kaufmann C, Reim C, Blanckenhorn WU. Size-dependent insect flight energetics at different sugar supplies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kaufmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Constanze Reim
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
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50
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Ismail M, Vernon P, Hance T, Pierre JS, van Baaren J. What are the possible benefits of small size for energy-constrained ectotherms in cold stress conditions? OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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