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Luong NDM, Guillier L, Martin-Latil S, Batejat C, Leclercq I, Druesne C, Sanaa M, Chaix E. Database of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses kinetics relevant for assessing persistence in food processing plants. Sci Data 2022; 9:654. [PMID: 36289246 PMCID: PMC9606249 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), a virus causing severe acute respiratory disease in humans, emerged in late 2019. This respiratory virus can spread via aerosols, fomites, contaminated hands or surfaces as for other coronaviruses. Studying their persistence under different environmental conditions represents a key step for better understanding the virus transmission. This work aimed to present a reproducible procedure for collecting data of stability and inactivation kinetics from the scientific literature. The aim was to identify data useful for characterizing the persistence of viruses in the food production plants. As a result, a large dataset related to persistence on matrices or in liquid media under different environmental conditions is presented. This procedure, combining bibliographic survey, data digitalization techniques and predictive microbiological modelling, identified 65 research articles providing 455 coronaviruses kinetics. A ranking step as well as a technical validation with a Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility process were performed to check the quality of the kinetics. All data were deposited in public repositories for future uses by other researchers. Measurement(s) | Decimal reduction time | Technology Type(s) | Modelling of kinetics | Factor Type(s) | Temperature • Relative humidity • Genus • Strain | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Coronaviridae |
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Du Martin Luong
- grid.15540.350000 0001 0584 7022Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- grid.15540.350000 0001 0584 7022Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- grid.466400.0Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christophe Batejat
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Paris, France
| | - India Leclercq
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Paris, France
| | - Christine Druesne
- grid.15540.350000 0001 0584 7022Research fundings & scientific watch department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Moez Sanaa
- grid.15540.350000 0001 0584 7022Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Estelle Chaix
- grid.15540.350000 0001 0584 7022Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Herder V, Dee K, Wojtus JK, Epifano I, Goldfarb D, Rozario C, Gu Q, Da Silva Filipe A, Nomikou K, Nichols J, Jarrett RF, Stevenson A, McFarlane S, Stewart ME, Szemiel AM, Pinto RM, Masdefiol Garriga A, Davis C, Allan J, Graham SV, Murcia PR, Boutell C. Elevated temperature inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelium independently of IFN-mediated innate immune defenses. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001065. [PMID: 34932557 PMCID: PMC8765667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents an ongoing international health crisis. A key symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the onset of fever, with a hyperthermic temperature range of 38 to 41°C. Fever is an evolutionarily conserved host response to microbial infection that can influence the outcome of viral pathogenicity and regulation of host innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it remains to be determined what effect elevated temperature has on SARS-CoV-2 replication. Utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) air-liquid interface (ALI) model that closely mimics the natural tissue physiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory airway, we identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Respiratory tissue incubated at 40°C remained permissive to SARS-CoV-2 entry but refractory to viral transcription, leading to significantly reduced levels of viral RNA replication and apical shedding of infectious virus. We identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the differential regulation of epithelial host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection that impact upon multiple pathways, including intracellular immune regulation, without disruption to general transcription or epithelium integrity. We present the first evidence that febrile temperatures associated with COVID-19 inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelia. Our data identify an important role for tissue temperature in the epithelial restriction of SARS-CoV-2 independently of canonical interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Dee
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Joanna K. Wojtus
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Epifano
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Goldfarb
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Christoforos Rozario
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Ruth F. Jarrett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Meredith E. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka M. Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Rute M. Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Andreu Masdefiol Garriga
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Jay Allan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Sheila V. Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SVG); (PRM); (CB)
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SVG); (PRM); (CB)
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SVG); (PRM); (CB)
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3
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Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110893. [PMID: 33121170 PMCID: PMC7692899 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
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Guillier L, Martin-Latil S, Chaix E, Thébault A, Pavio N, Le Poder S, Batéjat C, Biot F, Koch L, Schaffner DW, Sanaa M. Modeling the Inactivation of Viruses from the Coronaviridae Family in Response to Temperature and Relative Humidity in Suspensions or on Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32680860 DOI: 10.1128/2020.05.26.20114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and relative humidity are major factors determining virus inactivation in the environment. This article reviews inactivation data regarding coronaviruses on surfaces and in liquids from published studies and develops secondary models to predict coronaviruses inactivation as a function of temperature and relative humidity. A total of 102 D values (i.e., the time to obtain a log10 reduction of virus infectivity), including values for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were collected from 26 published studies. The values obtained from the different coronaviruses and studies were found to be generally consistent. Five different models were fitted to the global data set of D values. The most appropriate model considered temperature and relative humidity. A spreadsheet predicting the inactivation of coronaviruses and the associated uncertainty is presented and can be used to predict virus inactivation for untested temperatures, time points, or any coronavirus strains belonging to Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera.IMPORTANCE The prediction of the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on fomites is essential in investigating the importance of contact transmission. This study collects available information on inactivation kinetics of coronaviruses in both solid and liquid fomites and creates a mathematical model for the impact of temperature and relative humidity on virus persistence. The predictions of the model can support more robust decision-making and could be useful in various public health contexts. A calculator for the natural clearance of SARS-CoV-2 depending on temperature and relative humidity could be a valuable operational tool for public authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillier
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Estelle Chaix
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Thébault
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicole Pavio
- UMR Virologie 1161, ENVA, INRAE, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Christophe Batéjat
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Biot
- Bacteriology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Lionel Koch
- Bacteriology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moez Sanaa
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
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5
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Guillier L, Martin-Latil S, Chaix E, Thébault A, Pavio N, Le Poder S, Batéjat C, Biot F, Koch L, Schaffner DW, Sanaa M. Modeling the Inactivation of Viruses from the Coronaviridae Family in Response to Temperature and Relative Humidity in Suspensions or on Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01244-20. [PMID: 32680860 PMCID: PMC7480392 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01244-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and relative humidity are major factors determining virus inactivation in the environment. This article reviews inactivation data regarding coronaviruses on surfaces and in liquids from published studies and develops secondary models to predict coronaviruses inactivation as a function of temperature and relative humidity. A total of 102 D values (i.e., the time to obtain a log10 reduction of virus infectivity), including values for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were collected from 26 published studies. The values obtained from the different coronaviruses and studies were found to be generally consistent. Five different models were fitted to the global data set of D values. The most appropriate model considered temperature and relative humidity. A spreadsheet predicting the inactivation of coronaviruses and the associated uncertainty is presented and can be used to predict virus inactivation for untested temperatures, time points, or any coronavirus strains belonging to Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera.IMPORTANCE The prediction of the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on fomites is essential in investigating the importance of contact transmission. This study collects available information on inactivation kinetics of coronaviruses in both solid and liquid fomites and creates a mathematical model for the impact of temperature and relative humidity on virus persistence. The predictions of the model can support more robust decision-making and could be useful in various public health contexts. A calculator for the natural clearance of SARS-CoV-2 depending on temperature and relative humidity could be a valuable operational tool for public authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillier
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Estelle Chaix
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Thébault
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicole Pavio
- UMR Virologie 1161, ENVA, INRAE, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Christophe Batéjat
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Biot
- Bacteriology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Lionel Koch
- Bacteriology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moez Sanaa
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
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6
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Hessling M, Hoenes K, Lingenfelder C. Selection of parameters for thermal coronavirus inactivation - a data-based recommendation. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2020; 15:Doc16. [PMID: 32733781 PMCID: PMC7373095 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Healthcare workers and large parts of the population are currently using personal protective equipment, such as face masks, to avoid infections with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This equipment must be sterilized as gently as possible before reuse. One possibility is thermal inactivation, but professional autoclaves with their high temperatures are often not available or suitable. If the inactivation period is long enough, coronavirus inactivation can also be carried out at relatively low temperatures. The required duration was determined in this study. Material and methods: Data from published thermal inactivation studies on coronaviruses were applied to determine the temperature dependence of the rate constant k(T) for each coronavirus by employing Arrhenius models. Results: The data obtained exhibit large variations, which appear to be at least partially caused by different sample properties. Samples with high protein content or samples in dry air sometimes seem to be more difficult to inactivate. Apart from this, the Arrhenius models describe the thermal inactivation properties well and SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can even be represented by a combined model. Furthermore, the available data suggest that all samples, including critical ones, can be mathematically included by a worst-case Arrhenius model. Conclusion: Coronaviruses can already be inactivated at relatively low temperatures. For most samples, application times of approximately 32.5, 3.7, and 0.5 minutes will be sufficient at 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C, respectively, for a 5 log-reduction. For difficult conditions, the worst-case model provides significantly longer application times of 490, 55, and 8 minutes for the temperatures mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Terada Y, Shiozaki Y, Shimoda H, Mahmoud HYAH, Noguchi K, Nagao Y, Shimojima M, Iwata H, Mizuno T, Okuda M, Morimoto M, Hayashi T, Tanaka Y, Mochizuki M, Maeda K. Feline infectious peritonitis virus with a large deletion in the 5'-terminal region of the spike gene retains its virulence for cats. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1930-1934. [PMID: 22718568 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the Japanese strain of type I feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), C3663, was found to have a large deletion of 735 bp within the gene encoding the spike (S) protein, with a deduced loss of 245 aa of the N-terminal region of the S protein. This deletion is similar to that observed in porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) when compared to transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which correlates with reduced virulence. By analogy to PRCoV, we expected that the pathogenicity of C3663 may be attenuated in cats. However, two of four cats inoculated with C3663 died of FIP, and a third C3663-inoculated cat showed FIP lesions at 91 days after challenge. These results indicate that the 5'-terminal region of the S gene is not essential for the development of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terada
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yuto Shiozaki
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | | | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nagao
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwata
- Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masaru Okuda
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morimoto
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hayashi
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Akasaka Park Bld. 22nd F. Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-6122, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratories of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Myrrha LW, Silva FMF, Peternelli EFDO, Junior AS, Resende M, de Almeida MR. The paradox of feline coronavirus pathogenesis: a review. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:109849. [PMID: 22312333 PMCID: PMC3265210 DOI: 10.1155/2011/109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, of the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales. FCoV is an important pathogen of wild and domestic cats and can cause a mild or apparently symptomless enteric infection, especially in kittens. FCoV is also associated with a lethal, systemic disease known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Although the precise cause of FIP pathogenesis remains unclear, some hypotheses have been suggested. In this review we present results from different FCoV studies and attempt to elucidate existing theories on the pathogenesis of FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wanderley Myrrha
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Miquelitto Figueira Silva
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ethel Fernandes de Oliveira Peternelli
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva Junior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício Resende
- Laboratório de Doença das Aves, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627—Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
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9
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Hsieh LE, Lin CN, Su BL, Jan TR, Chen CM, Wang CH, Lin DS, Lin CT, Chueh LL. Synergistic antiviral effect of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin and nelfinavir against feline coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:25-30. [PMID: 20603153 PMCID: PMC7114315 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in domestic and nondomestic felids caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Currently, no effective vaccine is available for the prevention of this disease. In searching for agents that may prove clinically effective against FCoV infection, 16 compounds were screened for their antiviral activity against a local FCoV strain in Felis catus whole fetus-4 cells. The results showed that Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and nelfinavir effectively inhibited FCoV replication. When the amount of virus preinoculated into the test cells was increased to mimic the high viral load present in the target cells of FIP cats, GNA and nelfinavir by themselves lost their inhibitory effect. However, when the two agents were added together to FCoV-infected cells, a synergistic antiviral effect defined by complete blockage of viral replication was observed. These results suggest that the combined use of GNA and nelfinavir has therapeutic potential in the prophylaxis and treatment of cats with early-diagnosed FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. Perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. For example, canine parvovirus (CPV) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and has recently been implicated as a possible cause of feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Molecular scrutiny of viral diseases sometimes permits deeper understanding of pathogenesis and epizootiology. Feline gastrointestinal lymphomas have not, in the past, been strongly associated with retroviral infections, yet some of these tumours harbour retroviral proviruses. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) may play a role in lymphomagenesis, even in cats diagnosed as uninfected using conventional criteria. There is strong evidence that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also be oncogenic. The variant feline coronaviruses that cause invariably-fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) arise by sporadic mutation of an ubiquitous and only mildly pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); a finding that has substantial management implications for cat breeders and veterinarians. Conversely, canine enteric coronavirus (CECV) shows considerable genetic and antigenic diversity but causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhoea in puppies. Routine vaccination against this virus is not recommended. Although parvoviruses, coronaviruses and retroviruses are the most important known viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease, other viruses play a role. Feline and canine rotaviruses have combined with human rotaviruses to produce new, reassortant, zoonotic viruses. Some companion animal rotaviruses can infect humans directly. Undoubtedly, further viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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12
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Abstract
The article discusses feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), an important disease frequently seen in veterinary practice. FIP causes many problems to the veterinarian as it can be difficult to definitively diagnose the disease, as there is no effective treatment, and as prophylactic interventions are not very successful. Although intense research has created a lot of new knowledge about this disease in the last years, there are still many unanswered questions. The objective of this article is to review recent knowledge and to increase understanding of the complex pathogenesis of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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13
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German AC, Helps CR, Harbour DA. FIP: a novel approach to vaccination. Proceedings from the 2nd International FCoV/FIP Symposium, Glasgow, 4-7 August 2002. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:119-24. [PMID: 15123157 PMCID: PMC7129736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease of cats. Early attempts at vaccination have been unsuccessful, some even serving to exacerbate the disease through antibody-dependent enhancement. Replication-incompetent feline foamy virus (FFV) transducing vectors are being developed as potential vaccine agents, into which immunogenic fragments of feline coronavirus (FCoV) proteins will be inserted. To use a recombinant viral vector to express FCoV proteins, the agent chosen should be apathogenic and replication incompetent within the host following gene delivery. Spumaviruses confer several advantages over the more traditionally explored retroviral vectors. Stable helper cell line clones have been established by transfection of CRFK cells with FFV tas and assessed using beta-galactosidase assays, PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting. The generation of infectious virions using these cell lines has been investigated using tas-deleted FFV vectors containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) cassette.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C German
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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14
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Hartmann K, Binder C, Hirschberger J, Cole D, Reinacher M, Schroo S, Frost J, Egberink H, Lutz H, Hermanns W. Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 17:781-90. [PMID: 14658713 PMCID: PMC7197515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data from 488 cats (1979–2000) with histopathologically confirmed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and 620 comparable controls were evaluated retrospectively to assess the value of several diagnostic tests frequently used in the evaluation of cats with suspected FIP. Diagnostic utility of serum albumin to globulin ratio for the diagnosis of FIP was greater than of the utility of serum total protein and ‐/‐globulin concentrations. Diagnostic utility of these variables was higher when performed on effusion. On effusion, positive and negative predictive values of Rivalta's test, a test that distinguishes between exudates and transudates (0.86 and 0.97), anti‐coronavirus antibody detection (0.90 and 0.79), and immunofluorescence staining of coronavirus antigen in macrophages (1.00 and 0.57) were investigated. The positive and negative predictive values of presence of anti‐coronavirus antibodies were 0.44 and 0.90, respectively, antibody concentrations (1:1,600) were 0.94 and 0.88, presence of immune complexes measured by a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were 0.67 and 0.84, and detection of viral RNA by serum reverse‐transcrip‐tase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) were 0.90 and 0.47. Effusion RT‐PCR was performed in 6 cats; it was positive in all 5 cats with FIP and negative in the cat with another disease. Diagnostic assays on the fluid in cats with body effusion had good predictive values. Definitive diagnosis of FIP on the basis of measurement of various variables in serum was not possible. Serum tests can only be used to facilitate the decision for more invasive diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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15
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Hohdatsu T, Yamato H, Ohkawa T, Kaneko M, Motokawa K, Kusuhara H, Kaneshima T, Arai S, Koyama H. Vaccine efficacy of a cell lysate with recombinant baculovirus-expressed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus nucleocapsid protein against progression of FIP. Vet Microbiol 2004; 97:31-44. [PMID: 14637036 PMCID: PMC7117512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Type II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection of feline macrophages is enhanced by a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the S protein of FIPV. This antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activity increased with the MAb that showed a neutralizing activity with feline kidney cells, suggesting that there was a distinct correlation between ADE activity and the neutralizing activity. The close association between enhancing and neutralizing epitopes is an obstacle to developing a vaccine containing only neutralizing epitopes without enhancing epitopes. In this study, we immunized cats with cell lysate with recombinant baculovirus-expressed N protein of the Type I FIPV strain KU-2 with an adjuvant and investigated its preventive effect on the progression of FIP. Cats immunized with this vaccine produced antibodies against FIPV virion-derived N protein but did not produce virus-neutralizing antibodies. A delayed type hypersensitivity skin response to N protein was observed in these vaccinated cats, showing that cell mediated immunity against the FIPV antigen was induced. When these vaccinated cats were challenged with a high dose of heterologous FIPV, the survival rate was 75% (6/8), while the survival rate in the control group immunized with SF-9 cell-derived antigen was 12.5% (1/8). This study showed that immunization with the cell lysate with baculovirus-expressed N protein was effective in preventing the progression of FIP without inducing ADE of FIPV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034, Japan.
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16
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Addie DD, Schaap IAT, Nicolson L, Jarrett O. Persistence and transmission of natural type I feline coronavirus infection. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2735-2744. [PMID: 13679608 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the mode of natural transmission and persistence of feline coronavirus (FCoV), FCoV strains shed by domestic cats were investigated over periods of up to 7 years. An RT-PCR that amplified part of the 3' end of the viral spike (S) gene was devised to distinguish FCoV types I and II. All but 1 of 28 strains of FCoV from 43 cats were type I. Nucleotide identities of the amplified 320 bp product from 49 type I FCoVs ranged from 79 to 100 %. The consensus partial S sequence of isolates recovered from persistently infected cats at time intervals spanning years was generally conserved. While most cats were infected with a single strain, a few may have been infected by more than one strain. Cats that were transiently infected and ceased shedding could be re-infected with either the same, or a different, strain. In most cases, whether a cat became persistently or transiently infected was independent of the virus strain. However, one strain was unusual in that it infected the majority of cats in the household simultaneously and was still being shed 18 months later. Factors that influence whether FCoV establishes lifelong infection in some cats and not others are determined mainly by the host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Addie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - I A T Schaap
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - L Nicolson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - O Jarrett
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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17
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Glansbeek HL, Haagmans BL, Te Lintelo EG, Egberink HF, Duquesne V, Aubert A, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJM. Adverse effects of feline IL-12 during DNA vaccination against feline infectious peritonitis virus. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1-10. [PMID: 11752695 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is thought to play a decisive role in protecting cats against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a progressive and lethal coronavirus disease. In view of the potential of DNA vaccines to induce cell-mediated responses, their efficacy to induce protective immunity in cats was evaluated. The membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were chosen as antigens, because antibodies to the spike (S) protein of FIP virus (FIPV) are known to precipitate pathogenesis. However, vaccination by repeated injections of plasmids encoding these proteins did not protect kittens against challenge infection with FIPV. Also, a prime-boost protocol failed to afford protection, with priming using plasmid DNA and boosting using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the same coronavirus proteins. Because of the role of IL-12 in initiating cell-mediated immunity, the effects of co-delivery of plasmids encoding the feline cytokine were studied. Again, IL-12 did not meet expectations - on the contrary, it enhanced susceptibility to FIPV challenge. This study shows that DNA vaccination failed to protect cats against FIP and that IL-12 may yield adverse effects when used as a cytokine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrie L Glansbeek
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands2
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
| | - Eddie G Te Lintelo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
| | - Herman F Egberink
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
| | | | - André Aubert
- Virbac Laboratories Inc., 06511 Carros Cedex, France3
| | - Marian C Horzinek
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
| | - Peter J M Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands1
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18
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Scott FW. Evaluation of risks and benefits associated with vaccination against coronavirus infections in cats. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999; 41:347-58. [PMID: 9890027 PMCID: PMC7149311 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F W Scott
- Cornell Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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19
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Truyen U, Parrish CR, Harder TC, Kaaden OR. There is nothing permanent except change. The emergence of new virus diseases. Vet Microbiol 1995; 43:103-22. [PMID: 7740750 PMCID: PMC7117336 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)92531-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sudden appearance of apparently new viruses with pathogenic potential is of fundamental importance in medical microbiology and a constant threat to humans and animals. The emergence of a "new" pathogen is not an isolated event, as for instance the frequent appearance of new influenza virus strains demonstrates. Often the new virus strains co-circulate with the older strains in a susceptible population, but a replacement of the older strains has been also observed. In rare instances the new viruses can cause dramatic epidemics or pandemics, such as those observed with the human immunodeficiency virus, canine parvovirus, or most recently, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United Kingdom. The mechanisms of the emergence are not always clearly understood, but an altered host range appears to be a common event. Whether a true change in host range occurs, or whether the virus adapted to the host and replicated more efficiently, is often unknown. This review tries to summarize the facts that are known about a wide variety of "new" viruses of mammals, such as the simian, human and feline lentiviruses, the feline coronaviruses, the feline parvoviruses, the carnivore morbilliviruses, the influenza A viruses, and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. A particular emphasis will be put on the genetic mechanisms that might have taken place and that might have been responsible for their sudden appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Truyen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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20
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Klepfer S, Reed AP, Martinez M, Bhogal B, Jones E, Miller TJ. Cloning and expression of FECV spike gene in vaccinia virus. Immunization with FECV S causes early death after FIPV challenge. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 380:235-41. [PMID: 8830486 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The spike gene of the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), strain FECV-1683, was PCR amplified from total RNA extracted from FECV-infected cells and its sequence determined. A primary translation product of 1454 amino acids is predicted from the nucleotide sequence, containing a N-terminal signal sequence, a C-terminal transmembrane region and 33 potential N-glycosylation sites. The sequence shares 92% homology with the previously published feline infectious peritonitis virus, strain WSU-1146; however, several regions were identified that distinguished FECV from Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus, FIPV. The full length FECV S gene was cloned and expressed in vaccinia virus. Recombinants produced a 200 kD protein which was recognized by sera from cats infected with FIPV. When kittens were immunized with the vaccinia/FECV S recombinant, neutralizing antibodies to FIPV were induced. After challenge with a lethal dose of FIPV, the recombinant vaccinated animals died earlier than control animals immunized with vaccinia virus alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Blotting, Western
- Cats
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coronavirus, Feline/genetics
- Coronavirus, Feline/immunology
- Coronavirus, Feline/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/immunology
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/physiopathology
- Genes, Viral
- Immunization
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Sorting Signals/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klepfer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Smithkline Beecham Animal Health, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Reed AP, Klepfer S, Miller T, Jones E. Cloning and sequence analysis of the spike gene from several feline coronaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 342:17-21. [PMID: 8209725 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA sequence encoding the spike gene from the DF2 strain of Type II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a temperature sensitive FIPV virus (TS-DF2) and an isolate of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV 1683) were determined. Comparison of the published WSU 1146 and DF2 FIPV S genes showed that the viruses shared a high degree of homology (99.6%). Likewise, the S gene of the virulent DF2 FIPV virus was closely conserved to that isolated from the vaccine virus strain, TS-DF2 FIPV. In contrast, the FECV S gene had numerous DNA and amino acid differences when compared to the virulent FIPV sequences. Sequence differences among the feline coronavirus isolates were localized to the amino-terminus region of the S gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Animal Health, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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22
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Olsen CW. A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus: molecular biology, immunopathogenesis, clinical aspects, and vaccination. Vet Microbiol 1993; 36:1-37. [PMID: 8236772 PMCID: PMC7117146 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90126-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) has been an elusive and frustrating problem for veterinary practitioners and cat breeders for many years. Over the last several years, reports have begun to elucidate aspects of the molecular biology of the causal virus (FIPV). These papers complement a rapidly growing base of knowledge concerning the molecular organization and replication of coronaviruses in general. The fascinating immunopathogenesis of FIPV infection and the virus' interaction with macrophages has also been the subject of several recent papers. It is now clear that FIPV may be of interest to scientists other than veterinary virologists since its pathogenesis may provide a useful model system for other viruses whose infectivity is enhanced in the presence of virus-specific antibody. With these advances and the recent release of the first commercially-available FIPV vaccine, it is appropriate to review what is known about the organization and replication of coronaviruses and the pathogenesis of FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Olsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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23
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Abstract
Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that may result in either effusive and noneffusive FIP disease or in subclinical to severe enteritis. Investigators are still unsure of the routes by which strains of coronavirus are transmitted between cats. Excretion of coronavirus by infected cats into the environment occurs by way of feces, oronasal secretions, and, possibly, urine. FIP coronavirus remains stable outside the host for as long as 3 to 7 weeks and is rapidly inactivated by most household disinfectants. Clinical diagnosis of coronavirus infection is made by evaluating the presenting history, physical findings, laboratory results, coronavirus antibody titers, and by excluding analogous disease. The presence of coronavirus antibodies can be used to screen cats for the presence of coronavirus infection and as an adjunct in diagnosing clinical coronavirus infection. A intranasal TS-FIPV vaccine that protects against natural coronavirus challenge is available for healthy cats 16 weeks of age or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hoskins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Route
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24
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Evermann JF, McKeirnan AJ, Ott RL. Perspectives on the epizootiology of feline enteric coronavirus and the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 1991; 28:243-55. [PMID: 1654668 PMCID: PMC7117328 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90079-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review presents some current thoughts regarding the epizootiology of the feline coronaviruses; feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline coronavirus (FECV) with primary emphasis on the pathogenesis of these viruses in nature. Although the mechanism(s) whereby FIPV causes disease are still incompletely understood, there have been significant contributions to the literature over the past decade which provide a framework upon which plausible explanations can be postulated. Two concepts are presented which attempt to clarify the pathogenesis of FIPV and at the same time may serve as an impetus for further research. The first involves the hypothesis, originally promulgated by Pedersen in 1981, that FIPV is derived from FECV during virus replication in the gastrointestinal tract. The second involves a unique mechanism of the mucosal immune system referred to as oral tolerance, which under normal conditions promotes the production of secretory immunity and suppresses the production of systemic immunity. In the case of FIPV infection, we propose that oral tolerance is important in the control of the virus at the gastrointestinal tract level. Once oral tolerance is disrupted, FIPV is capable of systemic spread resulting in immune-mediated vasculitis and death. Thus, it may be that clinical forms of FIP are due to a combination of two events, the first being the generation of FIPV from FECV, and the second being the capacity of FIPV to circumvent oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610
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25
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Gerber JD, Ingersoll JD, Gast AM, Christianson KK, Selzer NL, Landon RM, Pfeiffer NE, Sharpee RL, Beckenhauer WH. Protection against feline infectious peritonitis by intranasal inoculation of a temperature-sensitive FIPV vaccine. Vaccine 1990; 8:536-42. [PMID: 2087874 PMCID: PMC7131383 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cats vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) with a temperature sensitive feline infectious peritonitis virus (ts-FIPV) vaccine were protected against an FIP-inducing challenge. Seventeen of 20 vaccinated cats (85%) survived a rigorous virulent FIPV challenge that caused FIP in 12 of 12 non-vaccinated cats (100%), 10 (83%) of which died. Intranasal vaccination stimulated serum IgG and serum and salivary IgA antibody responses (measured by ELISA), FIPV-neutralizing antibody (VN), and a cell-mediated immune (CMI) response as measured by lymphocyte proliferation. The serum antibody response to vaccination was not associated with protection. In fact, the IgG, IgA and VN titres were much higher in control cats than in vaccinated cats following challenge suggesting an immune-mediated pathogenesis. In contrast, stimulation of a mucosal IgA response to vaccination was related to protection. The in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to virulent FIPV was observed in vaccinated cats, in vaccinated and challenged cats but not in non-vaccinated challenged cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gerber
- SmithKline Beecham Animal Health, Lincoln, NE 68501
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26
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Abstract
A review is given about pathogenetic and clinical aspects of the well-known as well as of recently detected members of the family Coronaviridae. Special attention is paid to coronavirus infections of domestic cattle and pets, whereas avian, murine, rat and human coronaviruses are summarized briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Möstl
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Vienna, Austria
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