1
|
Van Bressem MF, Raga JA, Domingo M, Duignan P. Historical isolates of dolphin morbillivirus: origin and new data. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 155:159-163. [PMID: 37706646 DOI: 10.3354/dao03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) was isolated in striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba from the Mediterranean Sea stranded along the coast of Spain during a lethal epidemic that killed thousands of individuals in 1990-1992. Though some of these isolates (MUC, 16A and the reference strain) have been extensively characterised, details on their origin were not reported in the literature, and records for these isolates are often difficult to trace and are, sometimes, erroneous. Here, we provide unpublished biological and histopathological data for these isolates, summarize the literature on their characterization and make suggestions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Van Bressem
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group, Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research, Museo de Delfines, Lima 20, Peru
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marutani VHB, Miyabe F, Alfieri AF, Domit C, de Matos AMRN, Filho MRCM, Bracarense APFRL. Systematic beach monitoring as a health assessment tool: Cetacean morbillivirus under non-epizootic circumstances in stranded dolphins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e96-e103. [PMID: 34331405 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) was identified as the etiologic agent of several epizootic episodes worldwide. Most of these studies are based on unusual mortality events or identification of new viral strains. We investigated the occurrence of CeMV under non-epizootic circumstances at a world heritage in Southern Brazil by a combination of pathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular assays. From 325 stranded cetaceans, 40 were included. Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) was the most frequent species. Interstitial pneumonia and non-suppurative encephalitis were the main pathologic findings associated with CeMV infection. Intracytoplasmic immunolabelling anti-CeMV was observed mainly in lungs and lymph nodes. All samples were negative in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Diagnosis of CeMV is challenging in areas where epizootic episodes have not been recorded and due to post-mortem changes. We observed a CeMV prevalence of 27.5%. The results described here increase the knowledge about CeMV under non-epizootic conditions in Brazil and worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávia Miyabe
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Domit
- Centros de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seki F, Ohishi K, Maruyama T, Takeda M. Phocine distemper virus uses phocine and other animal SLAMs as a receptor but not human SLAM. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:578-583. [PMID: 32215955 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses use the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) as a receptor to infect their hosts. Seals are almost the only animal species that show apparent infection with phocine distemper virus (PDV). Seal SLAM functioned as a PDV receptor. However, dolphin- and dog-SLAM molecules, but not human SLAM, were also fully functional PDV receptors. These data suggest that the host range of PDV is not simply determined by its SLAM usage. However, human nonsusceptibility to PDV infection may be at least partly attributable to the inability of PDV to use human SLAM as a receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazue Ohishi
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maruyama
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohishi K, Maruyama T, Seki F, Takeda M. Marine Morbilliviruses: Diversity and Interaction with Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecules. Viruses 2019; 11:E606. [PMID: 31277275 PMCID: PMC6669707 DOI: 10.3390/v11070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological reports of phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) have accumulated since their discovery nearly 30 years ago. In this review, we focus on the interaction between these marine morbilliviruses and their major cellular receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). The three-dimensional crystal structure and homology models of SLAMs have demonstrated that 35 residues are important for binding to the morbillivirus hemagglutinin (H) protein and contribute to viral tropism. These 35 residues are essentially conserved among pinnipeds and highly conserved among the Caniformia, suggesting that PDV can infect these animals, but are less conserved among cetaceans. Because CeMV can infect various cetacean species, including toothed and baleen whales, the CeMV-H protein is postulated to have broader specificity to accommodate more divergent SLAM interfaces and may enable the virus to infect seals. In silico analysis of viral H protein and SLAM indicates that each residue of the H protein interacts with multiple residues of SLAM and vice versa. The integration of epidemiological, virological, structural, and computational studies should provide deeper insight into host specificity and switching of marine morbilliviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583, Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Maruyama
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genomic and structural investigation on dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) in Mediterranean fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Sci Rep 2017; 7:41554. [PMID: 28134317 PMCID: PMC5278511 DOI: 10.1038/srep41554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) has been deemed as one of the most relevant threats for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) being responsible for a mortality outbreak in the Mediterranean Sea in the last years. Knowledge of the complete viral genome is essential to understand any structural changes that could modify virus pathogenesis and viral tissue tropism. We report the complete DMV sequence of N, P/V/C, M, F and H genes identified from a fin whale and the comparison of primary to quaternary structure of proteins between this fin whale strain and some of those isolated during the 1990–‘92 and the 2006–‘08 epidemics. Some relevant substitutions were detected, particularly Asn52Ser located on F protein and Ile21Thr on N protein. Comparing mutations found in the fin whale DMV with those occurring in viral strains of other cetacean species, some of them were proven to be the result of diversifying selection, thus allowing to speculate on their role in host adaptation and on the way they could affect the interaction between the viral attachment and fusion with the target host cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Van Bressem MF, Duignan PJ, Banyard A, Barbieri M, Colegrove KM, De Guise S, Di Guardo G, Dobson A, Domingo M, Fauquier D, Fernandez A, Goldstein T, Grenfell B, Groch KR, Gulland F, Jensen BA, Jepson PD, Hall A, Kuiken T, Mazzariol S, Morris SE, Nielsen O, Raga JA, Rowles TK, Saliki J, Sierra E, Stephens N, Stone B, Tomo I, Wang J, Waltzek T, Wellehan JFX. Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:5145-81. [PMID: 25533660 PMCID: PMC4276946 DOI: 10.3390/v6125145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different strains detected in cetaceans worldwide. CeMV has caused epidemics with high mortality in odontocetes in Europe, the USA and Australia. It represents a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus. Although most CeMV strains are phylogenetically closely related, recent data indicate that morbilliviruses recovered from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), from Western Australia, and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), from Brazil, are divergent. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) cell receptor for CeMV has been characterized in cetaceans. It shares higher amino acid identity with the ruminant SLAM than with the receptors of carnivores or humans, reflecting the evolutionary history of these mammalian taxa. In Delphinidae, three amino acid substitutions may result in a higher affinity for the virus. Infection is diagnosed by histology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology. Classical CeMV-associated lesions include bronchointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, syncytia, and lymphoid depletion associated with immunosuppression. Cetaceans that survive the acute disease may develop fatal secondary infections and chronic encephalitis. Endemically infected, gregarious odontocetes probably serve as reservoirs and vectors. Transmission likely occurs through the inhalation of aerosolized virus but mother to fetus transmission was also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Van Bressem
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group (CMED), Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-53051397
| | - Pádraig J. Duignan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL T2N 4Z6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ashley Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Michelle Barbieri
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mails: (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Maywood, IL 60153 , USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, and Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Deborah Fauquier
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35413, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Bryan Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kátia R. Groch
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-207, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Instituto Baleia Jubarte (Humpback Whale Institute), Caravelas, Bahia 45900-000, Brazil
| | - Frances Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mails: (M.B.); (F.G.)
- Marine Mammal Commission, 4340 East-West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brenda A Jensen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawai`i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Ailsa Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 8LB, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua 35020, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sinead E Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 , Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Juan A Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia 22085, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Jeremy Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA GA 30602 , USA; E-Mail:
| | - Eva Sierra
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35413, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Nahiid Stephens
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Brett Stone
- QML Vetnostics, Metroplex on Gateway, Murarrie, Queensland 4172, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ikuko Tomo
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Jianning Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Thomas Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James FX Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fossi MC, Casini S, Maltese S, Panti C, Spinsanti G, Marsili L. An "ex vivo" model to evaluate toxicological responses to mixtures of contaminants in cetaceans: integumentum biopsy slices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1107-1121. [PMID: 23339137 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for powerful new tools to detect the effects of chemical pollution, in particular of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Mediterranean cetaceans led us to develop and apply a suite of sensitive biomarkers for integument biopsies of stranded and free-ranging animals. This multi-response ex vivo method has the aim to detect toxicological effects of contaminant mixtures. In the present study, we applied an ex vivo assay using skin biopsy and liver slices, combining molecular biomarkers [Western blot of Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and Cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B)] and gene expression biomarkers (Quantitative real-time PCR of CYP1A1, heat shock protein 70, estrogen receptor alpha and E2F transcription factor) in response to chemical exposure [organochlorines compounds (OCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and PAHs] for stranded Mediterranean Stenella coeruleoalba. The main goal of this experiment was to identify the biomarker and/or a suite of biomarkers that could best detect the presence of a specific class of pollutants (OCs, PBDEs, and PAHs) or a mixture of them. This multi-response biomarker methodology revealed an high sensitivity and selectivity of responses (such as CYP1A and ER α mRNA variations after OCs and PAHs exposure) and could represent a valid future approach for the study of inter- and intra-species sensitivities to various classes of environmental contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Fossi
- Department of Earth, Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morbillivirus infection in pilot whales: strict protein requirement drives genetic conservation. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1853-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Phylogenetic analysis of a new Cetacean morbillivirus from a short-finned pilot whale stranded in the Canary Islands. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Keck N, Kwiatek O, Dhermain F, Dupraz F, Boulet H, Danes C, Laprie C, Perrin A, Godenir J, Micout L, Libeau G. Resurgence of Morbillivirus infection in Mediterranean dolphins off the French coast. Vet Rec 2010; 166:654-5. [PMID: 20495168 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Keck
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, 306 rue Croix de Las Cazes, CS 69013, F-34967 Montpellier Cedex 2, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
BEARZI GIOVANNI, FORTUNA CATERINAMARIA, REEVES RANDALLR. Ecology and conservation of common bottlenose dolphinsTursiops truncatusin the Mediterranean Sea. Mamm Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Grant RJ, Banyard AC, Barrett T, Saliki JT, Romero CH. Real-time RT-PCR assays for the rapid and differential detection of dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:117-23. [PMID: 19084557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Real-time RT-PCR (rtRT-PCR) assays for identifying and differentiating infections caused by dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) were developed by targeting the hypervariable C-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Total DMV and PMV RNA extracted from infected Vero cells expressing the canine signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (SLAM) produced positive cycle threshold (C(T)) values after the 17th and 25th cycles, respectively. The assays were then validated using infected cetacean tissue RNA. The assays were specific for either DMV or PMV and did not cross-react with canine distemper virus (CDV), phocid distemper virus (PDV), rinderpest virus (RPV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and measles virus (MV). The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was targeted as control for RNA quality, and a consensus GAPDH probe that reacted with 11 different marine mammal species, generating positive C(T) values ranging from the 21st to the 37th cycle was used. The rtRT-PCR assays have advantages over conventional assays in that they are rapid, easier to scale up, and are less prone to cross-contamination and have improved the limit of detection and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Grant
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raga JA, Banyard A, Domingo M, Corteyn M, Van Bressem MF, Fernández M, Aznar FJ, Barrett T. Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurgence, Mediterranean Sea. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:471-3. [PMID: 18325265 PMCID: PMC2570809 DOI: 10.3201/eid1403.071230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2007, > 100 striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, were found dead along the coast of the Spanish Mediterranean. Of 10 dolphins tested, 7 were positive for a virus strain closely related to the dolphin morbillivirus that was isolated during a previous epizootic in 1990.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sips GJ, Chesik D, Glazenburg L, Wilschut J, De Keyser J, Wilczak N. Involvement of morbilliviruses in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:223-44. [PMID: 17410634 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two members of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV), are well-known for their ability to cause a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS in their natural hosts, dogs and humans, respectively. Both viruses have been studied for their potential involvement in the neuropathogenesis of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, three new members of the morbillivirus genus, phocine distemper virus (PDV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), have been discovered. These viruses have also been shown to induce multifocal demyelinating disease in infected animals. This review focuses on morbillivirus-induced neuropathologies with emphasis on aetiopathogenesis of CNS demyelination. The possible involvement of a morbillivirus in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Sips
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang WC, Pang VF, Jeng CR, Chou LS, Chueh LL. Morbilliviral infection in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) from Taiwanese waters. Vet Microbiol 2006; 116:69-76. [PMID: 16644147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morbilliviral infection was diagnosed in an adult male pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) from southwestern Taiwan on the basis of pathological findings, immunohistochemical staining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The whale was found alive stranded on the beach and died after 5 days of medical care. It was thin and had dozens of nematode in the first stomach. The lungs were dark red and heavy. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse, moderate bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions with occasional syncytial cell formation were noted in the lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen. The RNA extracted from lung tissue was subjected to morbilliviral gene amplification. After priming with specific oligonucleotides, the cDNA covering the phosphoprotein (P) gene was copied and then amplified by PCR. The gene fragment amplified from the lung tissue was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of partial P gene revealed 97.6% sequence identity to the dolphin morbillivirus and 90.2% similarity to the pilot whale morbillivirus. Morbilliviral antigens were detected in the lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibody against rinderpest virus. This is the first report of morbilliviral infection with genetic evidence in a pygmy sperm whale from the Western Pacific Ocean around Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
BEARZI GIOVANNI, REEVES RANDALLR, NOTARBARTOLO-DI-SCIARA GIUSEPPE, POLITI ELENA, CAÑADAS ANA, FRANTZIS ALEXANDROS, MUSSI BARBARA. Ecology, status and conservation of short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis
in the Mediterranean Sea. Mamm Rev 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Beck BM, Rice CD. Serum antibody levels against select bacterial pathogens in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, from Beaufort NC USA and Charleston Harbor, Charleston, SC, USA. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 55:161-179. [PMID: 12502036 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(02)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concern over the emergence of zoonotic diseases in marine organisms is growing. In response to this concern, this study set out to measure antibody activities against bacterial pathogens in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, from the coastal estuaries of NC and SC, USA. Individuals from Charleston SC harbor, a heavily industrialized shipping harbor estuary, and from Beaufort NC, a non-shipping estuary, were examined. Purified IgG was obtained from pooled sera using ammonium sulfate precipitation steps and protein-G procedures, which was then used to generate a panel of IgG-specific monoclonal antibodies. Two of these antibodies, mAbs BB-10-2 (IgG1) and BB-32-2 (IgG2b), were then used to determine total serum IgG concentrations using a sandwich capture ELISA. Circulating IgG levels were variable between individuals and between the two pods. MAb BB-10-2 was then used in an indirect ELISA to determine serum antibody activities against several common marine bacteria as well as the human pathogens E. coli and E. coli strain 0157:H7, Vibrio parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. cholerae, Mycobacteria marinum, M. fortuitum, and M. chelonae. The highest antibody activities were against mycobacteria, two of which are zoonotic pathogens. Males had the highest antibody activities, thus suggesting low cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens in these individuals. T-cell proliferation in response to Con-A, an indicator of cell-mediated immune function, was then measured in the Beaufort population. Males had the lowest proliferation responses, however a negative correlation between antibody activities and T-cell proliferation in individuals could not be established for either of the Mycobacteria species. Overall, antibody activities against all bacteria, including innocuous species such as V. anguillarum, V. natrigens, and M. xenopi were highly variable between individual dolphins and the two pods, with some animals exhibiting very high activities. These studies suggests that dolphin populations should be monitored by following the health and seroprevalence of pathogens of interest in select individual animals over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Beck
- CIET/ENTOX, Clemson University, PO Box 709, 509 Westinghouse Road, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Müller G, Wünschmann A, Baumgärtner W, Birkun A, Komakhidze A, Stanev T, Joiris CR. Immunohistological and serological investigations of morbillivirus infection in Black Sea harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Vet Microbiol 2002; 87:183-90. [PMID: 12034546 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the occurrence of morbillivirus infection in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea was investigated. Blood and tissue specimens of lung, brain and spleen from 73 stranded or by-caught harbour porpoises derived from the three Black Sea subregions such as Bulgaria, Georgia and Ukraine were collected between 1997 and 1999 and processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and serology. Age determination was performed according to dental growth layers and body length. The age of the investigated population ranged from neonates to a 12-year-old animal. Morbillivirus-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in 53% of harbour porpoises. Generally, titres were very low and ranged from 20 to 270. There was no correlation between age, geographical origin and titre levels. The most common histological finding (97%) consisted of a mild to severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia due to lung worm infection. There were no changes indicative of a morbillivirus infection. Using immunohistology none of the animals were positive for morbillivirus antigen. However, the serological data are suggestive of a continuously circulating morbillivirus among harbour porpoises from the Black Sea indicating that harbour porpoises may serve as carriers for fatal diseases in susceptible cetacean species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Van Bressem M, Waerebeek KV, Jepson PD, Raga JA, Duignan PJ, Nielsen O, Di Beneditto AP, Siciliano S, Ramos R, Kant W, Peddemors V, Kinoshita R, Ross PS, López-Fernandez A, Evans K, Crespo E, Barrett T. An insight into the epidemiology of dolphin morbillivirus worldwide. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:287-304. [PMID: 11390111 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 288 cetaceans representing 25 species and originating from 11 different countries were collected between 1995 and 1999 and examined for the presence of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)-specific antibodies by an indirect ELISA (iELISA) (N = 267) or a plaque reduction assay (N = 21). A total of 35 odontocetes were seropositive: three harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Northeastern (NE) Atlantic, a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from Kent (England), three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), two Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) and a bottlenose dolphin from the Mediterranean Sea, one common dolphin from the Southwest (SW) Indian Ocean, three Fraser's dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) from the SW Atlantic, 18 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and a bottlenose dolphin from the SW Pacific as well as a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) originally from Taiwan. The presence of morbillivirus antibodies in 17 of these animals was further examined in other iELISAs and virus neutralization tests. Our results indicate that DMV infects cetaceans worldwide. This is the first report of DMV-seropositive animals from the SW Indian, SW Atlantic and West Pacific Oceans. Prevalence of DMV-seropositives was 85.7% in 21 pilot whales from the SW Pacific and both sexually mature and immature individuals were infected. This indicates that DMV is endemic in these animals. The same situation may occur among Fraser's dolphins from the SW Atlantic. The prevalence of DMV-seropositives was 5.26% and 5.36% in 19 common dolphins and 56 harbour porpoise from the NE Atlantic, respectively, and 18.75% in 16 striped dolphins from the Mediterranean. Prevalence varied significantly with sexual maturity in harbour porpoises and striped dolphins; all DMV-seropositives being mature animals. The prevalence of seropositive harbour porpoise and striped dolphins appeared to have decreased since previous studies. These data suggest that DMV is not endemic within these populations, that they are losing their humoral immunity against the virus and that they may be vulnerable to new epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Van Bressem
- Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Jorge Chávez 302, Pucusana, 20, Lima, Peru.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Van Bressem MF, Van Waerebeek K, Raga JA, Godfroid J, Brew SD, MacMillan AP. Serological evidence of Brucella species infection in odontocetes from the south Pacific and the Mediterranean. Vet Rec 2001; 148:657-61. [PMID: 11400986 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.21.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sera from 58 odontocetes taken in fisheries off Peru in 1993 to 1995 and from 24 cetaceans stranded along the Spanish coast of the Mediterranean in 1997 to 1999 were tested for the presence of Brucella species antibodies in competitive and indirect ELISAS (cELISA and iELISA). Among the animals from Peru, 21 of 27 (77.8 per cent) Lagenorhynchus obscurus, three of six Delphinus capensis, one of two inshore and two of three offshore Tursiops truncatus and five of 20 (25 per cent) Phocoena spinipinnis were positive in the cELISA. Brucella species antibodies were also observed in two of 16 (12.5 per cent) Stenella coeruleoalba and in one of two Ttruncatus from the Mediterranean. These data provide the first evidence for the presence of cetacean brucellae in the south Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Van Bressem
- Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
van de Bildt MW, Martina BE, Sidi BA, Osterhaus AD. Morbillivirus infection in a bottlenosed dolphin and a Mediterranean monk seal from the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Vet Rec 2001; 148:210-1. [PMID: 11266000 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.7.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M W van de Bildt
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
van de Bildt MW, Martina BE, Vedder EJ, Androukaki E, Kotomatas S, Komnenou A, Sidi BA, Jiddou AB, Barham ME, Niesters HG, Osterhaus AD. Identification of morbilliviruses of probable cetacean origin in carcases of Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus). Vet Rec 2000; 146:691-4. [PMID: 10887981 DOI: 10.1136/vr.146.24.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two morbilliviruses were isolated from carcases of Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus) which had died in coastal areas of Greece and Mauritania. They were characterised as being closely related to the previously identified dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses on the basis of their serological cross-reactivities in immunofluorescence assays, and sequence homologies in their N and P genes. The results suggest that morbilliviruses of aquatic mammals may cross barriers between species of different orders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W van de Bildt
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Birkun A, Kuiken T, Krivokhizhin S, Haines DM, Osterhaus AD, van de Bildt MW, Joiris CR, Siebert U. Epizootic of morbilliviral disease in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis ponticus) from the Black sea. Vet Rec 1999; 144:85-92. [PMID: 10097312 DOI: 10.1136/vr.144.4.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Forty-seven common dolphins (Delphinus delphis ponticus) were stranded on the northern shores of the Black Sea between mid-July and early September 1994, more than in previous or subsequent years. Two of the 47 dolphins were examined in detail to try to determine the cause of the increased stranding rate. Their lesions included broncho-interstitial pneumonia with type II epithelial cell hyperplasia and multinucleate syncytial cells, neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and non-suppurative meningitis of the brain, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis and cholangitis, and lymphoid depletion of the spleen and lymph nodes. The diseased tissues stained positive in an immunoperoxidase test, using a polyclonal antiserum to measles virus as the primary antibody, and electron microscopy showed that they contained regularly-shaped intranuclear particles about 22 nm in diameter. They were positive by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the nucleoprotein gene of morbillivirus. However, there was no evidence of morbillivirus in frozen tissues either by virus isolation or by antigen capture ELISA. The concentration of sigma DDTS in the blubber of both dolphins was about 50 to 100 times higher than the levels in toothed cetaceans from the North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Baltic Sea. The lesions were consistent with those found in other species with morbilliviral disease, and the positive immunoperoxidase test, PCR and electron microscopical examination confirmed a morbillivirus as the primary cause of these lesions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jauniaux T, Charlier G, Desmecht M, Coignoul F. Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast. Vet Rec 1998; 143:423-4. [PMID: 9807793 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.15.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Morbillivirus infections which were not documented in aquatic mammals until 1988, have caused at least five epizootics in these species during the last 10 years. Affected populations include European harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in 1998, Baikal seals (Phoca siberica) in Siberia from 1987-1988, striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Mediterranean Sea from 1990-1992 and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) along the eastern coast of the United States from 1987-1988 and in the Gulf of Mexico from 1993-1994. Clinical signs and lesions in affected animals were similar to those of canine distemper. Lesions were mainly seen in lung, central nervous and lymphoid tissues and included formation of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Syncytia were commonly found in lung and lymphoid tissues of cetaceans but not of pinnipeds. Antigenic and molecular biological studies indicate that a newly discovered morbillivirus, termed phocine distemper virus, and canine distemper virus were responsible for recent pinniped epizootics; cetacean die-offs were caused by strains of a second, newly recognized cetacean morbillivirus. Serological evidence of morbillivirus infection has been identified in a broad range of marine mammal populations and recent epizootics probably resulted from transfer of virus to immunologically-naive populations.
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Bressem MF, Van Waerebeek K, Fleming M, Barrett T. Serological evidence of morbillivirus infection in small cetaceans from the Southeast Pacific. Vet Microbiol 1998; 59:89-98. [PMID: 9549850 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of morbillivirus-specific serum antibodies was examined by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and virus neutralization tests in serum samples from 30 dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), 8 long-snouted common dolphins (Delphinus capensis), 2 inshore and 6 offshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and 20 Burmeister's porpoises (Phocoena spinipinnis) taken in fisheries off central Peru in 1993-1995. The sera from six dusky dolphins, one common dolphin and three offshore bottlenose dolphins were positive on a coat of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) antigen in the iELISA. Several of these sera were also positive when tested against peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest virus antigen. Porpoise morbillivirus and/or DMV neutralizing antibodies were detected in the sera of two bottlenose and three dusky dolphins that reacted positively with DMV antigen in iELISA and also in the sera of one common, one dusky and one bottlenose dolphin that were negative in the iELISA. These results strongly suggest that viruses closely related, or identical, to the cetacean morbillivirus present in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea infect several species of Delphinidae of the Southeastern Pacific. No convincing morbillivirus-specific antibody positive reactions were detected in the sera from either the Burmeister's porpoises or the inshore bottlenose dolphins.
Collapse
|
27
|
Blixenkrone-Møller M, Bolt G, Jensen TD, Harder T, Svansson V. Comparative analysis of the attachment protein gene (H) of dolphin morbillivirus. Virus Res 1996; 40:47-55. [PMID: 8725120 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(95)01254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DMV, dolphin morbillivirus, a paramyxovirus of uncertain origin recently emerged in Mediterranean dolphins. This study presents the complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (H) gene including the gene boundaries. The single open reading frame of the DMV H gene encodes a protein of 604 residues which exhibits overall sequence characteristics similar to the H genes of other morbilliviruses. When compared to its closest homologues, measles virus (MV) and rinderpest virus (RPV), DMV has, respectively, 44 and 46% of amino acid residues in identical positions. The primary sequence of the DMV H protein is markedly less conserved than that of the fusion protein. The comparative data at the genomic level correspond with cross-neutralization studies with different morbilliviruses. Retrospective serogical studies dating back to 1983 indicate DMV-like infections in whales of the eastern Atlantic. The presented data support and extend previous studies suggesting that this novel morbillivirus is one of the phylogenetically oldest morbilliviruses known to circulate today. The relationship of DMV and established morbilliviruses to the newly emerged candidate morbillivirus infecting horse and man is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Blixenkrone-Møller
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bolt G, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Gottschalck E, Wishaupt RG, Welsh MJ, Earle JA, Rima BK. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the matrix (M) and fusion (F) protein genes of cetacean morbilliviruses isolated from a porpoise and a dolphin. Virus Res 1994; 34:291-304. [PMID: 7531923 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses have been isolated from stranded dolphins and porpoises. The present paper describes the cloning and sequencing of the porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) F gene and of the dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) M and F genes and their flanking regions. The gene order of the DMV genome appeared to be identical to that of other morbilliviruses. A genomic untranslated region of 837 nucleotides was found between the translated DMV M and F gene regions. The predicted DMV M protein were highly conserved with those of other morbilliviruses. Both the deduced PMV and DMV F0 proteins exhibited three major hydrophobic regions as well as a cysteine rich region, a leucine zipper motif and a cleavage motif allowing cleavage of the F0 protein into F1 and F2 subunits. Apparently the DMV F0 cleavage motif was not modified by adaptation of DMV to Vero cells. The predicted PMV and DMV F proteins were 94% identical. Comparisons with the corresponding sequences of other morbilliviruses demonstrated that the cetacean morbillivirus does not derive from any known morbillivirus but represents an independent morbillivirus lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bolt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bolt G, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Nucleic acid hybridization analyses confirm the presence of a hitherto unknown morbillivirus in Mediterranean dolphins. Vet Microbiol 1994; 41:363-72. [PMID: 7801536 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In 1990 an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus was noticed among Mediterranean dolphins. RNA was extracted from the tissues of dolphins and from cell cultures infected with a corresponding dolphin morbillivirus isolate. By nucleic acid hybridization this RNA was compared to RNA extracted from animal tissue or cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV) or measles virus (MV). The presence of morbillivirus RNA in the dolphin tissue was demonstrated. Morbillivirus N, P, M and F gene mRNAs were detected in the RNA from dolphin morbillivirus infected cells. These mRNA species seemed to be of approximately the same size as the corresponding mRNA species of CDV, PDV and MV. The results of the comparison demonstrated that the dolphin morbillivirus is genetically different from CDV, PDV and MV. No indication of a close relationship between the dolphin isolate and either CDV, PDV or MV was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bolt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|