1
|
Hunt PJ, Andújar FN, Silverman DA, Amit M. Mini-review: Trophic interactions between cancer cells and primary afferent neurons. Neurosci Lett 2021; 746:135658. [PMID: 33482305 PMCID: PMC7899767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer neurobiology is an emerging discipline that inevitably unfurls new perspectives in oncology. The role that nerves play in cancer progression resonates with the long-reported dependency of tumors on neuro-molecular mechanisms that remain insufficiently elucidated. Whereas interactions between neurotrophic growth factors and receptors have been heavily studied in the nervous system, their expression in cancers and their impact on tumor cell growth and metastasis through their corresponding signaling pathways has been undervalued. Accumulating evidence suggests that trophic factors released by nerves strongly influence tumor development and that this neural contribution appears to not only play a stimulatory role but also function as an essential part of the tumor's microenvironment. This bidirectional communication between proliferating cells and tumor-infiltrating nerves drives axonogenesis and tumor growth and migration. Acquiring a better understanding of the trophic interactions between primary afferent neurons and invading tumors will guide clinically actionable strategies to prevent tumor-associated axonogenesis, disrupting the chemical crosstalk between neurons and tumors and ultimately decreasing tumor growth and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hunt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Fabiola N Andújar
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deborah A Silverman
- University of Texas Medical Scientist Training Program at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of disease demand a sound understanding of the underlying mechanisms, determining any Achilles' heel that can be targeted in effective therapies. Throughout history, this endeavour to decipher the origin and mechanism of transformation of a normal cell into cancer has led to various theories-from cancer as a curse to an understanding at the level of single-cell heterogeneity, meaning even among a single sub-type of cancer there are myriad molecular challenges to overcome. With increasing insight into cancer genetics and biology, the disease has become ever more complex to understand. The complexity of cancer as a disease was distilled into key traits by Hanahan and Weinberg in their seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' reviews. This lucid conceptualization of complex cancer biology is widely accepted and has helped advance cancer therapeutics by targeting the various hallmarks but, with the advancement in technologies, there is greater granularity in how we view cancer as a disease, and the additional understanding over the past decade requires us to revisit the hallmarks of cancer. Based on extensive study of the cancer research literature, we propose four novel hallmarks of cancer, namely, the ability of cells to regress from a specific specialized functional state, epigenetic changes that can affect gene expression, the role of microorganisms and neuronal signalling, to be included in the hallmark conceptualization along with evidence of various means to exploit them therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasi S. Senga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Donato M, Cernera G, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Nerve Growth Factor Induces Proliferation and Aggressiveness In Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E784. [PMID: 31174415 PMCID: PMC6627659 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to hormone therapy and disease progression is the major challenge in clinical management of prostate cancer (PC). Drugs currently used in PC therapy initially show a potent antitumor effects, but PC gradually develops resistance, relapses and spreads. Most patients who fail primary therapy and have recurrences eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is almost incurable. The nerve growth factor (NGF) acts on a variety of non-neuronal cells by activating the NGF tyrosine-kinase receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). NGF signaling is deregulated in PC. In androgen-dependent PC cells, TrkA mediates the proliferative action of NGF through its crosstalk with the androgen receptor (AR). Epithelial PC cells, however, acquire the ability to express NGF and TrkA, as the disease progresses, indicating a role for NGF/TrkA axis in PC progression and androgen-resistance. We here report that once activated by NGF, TrkA mediates proliferation, invasiveness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various CRPC cells. NGF promotes organoid growth in 3D models of CRPC cells, and specific inhibition of TrkA impairs all these responses. Thus TrkA represents a new biomarker to target in CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Precision Medicine-University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'-via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Precision Medicine-University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'-via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Precision Medicine-University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'-via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Precision Medicine-University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'-via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang T, Yu J, Huang Z, Wang G, Zhang R. Electroacupuncture improves neurogenic bladder dysfunction through activation of NGF/TrkA signaling in a rat model. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9900-9905. [PMID: 30592331 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electroacupuncture on the morphological change of the bladder tissue and the protein expression levels of NGF, TrkA, p-TrkA, AKT, and p-AKT in the bladder tissue of rats with neurogenic bladder after suprasacral spinal cord injury and to preliminarily explore its partial mechanism of action. METHODS Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, electroacupuncture group, model/siNGF group, and electroacupuncture/siNGF group according to random number table method with 16 rats in each group. Eighty Neurogenic bladder models after suprasacral spinal cord injury were established by adopting a modified spinal cord transection method. Electroacupuncture intervention was conducted on the 19th day after modeling. The bladder function was detected by bladder weight, urine output, serum BUN, and urine protein. After treatment for 7 consecutive days, the rats were killed and the bladder tissues were removed rapidly for microscopic observation of morphological change after hematoxylin and eosin stain and for determination of the protein expression levels of NGF, TrkA, p-TrkA, AKT, and p-AKT via Western blot analysis. The transcription of NGF was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After treatment, compared with the blank group, the bladder weight of model and electroacupuncture groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the bladder weight of the electroacupuncture group was decreased (P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine output of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine output of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the serum BUN of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the serum BUN of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine protein of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine protein of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). The expression of NGF, p-TrkA, and p-AKT in the model and electroacupuncture groups was obviously higher than that in the blank group ( P < 0.05). The expression of NGF, p-TrkA, and p-AKT in the electroacupuncture group was higher than that in the model group. The expression of TrkA and AKT were unchanged in blank, model, and electroacupuncture groups ( P > 0.05). After tail vein injection with siNGF lentivirus, the expression of NGF in the model/siNGF group and electroacupuncture/siNGF group was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). And the protein level of p-AKT and p-TrkA was significantly lower than that of the model and electroacupuncture groups ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Sacral electroacupuncture therapy can improve the expression of both NGF/TrkA signaling and AKT signaling in the local nerve of the damaged spinal cord, inhibit apoptosis of the damaged spinal cord, protect nerve cells, and promote the recovery of the damaged nerve. At the same time, electroacupuncture can promote the coordination of micturition reflex and improve neurogenic bladder function after the spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runhe Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meco D, Di Francesco AM, Melotti L, Ruggiero A, Riccardi R. Ectopic nerve growth factor prevents proliferation in glioma cells by senescence induction. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6820-6830. [PMID: 30417351 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) affects survival, regulation and differentiation of both central and peripheral nervous system neurons. NGF exerts its effects primarily through tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), inducing a cascade of tyrosine kinase-initiated responses. In spite of its importance, the general behavior of NGF looks contradictory: its effects can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. The present study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms induced by NGF in glioma cancer cells. METHODS The effects of NGF were investigated in high grade glioma and low grade pediatric glioma (PLGG) cell lines through comparative studies. In particular, we investigated TrkA-mediated cellular pathways, molecular signaling, proliferation, cell cycle and cellular senescence. RESULTS We found that exposure of PLGG cells to NGF produced stable growth arrest with the features of a senescence phenotype but without the expression of anti-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a marker of apoptosis. Moreover, NGF treatment promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. In addition, K252a, a TrkA inhibitor, significantly reduced the phosphorylation of the aforementioned signaling pathways, suggesting that NGF-activated ERK1/2 and AKT signaling take place downstream of TrkA-neurotrophin interaction. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that NGF can induce senescence of PLGG cells in a receptor-mediated fashion, thus supporting the hypothesis that in the clinical setting NGF might be beneficial to pediatric glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meco
- Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCSS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Riccardi
- Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh R, Karri D, Shen H, Shao J, Dasgupta S, Huang S, Edwards DP, Ittmann MM, O'Malley BW, Yi P. TRAF4-mediated ubiquitination of NGF receptor TrkA regulates prostate cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3129-3143. [PMID: 29715200 DOI: 10.1172/jci96060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drivers of cancers. In addition to genomic alterations, aberrant activation of WT RTKs plays an important role in driving cancer progression. However, the mechanisms underlying how RTKs drive prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that non-proteolytic ubiquitination of RTK regulates its kinase activity and contributes to RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. TRAF4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We demonstrated here that it is a key player in regulating RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. We further identified TrkA, a neurotrophin RTK, as a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate that promotes cancer cell invasion and found that inhibition of TrkA activity abolished TRAF4-dependent cell invasion. TRAF4 promoted K27- and K29-linked ubiquitination at the TrkA kinase domain and increased its kinase activity. Mutation of TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination sites abolished TrkA tyrosine autophosphorylation and its interaction with downstream proteins. TRAF4 knockdown also suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulated TrkA downstream p38 MAPK activation and invasion-associated gene expression. Furthermore, elevated TRAF4 levels significantly correlated with increased NGF-stimulated invasion-associated gene expression in prostate cancer patients, indicating that this signaling axis is significantly activated during oncogenesis. Our results revealed a posttranslational modification mechanism contributing to aberrant non-mutated RTK activation in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dileep Karri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiangyong Shao
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baspinar S, Bircan S, Ciris M, Karahan N, Bozkurt KK. Expression of NGF, GDNF and MMP-9 in prostate carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:483-489. [PMID: 28237042 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of NGF, GDNF and MMP-9 in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate cancer (PC), and to analyse their association with the clinicopathological parameters in PC cases. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the tissue microarray (TMA) sections of 30 BPH, 40 HGPIN and 121 primary PC tissues. There was a significant difference regarding the expression of NGF and GDNF between PC and HGPIN (p<0.0001; p<0.0001), and PC and BPH (p=0.001; p<0.0001), but not between HGPIN and BPH (p>0.05). Furthermore MMP-9 expression was significantly different among all groups (PC vs. HGPIN, p<0.0001; PC vs. BPH, p<0.0001; HGPIN vs. BPH, p=0.001). NGF, GDNF and MMP-9 expression was significantly stronger in cases with high Gleason score (p<0.0001, p=0.004, p<0.0001 respectively) and pT stage (p=0.046, p=0.004, p=0.001, respectively) in PC cases. All these markers were also associated with perineural, lymphovascular and extraprostatic invasion (p <0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was found between NGF and MMP-9 (p<0.0001, r=0.435), NGF and GDNF (p<0.0001, r=0.634), and GDNF and MMP-9 (p<0.0001, r=0.670) in PC cases. According to our results we suggest an interaction between NGF, GDNF and MMP-9 during the transition to malignancy in PC. Also this interaction may involve in regulating PC cell differentiation, tumor invasion, progression, and the agressiveness of PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Baspinar
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Sema Bircan
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Metin Ciris
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nermin Karahan
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kursat Bozkurt
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sroka IC, Chopra H, Das L, Gard JMC, Nagle RB, Cress AE. Schwann Cells Increase Prostate and Pancreatic Tumor Cell Invasion Using Laminin Binding A6 Integrin. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:491-9. [PMID: 26239765 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic and prostate cancers metastasize along nerve axons during perineural invasion. The extracellular matrix laminin class of proteins is an abundant component of both myelinated and non-myelinated nerves. Analysis of human pancreatic and prostate tissue revealed both perineural and endoneural invasion with Schwann cells surrounded or disrupted by tumor, respectively. Tumor and nerve cell co-culture conditions were used to determine if myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cell (S16 and S16Y, respectively) phenotype was equally likely to promote integrin-dependent cancer cell invasion and migration on laminin. Conditioned medium from S16 cells increased tumor cell (DU145, PC3, and CFPAC1) invasion into laminin approximately 1.3-2.0 fold compared to fetal bovine serum (FBS) treated cells. Integrin function (e.g., ITGA6p formation) increased up to 1.5 fold in prostate (DU145, PC3, RWPE-1) and pancreatic (CFPAC1) cells, and invasion was dependent on ITGA6p formation and ITGB1 as determined by function-blocking antibodies. In contrast, conditioned medium isolated from S16Y cells (non-myelinating phenotype) decreased constitutive levels of ITGA6p in the tumor cells by 50% compared to untreated cells and decreased ITGA6p formation 3.0 fold compared to S16 treated cells. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed loss of ITGA6p formation as reversible and independent of overall loss of ITGA6 expression. These results suggest that the myelinating phenotype of Schwann cells within the tumor microenvironment increased integrin-dependent tumor invasion on laminin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis C Sroka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Harsharon Chopra
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Lipsa Das
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Anne E Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The local extension of cancer cells along nerves is a frequent clinical finding for various tumours. Traditionally, nerve invasion was assumed to occur via the path of least resistance; however, recent animal models and human studies have revealed that cancer cells have an innate ability to actively migrate along axons in a mechanism called neural tracking. The tendency of cancer cells to track along nerves is supported by various cell types in the perineural niche that secrete multiple growth factors and chemokines. We propose that the perineural niche should be considered part of the tumour microenvironment, describe the molecular cues that facilitate neural tracking and suggest methods for its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moran Amit
- Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haalia Street No. 8, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shorook Na'ara
- Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haalia Street No. 8, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ziv Gil
- Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haalia Street No. 8, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hanoun M, Maryanovich M, Arnal-Estapé A, Frenette PS. Neural regulation of hematopoiesis, inflammation, and cancer. Neuron 2015; 86:360-73. [PMID: 25905810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in mediating the flight-or-fight response was recognized decades ago, the crucial role of peripheral innervation in regulating cell behavior and response to the microenvironment has only recently emerged. In the hematopoietic system, the ANS regulates stem cell niche homeostasis and regeneration and fine-tunes the inflammatory response. Additionally, emerging data suggest that cancer cells take advantage of innervating neural circuitry to promote their progression. These new discoveries outline the need to redesign therapeutic strategies to target this underappreciated stromal constituent. Here, we review the importance of neural signaling in hematopoietic homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maher Hanoun
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen WR, Wang YP, Chang JYF, Yu SY, Chen HM, Chiang CP. Perineural invasion and expression of nerve growth factor can predict the progression and prognosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:258-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Shen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Julia Yu-Fong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Division of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Shang-Yang Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; National Taiwan University Hospital; College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Perineurial Cells in Granular Cell Tumors and Neoplasms With Perineural Invasion. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:800-9. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31824ba93b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
13
|
Liu H, Ma Q, Xu Q, Lei J, Li X, Wang Z, Wu E. Therapeutic potential of perineural invasion, hypoxia and desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2395-403. [PMID: 22372500 DOI: 10.2174/13816128112092395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal human malignancies. Though a relatively rare malignancy, it remains one of the deadliest tumors, with an extremely high mortality rate. The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer remains poor; only patients with small tumors and complete resection have a chance of a complete cure. Pancreatic cancer responds poorly to conventional therapies, including chemotherapy and irradiation. Tumor-specific targeted therapy is a relatively recent addition to the arsenal of anti-cancer therapies. It is important to find novel targets to distinguish tumor cells from their normal counterparts in therapeutic approaches. In the past few decades, studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic tumorigenesis, growth, invasion and metastasis. The proteins that participate in the pathophysiological processes of pancreatic cancer might be potential targets for therapy. This review describes the main players in perineural invasion, hypoxia and desmoplasia and the molecular mechanisms of these pathophysiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Ma Q, Xu Q, Duan W, Lei J, Wu E. Targeting the cancer-stroma interaction: a potential approach for pancreatic cancer treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2404-15. [PMID: 22372501 DOI: 10.2174/13816128112092404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the interaction between the cancer and the stroma, play a key role in the development of pancreatic cancer. The desmoplasia, which consists of fibroblasts, pancreatic stellate cells, lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, pathologic increased nerves, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), creates a complex tumor microenvironment that promotes pancreatic cancer development, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the potential approach for targeting the components of this desmoplastic reaction or the pancreatic tumor microenvironment might represent a novel therapeutic approach to advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Novel therapies that target on the pancreatic tumor microenvironment should become one of the more effective treatments for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nerve growth factor in cancer cell death and survival. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:510-30. [PMID: 24212627 PMCID: PMC3756375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges for cancer therapeutics is the resistance of many tumor cells to induction of cell death due to pro-survival signaling in the cancer cells. Here we review the growing literature which shows that neurotrophins contribute to pro-survival signaling in many different types of cancer. In particular, nerve growth factor, the archetypal neurotrophin, has been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis over the past decade. Nerve growth factor mediates its effects through its two cognate receptors, TrkA, a receptor tyrosine kinase and p75NTR, a member of the death receptor superfamily. Depending on the tumor origin, pro-survival signaling can be mediated by TrkA receptors or by p75NTR. For example, in breast cancer the aberrant expression of nerve growth factor stimulates proliferative signaling through TrkA and pro-survival signaling through p75NTR. This latter signaling through p75NTR promotes increased resistance to the induction of cell death by chemotherapeutic treatments. In contrast, in prostate cells the p75NTR mediates cell death and prevents metastasis. In prostate cancer, expression of this receptor is lost, which contributes to tumor progression by allowing cells to survive, proliferate and metastasize. This review focuses on our current knowledge of neurotrophin signaling in cancer, with a particular emphasis on nerve growth factor regulation of cell death and survival in cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Warrington RJ, Lewis KE. Natural antibodies against nerve growth factor inhibit in vitro prostate cancer cell metastasis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:187-95. [PMID: 20976447 PMCID: PMC11028632 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of death in older men, and bone metastasis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in prostate cancer. Prostate is an abundant source of nerve growth factor (NGF) that is secreted by malignant epithelial cells and utilized as an important autocrine factor for growth and metastasis. We previously showed that intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIg) contains natural antibodies against NGF, which inhibit growth and differentiation of the NGF-dependent cell line PC-12. In the present study, we examined the effects of these natural antibodies on in vitro migration or metastasis of two prostate cancer cell lines namely DU-145 and PC-3. Cancer cell migration was assessed using these cell lines in the upper chambers of Matrigel invasion chambers. The effects of IVIg and affinity-purified anti-NGF antibodies on cell migration through membrane into the lower chamber were assessed in dose/response experiments by a colorimetric method. Affinity-purified natural IgG anti-NGF antibody inhibited DU-145 migration by 38% (p = 0.01) and PC-3 migration by 25% (p = 0.02); whereas, a monoclonal anti-NGF antibody inhibited DU-145 migration by 40% (p = 0.01) and PC-3 migration by 37% (p = 0.02), at the same concentration. When IVIg was depleted of NGF-specific IgG by affinity chromatography, there was no significant inhibition of migration of the DU-145 and PC-3 cells at a concentration of 1 mg/well. Removal of the NGF-specific antibody from the IVIg was also demonstrated by a lack of effect on PC-12 cell differentiation. Therefore, IVIg is able to inhibit the migration of prostate cancer cell lines, through Matrigel chambers in vitro, only when the natural NGF-specific antibodies actively are present in IVIg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Warrington
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook St., Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Ongoing and breakthrough pain is a primary concern for the cancer patient. Although the etiology of cancer pain remains unclear, animal models of cancer pain have allowed investigators to unravel some of the cancer-induced neuropathologic processes that occur in the region of tumor growth and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Within the cancer microenvironment, cancer and immune cells produce and secrete mediators that activate and sensitize primary afferent nociceptors. Pursuant to these peripheral changes, nociceptive secondary neurons in spinal cord exhibit increased spontaneous activity and enhanced responsiveness to three modes of noxious stimulation: heat, cold, and mechanical stimuli. As our understanding of the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie cancer pain improves, targeted analgesics for the cancer patient will likely follow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kolokythas A, Cox DP, Dekker N, Schmidt BL. Nerve growth factor and tyrosine kinase A receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: is there an association with perineural invasion? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68:1290-5. [PMID: 20363547 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perineural invasion (PNI) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is recognized as a significant predictor of outcome. PNI is associated with locoregional recurrence and decreased survival of patients with head and neck SCC. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to be involved in PNI in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. We investigated the hypothesis that NGF and its high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) are highly expressed in cases of oral SCC that have histologic evidence of PNI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry on archived oral tongue SCC specimens from the established oral and general pathology databases at the University of California, San Francisco. The following groups were evaluated: 1) 21 T1/T2 oral tongue SCC cases with PNI and 2) 21 T1/T2 oral tongue SCC cases without histologic evidence of PNI. RESULTS Strong homogeneous cytoplasmic staining for NGF and TrkA was detected in the malignant cells in the PNI-positive group of tumors. In group II (PNI negative) NGF and TrkA were detected in the stroma cells or were very weakly expressed by the malignant cells. We were able to show the presence of NGF and TrkA in the cytoplasm of malignant squamous cells in tumors with histologic evidence of PNI. Immunostaining for NGF (P = .0001) and TrkA (P = .039) was significantly higher in the PNI-positive oral SCC group than in the PNI-negative oral SCC group. CONCLUSION This study shows that oral SCC with evidence of PNI shows increased expression of NGF and TrkA and suggests that NGF and TrkA are involved with the mechanism leading to PNI. Further investigations are warranted to determine the potential for use of NGF and TrkA as candidate biomarkers to predict progression and outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liebig C, Ayala G, Wilks JA, Berger DH, Albo D. Perineural invasion in cancer: a review of the literature. Cancer 2009; 115:3379-91. [PMID: 19484787 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is the process of neoplastic invasion of nerves and is an under-recognized route of metastatic spread. It is emerging as an important pathologic feature of many malignancies, including those of the pancreas, colon and rectum, prostate, head and neck, biliary tract, and stomach. For many of these malignancies, PNI is a marker of poor outcome and a harbinger of decreased survival. PNI is a distinct pathologic entity that can be observed in the absence of lymphatic or vascular invasion. It can be a source of distant tumor spread well beyond the extent of any local invasion; and, for some tumors, PNI may be the sole route of metastatic spread. Despite increasing recognition of this metastatic process, there has been little progress in the understanding of molecular mechanisms behind PNI and, to date, no targeted treatment modalities aimed at this pathologic entity. The objectives of this review were to lay out a clear definition of PNI to highlight its significance in those malignancies in which it has been studied best. The authors also summarized current theories on the molecular mediators and pathogenesis of PNI and introduced current research models that are leading to advancements in the understanding of this metastatic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Liebig
- Department of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Festuccia C, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Millimaggi D, Dolo V, Vicentini C, Ficorella C, Ricevuto E, Bologna M. Her2 crosstalks with TrkA in a subset of prostate cancer cells: rationale for a guided dual treatment. Prostate 2009; 69:337-45. [PMID: 19016477 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no effective therapeutic treatment prevents prostate cancer (PCa) progression to more advanced and invasive disease forms. It has been demonstrated that the simultaneous high expression of p185(HER2) and TrkA might confer a proliferative advantage to PCa cells. METHODS In this work we verified the crosstalk between TrkA and Her2 signaling pathways and the effects of a combined treatment with Her2 and TrkA inhibitors. RESULTS NGF induced TrkA activation and stimulated cell proliferation of PCa cells. NGF induced also tyrosine phosphorylation of p185(HER2). This event was only partially inhibited by the pan Trk inhibitor, CEP-701 but was strongly blocked by pertuzumab, a humanized antibody blocking Her2 heterodimerization. In presence of NGF, TrkA and Her2 co-precipitated and this was dependent to the relative high cellular levels of TrkA since when cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with an antibody against Her2 the amount of TrkA were proportional to the cellular levels of this receptor. On the contrary when we immunoprecipitated using an antibody against TrkA the amount of Her2 seemed independent to cellular levels of Her2. So, combined treatment between CEP-701 and pertuzumab showed supra-additive effects in cells with higher levels of TrkA and Her2 suggesting once again that this was indicative of a higher response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the dual inhibition of TrkA and Her2 may be useful in a subset of patients in which TrkA and Her2 are overexpressed and in which the possibility of TrkA and Her2 protein-binding is elevated.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Furans
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor Cross-Talk/drug effects
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/drug effects
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/drug effects
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Chair of General Pathology, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma J, Jiang Y, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Zhao X. Expression of nerve growth factor and tyrosine kinase receptor A and correlation with perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1852-9. [PMID: 19120874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Perineural invasion (PNI) is one of the most common routes of invasion in pancreatic cancer and the exact mechanism is still not clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) and tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) on PNI and to clarify the possible mechanism of PNI in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Expressions of NGF/TrkA were examined in 51 human primary pancreatic cancer using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The molecular findings were correlated with PNI, clinicopathological parameters and expression of Ki-67. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the presence and kind of PNI are prognostic parameters (P = 0.002,, P = 0.004). Tumors with high NGF expression exhibited more frequent presence of PNI (P = 0.033). NGF expression was significantly correlated with metastasis of lymph nodes and involvement of surgical margins (P = 0.006, 0.015). TrkA expression was significantly correlated with degree of PNI (P = 0.017). Negative correlations were found between expression of NGF/TrkA and Ki-67. As shown by RT-PCR, mRNA levels of NGF/TrkA with PNI were significantly higher than that without PNI. CONCLUSIONS In pancreatic cancer, overexpression of NGF may contribute to PNI by prompting the hyperplasia of nerves, restraining the apoptosis of tumor cells and specifically combining NGF and TrkA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Festuccia C, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Pomante R, Ventura L, Ricevuto E, Vicentini C, Bologna M. In vitro and in vivo effects of bicalutamide on the expression of TrkA and P75 neurotrophin receptors in prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2007; 67:1255-64. [PMID: 17596848 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurotrophine tyrosine kinase receptors (NTR) are expressed in prostate carcinoma (PCa), and their distribution seems to be related to disease malignancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this article we analyzed the expression of NTRK1 (TrkA), NTRK2 (TrkB), NTRK3 (TrkC), and p75NTR in a 102 patient cohort with clinically localized tumors, which had been surgically treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). Among these, 61 patients received RP as sole treatment, and 41 patients received neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) for 120 days with bicalutamide 150 mg/day. In addition, we analyzed the NTR expression in vitro in the androgen receptor positive, androgen-sensitive cell strains derived from CWR22R. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that: (i) TrkA and TrkC levels were significantly upmodulated, whereas (ii) p75NTR seemed to be reduced, and (iii) TrkB expression seemed to be not affected by NHT. TrkA were constitutively activated when its levels were very high. In vitro studies showed that the dehydrotestosterone (DHT) was able to maintain low TrkA and TrkC protein levels. Conversely, DHT was able to maintain p75NTR at high levels. Bicalutamide treatment induced TrkA and TrkC and reduced p75NTR expression. Antiproliferative effects of CEP701 were dependent to TrkA levels. A therapeutical effect of CEP701 was seen in all culture conditions, and bicalutamide seemed to sensitize prostate cancer cells to the effects of a pan TrkA inhibitor CEP701, suggesting that a sequential therapy between these drugs could further increase the efficacy of Trk inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brackenbury WJ, Djamgoz MBA. Nerve growth factor enhances voltage-gated Na+ channel activity and Transwell migration in Mat-LyLu rat prostate cancer cell line. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:602-8. [PMID: 17149708 PMCID: PMC4123444 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The highly dynamic nature of voltage-gated Na+ channel (VGSC) expression and its controlling mechanism(s) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of nerve growth factor (NGF) in regulating VGSC activity in the strongly metastatic Mat-LyLu cell model of rat prostate cancer (PCa). NGF increased peak VGSC current density in a time- and dose-dependent manner. NGF also shifted voltage to peak and the half-activation voltage to more positive potentials, and produced currents with faster kinetics of activation; sensitivity to the VGSC blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) was not affected. The NGF-induced increase in peak VGSC current density was suppressed by both the pan-trk antagonist K252a, and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720. NGF did not affect the Nav1.7 mRNA level, but the total VGSC alpha-subunit protein level was upregulated. NGF potentiated the cells' migration in Transwell assays, and this was not affected by TTX. We concluded that NGF upregulated functional VGSC expression in Mat-LyLu cells, with PKA as a signaling intermediate, but enhancement of migration by NGF was independent of VGSC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz
- Correspondence to: Professor M. B. A. Djamgoz, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK, Tel: (0) 207 594 5370, Fax: (0) 207 584 2056,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dai H, Li R, Wheeler T, Ozen M, Ittmann M, Anderson M, Wang Y, Rowley D, Younes M, Ayala GE. Enhanced survival in perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer: an in vitro approach. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:299-307. [PMID: 17097719 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is characterized by perineural invasion (PNI), early lymph node and liver metastasis, and poor prognosis. PNI is one of the important causes of local recurrence. Little is known about the mechanism of PNI in PanCa. We presented a novel model system that may shed light on the mystery of PNI in PanCa. In this study, mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and human PanCa cell line (MIA PaCa-2) were cocultured in Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) to build this PNI model. MIA PaCa-2 cell line alone (control 1) or DRG alone (control 2) was cultured with Matrigel matrix as controls. Neurite outgrowth, cell colony growth, neurite-colony contact, and retrograde extension were observed under inverted microscopy and then were photographed and quantitated with the Optimas imaging system (Optimas Corp., Bothell, MA). At day 14, both the experimental and control 2 samples were harvested and subjected to total RNA isolation and fixed in paraffin-embedded blocks. Slides cut from paraffin blocks were studied with Ki-67 immunostaining and TUNEL assay. Gene profiling was performed using complementary DNA microarray. Overexpressed target genes were verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that reciprocity was observed between neurites and MIA PaCa colonies with 24 hours of coculture. Neurite outgrowth was stimulated in the presence of pancreatic carcinoma cells, which showed 2-fold more area than did control 2. After 72 hours, MIA PaCa colonies cocultured with DRG exhibited 58% more colony area than did control 1. The Ki-67 index of the DRG/MIA PaCa cells (mean, 5.02%) was significantly higher than that in control 1 (mean, 1.18%) (P < .05); in contrast, the apoptotic index in the DRG/MIA PaCa cells was significantly lower (mean, 0.45%) than that in the control 1 (mean, 1.85%) (P < .001). Prosurvival genes MALT1 and TRAF were increased 2-fold in DRG/MIA PaCa compared with controls. We demonstrated that neural-epithelial interaction is a mutually beneficial process for the growth of nerves and PanCa cells. It is possible that oncogenes and growth factors might act synergistically in promoting proliferation and/or inhibiting apoptosis, a survival strategy crucial to the development of PNI in PanCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Dai
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ruscica M, Dozio E, Motta M, Magni P. Role of neuropeptide Y and its receptors in the progression of endocrine-related cancer. Peptides 2007; 28:426-34. [PMID: 17204352 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides, in addition to its many physiological actions, has also been involved in the modulation of tumor progression, with specific reference to endocrine-related cancers such as neuroendocrine tumors, breast and prostate cancers. These have been found either to express NPY receptors, or to secrete NPY-related peptides, or both. The study of the role of the NPY family of peptides in the biology of endocrine-related tumors, specifically concerning cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastatization, may help to clarify some aspects of tumor pathophysiology, as well as to indicate novel diagnostic markers and therapeutical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruscica
- Center for Endocrinological Oncology, Istituto di Endocrinologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dang C, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Shimahara Y. Expression of nerve growth factor receptors is correlated with progression and prognosis of human pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:850-8. [PMID: 16704535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of the two types of nerve growth factor receptors (NGFR), namely high-affinity receptor TrkA and low-affinity receptor p75NGFR, in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The mRNA expression of NGFR for TrkA and p75NGFR was examined in 56 human primary pancreatic cancers using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors were found in all tumor specimens. It appears that the growth of pancreatic cancer cells stimulated by NGF depended on the expression levels and the ratio of TrkA to p75NGFR. TrkA and p75NGFR were negatively correlated and both were associated with abdominal or back pain and perineural invasion. Regarding this, patients with high TrkA expression levels exhibited more frequent perineural invasion and a higher degree of pain, whereas the results of p75NGFR were opposite. For Cox univariate analyses in the overall survival study, high expression of p75NGFR was associated with longer overall survival, but TrkA exhibited opposite effects and included an effect on perineural invasion and pain. Histoprognostic grading, tumor size and node involvement were not prognostic factors. In Cox multivariate analyses, TrkA and p75NGFR were both prognostic parameters. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that the expression of TrkA in pancreatic cancer is a marker of tumor aggressiveness. Conversely, we also found that elevated p75NGFR expression is associated with a favorable prognosis. We demonstrated that NGF exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on pancreatic cancers, with the overall effect determined by the expression levels and the ratio of TrkA to p75NGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ladha SS, Spinner RJ, Suarez GA, Amrami KK, Dyck PJB. Neoplastic lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy in prostate cancer by direct perineural spread: An unusual entity. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34:659-65. [PMID: 16810682 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy occurs with some abdominal and pelvic malignancies. Patients present with severe pain radiating from the low back down to the lower extremities, and this progresses to weakness. Neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy is virtually always associated with known malignancy or obvious pelvic metastatic disease. Uncommonly, prostate cancer can present as a lumbosacral plexopathy occurring through direct pelvic spread. We describe two cases of lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy from infiltrative prostate cancer without evidence of other pelvic or extraprostatic spread. The probable etiology of tumor spreading along prostatic nerves into the lumbosacral plexus (i.e., perineural spread) is discussed as are the potential mechanisms for this unusual mode of cancer dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafeeq S Ladha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marshall JL, Kindler H, Deeken J, Bhargava P, Vogelzang NJ, Rizvi N, Luhtala T, Boylan S, Dordal M, Robertson P, Hawkins MJ, Ratain MJ. Phase I trial of orally administered CEP-701, a novel neurotrophin receptor-linked tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:31-7. [PMID: 15528978 DOI: 10.1023/b:drug.0000047103.64335.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced carcinomas was conducted using the orally available neurotrophin receptor-linked tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, CEP-701. The objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of this orally administered agent. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 30 patients were accrued to receive escalating BID doses of CEP-701 in cycles lasting 28 days. Between 3 and 6 patients were enrolled at each dose level. Once the MTD was determined, nine de novo patients were recruited to receive that level of drug. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed after the first dose, with additional sampling to assess intraindividual variability. RESULTS The dosages ranged from 5 mg BID to 160 mg BID. While the criteria for MTD were not met at the dose levels administered, DLTs were observed at 80 and 120 mg BID. Treatment related adverse events, especially of the gastrointestinal system, made CEP-701 poorly tolerated at dosages above 40 mg BID. While CEP-701 did not produce an objective tumor response in any patient, 7 of the 30 patients received treatment for 3 months or more, including 3 who were on study with stable disease for more than 6 months. Orally administered CEP-701 was rapidly absorbed, with a mean t(max) between 1 and 3 hours. At higher dose levels, serum drug levels showed greater than dose-proportional increases by Day 28 versus Day 1. CONCLUSION CEP-701 40 mg BID was well tolerated by patients with advanced malignancy and is the recommended dose level for planned phase II trials. Further study is necessary to determine the clinical efficacy of this novel new chemotherapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Marshall
- Georgetown University Medical Center-Lombardi Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gulley J, Arlen P, Dahut W. Treating systemic prostate cancer: emerging drug targets and therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.6.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
30
|
Planz B, Tabatabaei S, Kirley SD, Aretz HT, Wang Q, Lin CW, McDougal WS, Marberger M. Studies on the differentiation pathway and growth characteristics of epithelial culture cells of the human prostate. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004; 7:73-83. [PMID: 14999242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We established explant primary cultures in order to study the growth and hormone responsiveness, and the differentiation process of prostatic epithelial cells. Cell outgrowth was achieved from explant tissue by using a new DU145-cell-conditioned medium and special plastic coverslips. To define the present model, proliferation assays were tested by [3H]thymidine assay and planimetric analysis. Cells were analyzed using immunocytochemistry, light, phase contrast and electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, telomerase ELISA and immunoassay (PSA). Morphology and electron microscopy revealed typical epithelial differentiation. Immunocytochemistry showed the content of basal and secretory epithelial cells, endocrine paracrine cells and a high level of proliferation. With increasing culture time, mature epithelial differentiation (PSA) increases and the initial increase of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) decreases again. After further passaging, alpha-SMA expression is no longer detected and PSA expression decreases. Furthermore, epithelial cells showed both androgen responsiveness and androgen receptor expression. These findings show the presence of epithelial cells in a process of differentiation with endocrine paracrine cells and a high level of proliferation. This model may maintain the cellular and functional properties more closely related to the human prostate and may provide a valuable tool for studying stem cells and differentiation characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Planz
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Montano X, Djamgoz MBA. Epidermal growth factor, neurotrophins and the metastatic cascade in prostate cancer. FEBS Lett 2004; 571:1-8. [PMID: 15280008 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Revised: 11/23/2003] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer of the prostate (CaP) is the most commonly occurring cancer in males, there are major limitations in its diagnosis and long-term cure. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of CaP is of particular importance for production of pharmacological and biological agents to manage the disease. The development of the normal prostate is regulated by stromal-epithelial interactions via endocrine and paracrine factors, such as androgens and growth factors, which act as precise homeostatic regulators of cellular proliferation. Importantly, after a period of hormonal therapy, CaP shifts from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent state with a concomitant switch from paracrine to autocrine growth factor stimulation and subsequent upregulation of growth factor expression. Thus, growth factors and their receptors have a pivotal role in CaP. This is emphasized by current evidence obtained from clinical specimens as well as several in vitro and in vivo models strongly suggesting that epidermal growth factor and the neurotrophins (nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophin factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5) together with their tyrosine kinase receptors could play a very significant role in CaP progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Montano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Signalling Group, Neuroscience Solution to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasion suppressor prostasin is down-regulated in prostate cancer, but the mechanism is unknown. A prostasin-binding protein (PBP) was found in the seminal vesicles, but its identity remains unclear. METHODS Genomic Southern blot analysis using methylation sensitive restriction endonucleases was employed to examine the prostasin gene promoter region in prostate cancer cell lines. RT-PCR was employed to examine prostasin expression under demethylation, histone deacetylase inhibition, and nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. Liquid column chromatography was employed to purify the PBP from mouse seminal vesicles. The PBP was further characterized by amino acid sequence analysis, recombinant protein expression, protease inhibition and binding assays. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate PBP expression in the prostate and prostate cancer cells. RESULTS Promoter DNA methylation partly causes the prostasin down-regulation in DU-145 and PC-3 cells, while prostasin expression can be induced by NGF. The PBP is identified to be protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a serpin. PN-1 inhibits prostasin's serine protease activity, is expressed by prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and prostate cancer cells, and capable of binding to membrane-anchored prostasin. CONCLUSIONS Prostasin's expression and function are regulated by factors in the prostate tissue environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shi X, Friess H, Kleeff J, Ozawa F, Büchler MW. Pancreatic cancer: factors regulating tumor development, maintenance and metastasis. Pancreatology 2002; 1:517-24. [PMID: 12120231 DOI: 10.1159/000055854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has one of the poorest prognoses of all gastrointestinal malignancies. Today, it is the fourth or fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western industrialized countries, and the incidence has been increasing throughout the past decades. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory and apoptotic signals as well as self-sufficiency of growth-promoting factors are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of this malignancy. In pancreatic cancer, a variety of growth factors and their receptors are expressed at increased levels. For example, the concomitant presence of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligand EGF is associated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness and shorter survival following tumor resection. Furthermore, a number of other growth factors and their receptors, such as nerve growth factor and its receptor, are overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and contribute to its malignant phenotype. Besides factors which directly promote cell proliferation, a variety of other factors such as galectins are upregulated, which influences the tumor environment and the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, tumor suppressor genes such as KAI1 are expressed at reduced levels, thereby enhancing the ability of pancreatic cells to form metastases. A complex disturbance of factors is present in pancreatic cancer, resulting in a distinct growth advantage which clinically results in rapid tumor progression and poor patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Shi
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In this article the role of different growth factors and their receptors in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer is discussed. The expression of members of the epidermal growth factor family, the fibroblast growth factor family, the transforming growth factor-beta family, the platelet-derived growth factor family, the nerve growth factor family, the insulin-like growth factor family and their signaling receptors is presented, and a correlation of the molecular data with clinical and pathological changes is performed. A number of these growth factors and their receptors are markedly overexpressed in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. In chronic pancreatitis, overexpression of growth factors and their receptors contributes to tissue remodeling and fibrogenesis. In contrast to chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer is associated with a variety of genetic alterations, including mutations in tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle regulators. In the presence of these genetic disturbances, enhanced expression of growth factors and their receptors contributes to cell proliferation and enhances the aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. In summary, growth factors and their receptors are often altered in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and contribute to various pathogenetic aspects in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Balaz
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krygier S, Djakiew D. Neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) suppresses growth and nerve growth factor-mediated metastasis of human prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:1-7. [PMID: 11857376 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The loss of tumor- and/or metastasis-suppressor gene function contributes to the transformation of human prostate epithelial cells to a malignant pathology. Such a putative tumor-suppressor and metastasis-suppressor gene(s) has been mapped to the region of 17q21, which coincidentally is in the vicinity of the human gene locus for the neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). The p75(NTR) is expressed in normal human prostate epithelial cells and exhibits an inverse association of p75(NTR) expression with the malignant progression of the prostate, consistent with a pathologic role of the p75(NTR) as a putative tumor and metastasis suppressor. Utilizing stable transfectants of the TSU-pr1 and PC-3 human prostate tumor cell lines that exhibit a rank order (dose-dependent) increase in p75(NTR) protein expression, we investigated the effects of the p75(NTR) in combination with its predominant ligand, nerve growth factor (NGF), on tumor cell growth. A rank order (dose-dependent) increase in p75(NTR) expression was found to suppress the growth of prostate tumors in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Treatment of these tumors with NGF stimulated both proliferation as indicated by PCNA expression and apoptosis as indicated by TUNEL assay, the net result of which was no change in the overall growth of the tumors. However, NGF was found to increase the formation of satellite tumors, both contiguous and noncontiguous with respect to the primary tumor mass, indicating dose-dependent induction of metastasis. Significantly, the formation of satellite tumors was suppressed by the expression of p75(NTR). This suggests that p75(NTR) is a tumor suppressor of growth and a metastasis suppressor of NGF-stimulated migration of human prostate tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Krygier
- Department of Cell Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ayala GE, Wheeler TM, Shine HD, Schmelz M, Frolov A, Chakraborty S, Rowley D. In vitro dorsal root ganglia and human prostate cell line interaction: redefining perineural invasion in prostate cancer. Prostate 2001; 49:213-23. [PMID: 11746267 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is understood regarding mechanisms of perineural invasion in prostate cancer progression. We present a novel model system and data that indicate perineural invasion is an active, specific, and reciprocal interaction between nerves and prostate cancer cells. METHODS Mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and human prostate cancer cells (Du-145, LNCaP, PC3) and stromal cells (HTS-40F) were co-cultured in Matrigel matrix. Control cultures consisted of prostate cancer and stromal cells only and DRG only. Neurite outgrowth, cell colony growth, neurite-colony contact, and retrograde extension were quantitated with dark phase microscopy and image analysis (Optimas 6.1). RESULTS Directional outgrowth of neurites was observed projecting into DU-145 colonies within 24 hr of co-culture. Cultures with the greatest number of DU-145 cells recruited significantly more neurites and established contact earlier, indicating this process was cell-seeding density dependent. Once neurite/DU-145 cell contact was established neurite growth diminished, suggesting an active neurite recruitment by DU-145 cells. Subsequent to neurite contact, DU-145 cells migrated along neurites in a retrograde fashion into the nerve/ganglion of origin (retrograde extension) establishing perineural invasion. In addition to perineural invasion, DU-145 colony growth was elevated in DRG co-cultures relative to DU-145-only control cell cultures. Similarly, the degree of neurite outgrowth was elevated in DRG-cell co-cultures relative to DRG-only control cultures. The same observations were made with LNCaP and PC3 cells, but interactions between stromal cells and nerves were not found. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the utility of the prostate cancer/DRG in vitro system to study specific mechanism of prostate cancer cell-nerve interaction. Moreover, these data suggest that perineural invasion mechanisms involve active and reciprocal interactions between carcinoma cells and adjacent nerve/ganglions in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Ayala
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Satoh F, Mimata H, Nomura T, Fujita Y, Shin T, Sakamoto S, Hamada Y, Nomura Y. Autocrine expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2001; 8:S28-34. [PMID: 11442674 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2001.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it has been demonstrated that the neurotrophins and their receptors are present in human prostate tissue, but neither their functional role nor localization is clearly understood. We studied the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in prostate cancer. Between 1990 and 1999, 48 prostate cancer specimens were obtained from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, of whom 25 received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) and 23 were untreated. The specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically for neurotrophins (nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, neurotrophin 4/5) and their receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, p75NTR). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that both benign and malignant prostate gland epithelial cells expressed the neurotrophins and their receptors to various degrees, but no obvious immunopositive reaction was observed in stromal cells. In benign epithelial cells, the neurotrophins were localized to secretory cells and the receptors were localized to basal cells. The neurotrophins, TrkA and TrkC were expressed to a similar extent in prostate cancer specimens obtained from patients both with and without NHT. In contrast, the expression of TrkB was down-regulated and the expression of p75NTR was up-regulated in prostate cancer after hormonal therapy. These findings suggest that neurotrophins are secreted by prostate cancer cells in an autocrine fashion. Neurotrophins may be involved, through their receptors, in the escape mechanism from cell death after androgen depletion found in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Satoh
- Department of Urology, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ozawa F, Friess H, Tempia-Caliera A, Kleeff J, Büchler MW. Growth factors and their receptors in pancreatic cancer. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2001; 21:27-44. [PMID: 11135319 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6866(2001)21:1<27::aid-tcm4>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an incidence of approximately 8 to 10 cases per 100,000 citizens in Western industrialized countries, and the incidence has been increasing throughout the last decades. Insensitivity to antigrowth and apoptotic signals as well as self-sufficiency in growth signals are hallmarks of malignant growth. Pancreatic cancers often exhibit alterations in growth inhibitory pathways such as Smad4 mutations and Smad6 and Smad7 overexpression, and evade apoptosis through p53 mutations and aberrant expression of apoptosis regulating genes. In addition, in pancreatic cancer a variety of growth factors are expressed at increased levels. For example, the concomitant presence of the EGF-receptor and its ligands EGF, TGF-alpha, and/or amphiregulin is associated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness and shorter survival periods following tumor resection. Furthermore, a number of other growth factors and their receptors, such as fibroblast growth factors, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factors, and insulin-like growth factors and their respective receptors are expressed at increased levels in pancreatic cancer and are thought to contribute to its malignant phenotype. Taken together, the disturbance of growth inhibitory and apoptotic pathways and the abundance of growth promoting factors give pancreatic cancer cells a distinct growth advantage which clinically results in rapid tumor progression and poor survival prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ozawa
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Endrizzi J, Seay T. The relationship between early biochemical failure and perineural invasion in pathological T2 prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000; 85:696-8. [PMID: 10759668 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate, in patients with pathologically localized prostate cancer, the relationship between early biochemical failure, i.e. an increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and perineural invasion (PNI) on final pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS The records were reviewed of 171 patients with prostate cancer who underwent prostatectomy at one institution between January 1992 and December 1995. Data on the histology, therapy and PSA level were collected and evaluated. RESULTS Of the 171 patients with pathologically localized (pT2) prostate cancer, 131 were evaluable; 17 (13%) had a detectable PSA level in the first 5 years after surgery and 63 had PNI in the pathological specimen. Of those with PSA recurrence, 14 had PNI, one had no PNI and in two there was no comment on PNI. In comparison, only 10 of the 17 patients with recurrence had a Gleason sum of >/= 7. CONCLUSION Perineural invasion seems to be an important predictor of early outcome in patients with organ-confined prostate cancer treated by prostatectomy. In this series it was the most sensitive predictor of biochemical failure. A more detailed pathological evaluation of prostate cancer may allow the clinician to provide closer surveillance and better informed clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Endrizzi
- Departments of Urology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jongsma J, Oomen MH, Noordzij MA, Romijn JC, van Der Kwast TH, Schröder FH, van Steenbrugge GJ. Androgen-independent growth is induced by neuropeptides in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 2000; 42:34-44. [PMID: 10579797 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000101)42:1<34::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen-independent growth leads to progressive prostate cancer after androgen-ablation therapy. This may be caused by altered specificity of the androgen receptor (AR), by ligand-independent stimulation of the AR, or by paracrine growth modulation by neuropeptides secreted by neuroendocrine (NE) cells. METHODS We established and characterized the androgen-independent FGC-DCC from the androgen-dependent LNCaP fast growing colony (FGC) cell line. The androgen-independent DU-145, FGC-DCC, and PC-3, and the androgen-dependent LNCaP and PC-346C cell lines were used to study growth modulation of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin (CT), serotonin (5-HT), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) by (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Specificity of the growth-modulating effects was tested with the anti-GRP monoclonal antibody 2A11 and induction of cAMP by neuropeptides. RESULTS Androgen-independent growth stimulation by neuropeptides was shown in DU-145 and PC-346C. 2A11 inhibited GRP-induced (3)H-thymidine incorporation in DU-145 and PC-346C and inhibited proliferation of the FGC-DCC and PC-3 cell lines. With some exceptions, cAMP induction paralleled growth stimulation. Dideoxyadenosine (DDA) inhibited the GRP-induced growth effect in DU-145 and PC-346C, whereas oxadiazoloquinoxaline-1-one (ODQ) had no effect on (3)H-thymidine incorporation. None of the neuropeptides stimulated growth of LNCaP, FGC-DCC, or PC-3. CONCLUSIONS GRP-induced growth of DU-145 and PC-346C was specific and cAMP-mediated. Androgen-independent growth of FGC-DCC cells was mainly due to an induction of Bcl-2 expression and possibly through the activation of an autocrine and NE-like pathway, as has been shown also for the PC-3 cell line. Growth induction of non-NE cells by neuropeptides could be a possible role for NE cells in clinical prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jongsma
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Guate JL, Fernández N, Lanzas JM, Escaf S, Vega JA. Expression of p75(LNGFR) and Trk neurotrophin receptors in normal and neoplastic human prostate. BJU Int 1999; 84:495-502. [PMID: 10468769 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the occurrence and cell distribution of p75(LNGFR) and Trk neurotrophin receptors in normal prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate carcinoma, and to determine the effect of androgen suppression on the expression of these proteins in prostate cancer samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material, obtained during surgery and from cadavers during removal of organs for transplantation. Light microscopy immunohistochemistry was carried out using polyclonal antibodies against Trks, and a monoclonal antibody against p75(LNGFR). General markers for epithelial and endocrine cells were assessed in parallel. RESULTS TrkA immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to the basal epithelial cells in some acini (37%). This pattern remained unchanged or IR extended to the whole acini in BPH, and varied widely in prostate cancer. In normal tissue and BPH, TrkC IR was detected exclusively in the stroma. Nevertheless, it progressively increased in the epithelial cells of well-differentiated to moderately differentiated prostate carcinoma, whereas in stromal cells there were no substantial changes. TrkB IR was absent in all the samples. There was weak p75(LNGFR) IR in normal epithelial cells, which increased in prostate cancer and to a lesser extent in BPH. Androgen suppression was ineffective in reversing TrkA modifications, whereas it caused a decrease in the expression of TrkC and p75(LNGFR). CONCLUSION The abnormal growth of prostatic epithelium is accompanied by increased TrkA expression and the induction of TrkC expression in epithelial cells. These results suggest that neurotrophins could be involved in the abnormal growth of the human prostate, acting through specific Trk signal-transducing receptors whose expression is regulated by androgens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Guate
- Servicios de Urología Hospital San Agustín, Avilés; Departamentos de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas. Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu Z, Friess H, diMola FF, Zimmermann A, Graber HU, Korc M, Büchler MW. Nerve growth factor expression correlates with perineural invasion and pain in human pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2419-28. [PMID: 10561305 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The reasons for the high frequency of perineural invasion and the presence of pain in pancreatic cancer are still not clear. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity receptor TrkA are involved in stimulating epithelial cancer cell growth and perineural invasion, as well as in pain generation in chronic benign disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS NGF and TrkA were examined by Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry in 27 normal and 37 pancreatic cancer tissue samples. The molecular findings were correlated with the degree of perineural invasion, pain, and histopathologic tumor characteristics. RESULTS Northern blot analysis indicated that NGF and TrkA mRNA levels were increased 2.7-fold and 5.6-fold, respectively (P <.05 and P <.05), in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with the normal pancreas tissue. As shown by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, NGF was strongly present in the cytoplasm of pancreatic cancer cells. TrkA was intensely present in the perineurium of pancreatic nerves but not in the cancer cells. There was no difference in NGF and TrkA expression between early (stages I and II) and advanced (stage III) tumor stages and between well-/moderately differentiated (grades 1 and 2) and poorly differentiated (grade 3) tumors. However, tumors with high NGF/TrkA expression levels exhibited more frequent perineural invasion (P <.01). Furthermore, increased NGF/TrkA expression levels were associated with a higher degree of pain (P <. 01). CONCLUSION Enhanced expression of the NGF/TrkA system may influence perineural invasion and may contribute to the pain syndrome in human pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Walch ET, Marchetti D. Role of neurotrophins and neurotrophins receptors in the in vitro invasion and heparanase production of human prostate cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:307-14. [PMID: 10545017 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006652605568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the neurotrophins (NTs) and their corresponding receptors (NTRs) TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75NTR in neoplasia has received relatively little attention. However, because malignant cell migration within the prostate occurs predominantly by direct extension around prostatic nerves, the presence and possible upregulation of NTs from autocrine/paracrine sources and NTR expression within prostate epithelial tumor cells may be important in metastasis. We have been addressing their expression and interactions in human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and their role in prostate cancer invasion. In this study, we demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypic NT, and NT-4/5 increased in vitro invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane and induced time- and dose-dependent expression of heparanase, a heparan sulfate-specific endo-beta-D-glucuronidase, an important molecular determinant of tumor metastasis. The NT effects were most marked in the DU 145 brain-metastatic cells and were detected at NT concentrations sufficient to fully saturate both low- and high-affinity NTRs. Additionally, we characterized the molecular expression of NT high-affinity (Trk) and low-affinity (p75NTR) receptors in these cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. These lines had negligible trkA and trkC expression, although trkB was expressed in the three prostatic tumor cell lines examined. The brain-metastatic DU 145 cells were also positive for p75NTR. Our data showed that the NTs and NTRs are important in metastasis and that their expression coincides with transformation to a malignant phenotype capable of invasion along the perineural space and extracapsular metastasis to distant sites. These findings set the stage for more research into this area as related to prostate cancer evolution and may improve therapy for prostate cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T Walch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Miknyoczki SJ, Lang D, Huang L, Klein-Szanto AJ, Dionne CA, Ruggeri BA. Neurotrophins and Trk receptors in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: expression patterns and effects on in vitro invasive behavior. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:417-27. [PMID: 10209957 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990505)81:3<417::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggressive and highly metastatic behavior observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may be due to autocrine and/or paracrine interactions (tumor/stromal) involving altered expression of peptide growth factors and their corresponding receptors. The neurotrophin (NT) growth factor family and their cognate receptors have been demonstrated to play a role in the invasiveness, chemotactic behavior and tumor cell survival of both neuronal and non-neuronal cancers. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of the NTs and/or the Trk receptors may contribute to the malignant phenotype of PDAC, specifically tumor cell invasiveness, through autocrine and/or paracrine interactions. In this study, we examined the expression of NTs, Trks and p75NGFR by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses in both normal (n=14) and neoplastic pancreas (n=47) and PDAC-derived cell lines (n=6). Further, we evaluated the effects of various NTs on the in vitro invasive and chemotactic behavior on 6 human PDAC-derived cell lines in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF), NT-3, NT-4/5 and Trks A, B and C exhibited diffuse cytoplasmic and membranous immunostaining patterns in both the ducts and the acini of the exocrine pancreas and the islets of the endocrine pancreas of both normal and PDAC specimens. NT expression was primarily within the stromal compartment of the tumor, while Trk expression was weak or absent. We observed a 68%, 64% and 66% increase in the expression of Trks A, B and C, respectively, in the ductal elements of the PDAC samples examined compared with the normal adjacent tissue. Invasiveness of 4 of 6 PDAC cell lines was significantly inhibited (p<0.05) when the cells were incubated with 100 ng/ml NT. However, when select cell lines were incubated with lower concentrations of NT-3 and BDNF (0, 1, 5, 25 and 50 ng/ml), invasiveness was significantly stimulated (p<0.05) through the Matrigel matrix. Collectively, our data suggest the possibility that paracrine and/or autocrine NT-Trk interactions may influence the phenotype (possibly the invasive behavior) of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Miknyoczki
- Department of Pathology, MCP-Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
PLANZ BERNHARD, KIRLEY SANDRAD, WANG QIFA, TABATABAEI SHAHIN, ARETZ HTHOMAS, MCDOUGAL WSCOTT. CHARACTERIZATION OF A STROMAL CELL MODEL OF THE HUMAN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT PROSTATE FROM EXPLANT CULTURE. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)61679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
46
|
CHARACTERIZATION OF A STROMAL CELL MODEL OF THE HUMAN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT PROSTATE FROM EXPLANT CULTURE. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199904000-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND TrkA, the high affinity, tyrosine kinase receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated as an oncogene in several neoplasms. In prostate cancer, inhibitors of the NGF/TrkA signal pathway results in tumor growth inhibition. In contrast, inhibition of this trk pathway in the normal prostate produces no effect. One explanation for this difference between normal and malignant prostate is that TrkA is mutated in prostate cancer, changing its function. To test this possibility human primary prostate cancers were screened for evidence of mutations in the TrkA gene to identify how this gene might be activated in prostate cancer. METHODS Single-strand conformation polymorphism was used to screen genomic DNA, isolated from 42 human primary prostate cancers. In samples in which an aberrant banding pattern was identified, the screen was repeated using both the tumor DNA and DNA isolated from normal tissue of the same patients. Genetic changes were confirmed by direct sequencing of the aberrantly migrating bands. RESULTS Although somatic mutations were not identified in any of the exons screened, four polymorphisms were detected in three different exons. Some of these polymorphisms occurred in the majority of the patients screened, but their frequencies were similar when compared with DNA isolated from a control group. CONCLUSIONS Genetic mutations of TrkA do not seem to play a significant role in activation of this pathway in prostate cancer. However, the absence of mutations in otherwise genetically unstable prostate tumor DNA suggests that intact NGF/TrkA pathways may be important in prostate cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J George
- Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|