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Zec K, Schonfeldova B, Ai Z, Van Grinsven E, Pirgova G, Eames HL, Berthold DL, Attar M, Compeer EB, Arnon TI, Udalova IA. Macrophages in the synovial lining niche initiate neutrophil recruitment and articular inflammation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220595. [PMID: 37115585 PMCID: PMC10148166 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first immune-activating changes within joint resident cells that lead to pathogenic leukocyte recruitment during articular inflammation remain largely unknown. In this study, we employ state-of-the-art confocal microscopy and image analysis in a systemic, whole-organ, and quantitative way to present evidence that synovial inflammation begins with the activation of lining macrophages. We show that lining, but not sublining macrophages phagocytose immune complexes containing the model antigen. Using the antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model, we demonstrate that on recognition of antigen-antibody complexes, lining macrophages undergo significant activation, which is dependent on interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), and produce chemokines, most notably CXCL1. Consequently, at the onset of inflammation, neutrophils are preferentially recruited in the vicinity of antigen-laden macrophages in the synovial lining niche. As inflammation progresses, neutrophils disperse across the whole synovium and form swarms in synovial sublining during resolution. Our study alters the paradigm of lining macrophages as immunosuppressive cells to important instigators of synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zec
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Zhichao Ai
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Gabriela Pirgova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayley L. Eames
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Moustafa Attar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ewoud B. Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tal I. Arnon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irina A. Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Valdrighi N, Blom AB, Vago JP, van Beuningen HM, Vitters EL, Helsen MM, Walgreen B, Arntz OJ, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM, Blaney Davidson EN, van de Loo FAJ. Innate Immunity and Sex: Distinct Inflammatory Profiles Associated with Murine Pain in Acute Synovitis. Cells 2023; 12:1913. [PMID: 37508577 PMCID: PMC10378550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint pain severity in arthritic diseases differs between sexes and is often more pronounced in women. This disparity is thought to stem from biological mechanisms, particularly innate immunity, yet the understanding of sex-specific differences in arthritic pain remains incomplete. This study aims to investigate these disparities using an innate immunity-driven inflammation model induced by intra-articular injections of Streptococcus Cell Wall fragments to mimic both acute and pre-sensitized joint conditions. Nociceptive behavior was evaluated via gait analysis and static weight-bearing, and inflammation was evaluated via joint histology and the synovial gene expression involved in immune response. Although acute inflammation and pain severity were comparable between sexes, distinct associations between synovial inflammatory gene expression and static nociceptive behavior emerged. These associations delineated sex-specific relationships with pain, highlighting differential gene interactions (Il6 versus Cybb on day 1 and Cyba/Gas6 versus Nos2 on day 8) between sexes. In conclusion, our study found that, despite similar pain severity between sexes, the association of inflammatory synovial genes revealed sex-specific differences in the molecular inflammatory mechanisms underlying pain. These findings suggest a path towards more personalized treatment strategies for pain management in arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fons A. J. van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.V.); (A.B.B.); (J.P.V.); (H.M.v.B.); (E.L.V.); (M.M.H.); (B.W.); (O.J.A.); (M.I.K.); (P.M.v.d.K.); (E.N.B.D.)
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3
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Inoue T, Kohno M, Nagahara H, Murakami K, Sagawa T, Kasahara A, Kaneshita S, Kida T, Fujioka K, Wada M, Nakada H, Hla T, Kawahito Y. Upregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes is associated with the development of collagen-induced arthritis via increased interleukin-6 production. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218090. [PMID: 31173610 PMCID: PMC6555509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1P3) is one of five receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P/S1P3 signaling is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes including bone metabolism, sepsis, cancer, and immunity. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are activated by several factors and promote abundant proinflammatory cytokine production and bone destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether S1P3 is associated with the development of autoimmune arthritis and the pathogenic function of FLSs. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and S1P3 knockout (S1P3-KO) collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were evaluated with respect to clinical and histological disease severity, along with the levels of anti-collagen antibodies and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). S1P3 expression in the synovium was analyzed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. FLSs isolated from CIA mice were activated with TNFα and S1P3 expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The role of S1P/S1P3 signaling in activated and non-activated FLSs was investigated by measuring cell proliferation and cyto/chemokine production by real-time RT-PCR and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Clinical and histological scores, and synovial IL-6 expression were significantly lower in S1P3-KO mice with CIA than in WT mice. Arthritic synovia had higher S1P3 expression than intact synovia and FLSs in arthritic joints expressed S1P3 in vivo. Primary cultured FLSs produced IL-6 in a time-dependent manner in response to S1P stimulation and exhibited higher levels of S1P3 expression after activation with TNFα. S1P3-induced production of IL-6 and MMP-3 was increased in FLSs pre-activated with TNFα. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that S1P3 expression is associated with the development of autoimmune arthritis via inflammation-induced increases in S1P/S1P3 signaling that increase production of IL-6 in FLSs. Inhibition of S1P/S1P3 signaling could open the door to the development of new therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Inoue
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kohno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hidetake Nagahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Murakami
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sagawa
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Kasahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunya Kaneshita
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kida
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujioka
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Wada
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Kawahito
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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van Dalen SCM, Kruisbergen NNL, Walgreen B, Helsen MMA, Slöetjes AW, Cremers NAJ, Koenders MI, van de Loo FAJ, Roth J, Vogl T, Blom AB, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PLEM, van den Bosch MHJ. The role of NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1722-1732. [PMID: 30195046 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovitis in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis (CiOA) is driven by locally released S100A8/A9 proteins and enhances joint destruction. S100A8/A9 can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) release by phagocytes in OA synovium via neutrophil cytosolic factor-1 (Ncf1)-regulated NOX2 activation. In the present study we investigated whether NOX2-derived ROS affect joint pathology during CiOA. METHODS CiOA was induced in knee joints of wild type (WT) and Ncf1-deficient (Ncf1**) mice. Synovial gene expression of NOX2-subunits was measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Joint pathology was assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry for aggrecan neo-epitope VDIPEN. Levels of inflammatory proteins were measured with Luminex or ELISA. Phagocytes in synovium, blood, bone marrow (BM) and spleen were analyzed with flow cytometry. ROS release by phagocytes was measured with a ROS detection kit. RESULTS CiOA induction in knee joints of WT mice caused significantly increased synovial gene expression of NOX2 subunits. On day 7 of CiOA, cartilage damage and MMP activity, as measured by VDIPEN, were comparable between WT and Ncf1** mice. Synovial thickening, synovial S100A8/A9 levels and percentages of synovial macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and monocytes were not different, as were levels of inflammatory mediators in serum and phagocyte percentages in blood, BM and spleen. On day 42 of CiOA, synovitis, cartilage damage, and osteophyte formation in Ncf1** mice were unaltered when compared to WT mice. ROS detection confirmed that Ncf1** PMNs lack functional NOX2, but in vitro macrophages showed ROS production, suggesting activation of compensatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Absence of Ncf1-mediated ROS production does not alter joint pathology in CiOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M van Dalen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Walgreen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M M A Helsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A W Slöetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - N A J Cremers
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - F A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Di Ceglie I, Ascone G, Cremers NAJ, Sloetjes AW, Walgreen B, Vogl T, Roth J, Verbeek JS, van de Loo FAJ, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM, Blom AB, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM. Fcγ receptor-mediated influx of S100A8/A9-producing neutrophils as inducer of bone erosion during antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:80. [PMID: 29720243 PMCID: PMC5932875 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclast-mediated bone erosion is a central feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immune complexes, present in a large percentage of patients, bind to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), thereby modulating the activity of immune cells. In this study, we investigated the contribution of FcγRs, and FcγRIV in particular, during antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods AIA was induced in knee joints of wild-type (WT), FcγRI,II,III−/−, and FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− mice. Bone destruction, numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) osteoclasts, and inflammation were evaluated using histology; expression of the macrophage marker F4/80, neutrophil marker NIMPR14, and alarmin S100A8 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The percentage of osteoclast precursors in the bone marrow was determined using flow cytometry. In vitro osteoclastogenesis was evaluated with TRAP staining, and gene expression was assessed using real-time PCR. Results FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− mice showed decreased bone erosion compared with WT mice during AIA, whereas both the humoral and cellular immune responses against methylated bovine serum albumin were not impaired in FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− mice. The percentage of osteoclast precursors in the bone marrow of arthritic mice and their ability to differentiate into osteoclasts in vitro were comparable between FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− and WT mice. In line with these observations, numbers of TRAP+ osteoclasts on the bone surface during AIA were comparable between the two groups. Inflammation, a process that strongly activates osteoclast activity, was reduced in FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− mice, and of note, mainly decreased numbers of neutrophils were present in the joint. In contrast to FcγRI,II,III,IV−/− mice, AIA induction in knee joints of FcγRI,II,III−/− mice resulted in increased bone erosion, inflammation, and numbers of neutrophils, suggesting a crucial role for FcγRIV in the joint pathology by the recruitment of neutrophils. Finally, significant correlations were found between bone erosion and the number of neutrophils present in the joint as well as between bone erosion and the number of S100A8-positive cells, with S100A8 being an alarmin strongly produced by neutrophils that stimulates osteoclast resorbing activity. Conclusions FcγRs play a crucial role in the development of bone erosion during AIA by inducing inflammation. In particular, FcγRIV mediates bone erosion in AIA by inducing the influx of S100A8/A9-producing neutrophils into the arthritic joint. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1584-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Ascone
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels A J Cremers
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annet W Sloetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Walgreen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Furman BD, Kent CL, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, McNulty AL, Guilak F, Olson SA. CXCL10 is upregulated in synovium and cartilage following articular fracture. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1220-1227. [PMID: 28906016 PMCID: PMC5851826 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of the chemokine CXCL10 and its role in joint tissues following articular fracture. We hypothesized that CXCL10 is upregulated following articular fracture and contributes to cartilage degradation associated with post-traumatic arthritis (PTA). To evaluate CXCL10 expression following articular fracture, gene expression was quantified in synovial tissue from knee joints of C57BL/6 mice that develop PTA following articular fracture, and MRL/MpJ mice that are protected from PTA. CXCL10 protein expression was assessed in human cartilage in normal, osteoarthritic (OA), and post-traumatic tissue using immunohistochemistry. The effects of exogenous CXCL10, alone and in combination with IL-1, on porcine cartilage explants were assessed by quantifying the release of catabolic mediators. Synovial tissue gene expression of CXCL10 was upregulated by joint trauma, peaking one day in C57BL/6 mice (25-fold) versus 3 days post-fracture in MRL/MpJ mice (15-fold). CXCL10 protein in articular cartilage was most highly expressed following trauma compared with normal and OA tissue. In a dose dependent manner, exogenous CXCL10 significantly reduced total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and aggrecanase activity of culture media from cartilage explants. CXCL10 also trended toward a reduction in IL-1α-stimulated total MMP activity (p = 0.09) and S-GAG (p = 0.09), but not NO release. In conclusion, CXCL10 was upregulated in synovium and chondrocytes following trauma. However, exogenous CXCL10 did not induce a catabolic response in cartilage. CXCL10 may play a role in modulating the chondrocyte response to inflammatory stimuli associated with joint injury and the progression of PTA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1220-1227, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Furman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Collin L. Kent
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | - Amy L. McNulty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110,Shriners’ Hospital for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven A. Olson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Hamada D, Maynard R, Schott E, Drinkwater CJ, Ketz JP, Kates SL, Jonason JH, Hilton MJ, Zuscik MJ, Mooney RA. Suppressive Effects of Insulin on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Early Osteoarthritic Changes Associated With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1392-402. [PMID: 26713606 PMCID: PMC4882234 DOI: 10.1002/art.39561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation that is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to define the links between obesity‐associated inflammation, insulin resistance, and OA, by testing the hypotheses that 1) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical in mediating these pathologic changes in OA, and 2) insulin has direct effects on the synovial joint that are compromised by insulin resistance. Methods The effects of TNF and insulin on catabolic gene expression were determined in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from human OA synovium. Synovial TNF expression and OA progression were examined in 2 mouse models, high‐fat (HF) diet–fed obese mice with type 2 DM and TNF‐knockout mice. Insulin resistance was investigated in synovium from patients with type 2 DM. Results Insulin receptors (IRs) were abundant in both mouse and human synovial membranes. Human OA FLS were insulin responsive, as indicated by the dose‐dependent phosphorylation of IRs and Akt. In cultures of human OA FLS with exogenous TNF, the expression and release of MMP1, MMP13, and ADAMTS4 by FLS were markedly increased, whereas after treatment with insulin, these effects were selectively inhibited by >50%. The expression of TNF and its abundance in the synovium were elevated in samples from obese mice with type 2 DM. In TNF‐knockout mice, increases in osteophyte formation and synovial hyperplasia associated with the HF diet were blunted. The synovium from OA patients with type 2 DM contained markedly more macrophages and showed elevated TNF levels as compared to the synovium from OA patients without diabetes. Moreover, insulin‐dependent phosphorylation of IRs and Akt was blunted in cultures of OA FLS from patients with type 2 DM. Conclusion TNF appears to be involved in mediating the advanced progression of OA seen in type 2 DM. While insulin plays a protective, antiinflammatory role in the synovium, insulin resistance in patients with type 2 DM may impair this protective effect and promote the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hamada
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Robert Maynard
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Eric Schott
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | - John P Ketz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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8
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van Dalen SCM, Blom AB, Slöetjes AW, Helsen MMA, Roth J, Vogl T, van de Loo FAJ, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM. Interleukin-1 is not involved in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:385-396. [PMID: 27654963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an alleged important cytokine in osteoarthritis (OA), although the exact contribution of IL-1 to joint destruction remains unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of IL-1α and IL-1β in joint pathology during collagenase-induced OA (CiOA). METHODS CiOA was induced in wild type (WT) and IL-1αβ-/- mice. Additionally, IL-1 signaling was inhibited in WT mice with CiOA using osmotic pumps containing IL-1RA. Joint pathology was assessed using histology. Activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes was determined using antibodies against aggrecan neo-epitopes VDIPEN and NITEGE. Synovial gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Serum protein levels were measured with Luminex or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Synovial IL-1β expression was strongly elevated 7 days after induction of CiOA in WT mice but decreased afterwards, whereas S100A8/A9, previously described to aggravate OA, remained elevated for 21 days. Remarkably, synovial inflammation was comparable between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice on day 7 of CiOA. In line, synovial mRNA expression of genes involved in IL-1 signaling and inflammatory mediators was comparable between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice, and serum levels for Keratinocyte Chemoattractant (KC)/IL-6/S100A8/S100A9/IL-10 were equal. Synovial matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/aggrecanase expression and activity in cartilage was not different in WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice on day 7 of CiOA. Cartilage destruction on day 42 was not different between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice, which was supported by our finding that IL-1RA treatment in WT mice with CiOA did not alter joint destruction. CONCLUSIONS IL-1α and IL-1β are not involved in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction during CiOA, implicating that other mediators are responsible for the joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M van Dalen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A W Slöetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M M A Helsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - F A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - W B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Lewis JS, Furman BD, Zeitler E, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Guilak F, Olson SA. Genetic and cellular evidence of decreased inflammation associated with reduced incidence of posttraumatic arthritis in MRL/MpJ mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 23203659 DOI: 10.1002/art.37796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between inflammation and posttraumatic arthritis (PTA) in a murine intraarticular fracture model. METHODS Male C57BL/6 and MRL/MpJ "superhealer" mice received tibial plateau fractures using a previously established method. Mice were killed on day 0 (within 4 hours of fracture) and days 1, 3, 5, 7, 28, and 56 after fracture. Synovial tissue samples, obtained prior to fracture and on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 after fracture, were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Synovial fluid and serum samples were collected to measure cytokine concentrations, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whole joints were examined histologically for the extent of synovitis and cartilage degradation, and joint tissue samples from all time points were analyzed immunohistochemically to evaluate the distribution of interleukin-1 (IL-1). RESULTS Compared to C57BL/6 mice, MRL/MpJ mice had less severe intraarticular and systemic inflammation following joint injury, as evidenced by lower gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α and IL-1β in the synovial tissue and lower protein levels of IL-1α and IL-1β in the synovial fluid, serum, and joint tissues. Furthermore, after joint injury, MRL/MpJ mice had lower gene expression of macrophage inflammatory proteins and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) in the synovial tissue, and also had reduced acute and late-stage infiltration of synovial macrophages. CONCLUSION C57BL/6 mice exhibited higher levels of inflammation than MRL/MpJ mice, indicating that MRL/MpJ mice are protected from PTA in this model. These data thus suggest an association between joint tissue inflammation and the development and progression of PTA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lewis
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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10
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Hofkens W, Schelbergen R, Storm G, van den Berg WB, van Lent PL. Liposomal targeting of prednisolone phosphate to synovial lining macrophages during experimental arthritis inhibits M1 activation but does not favor M2 differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54016. [PMID: 23468840 PMCID: PMC3585322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the effects of liposomal targeting of prednisolone phosphate (Lip-PLP) to synovial lining macrophages on M1 and M2 polarization in vitro and during experimental arthritis. Material and Methods Experimental arthritis (antigen and immune complex induced) was elicited in mice and prednisolone containing liposomes were given systemically. Synovium was investigated using microarray analysis, RT-PCR and histology. Bone–marrow macrophages were stimulated towards M1 using LPS and IFNγ before treatment by PLP-liposomes. M1 and M2 markers were determined using RT-PCR. Results Microarray analysis of biopsies of inflamed synovium during antigen induced arthritis (AIA) showed an increased M1 signature characterized by upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and FcγRI starting from day 1 and lasting up until day 7 after arthritis induction. The M2 signature remained low throughout the 7 day course of arthritis. Treatment of AIA with intravenously delivered Lip-PLP strongly suppressed joint swelling and synovial infiltration whereas colloidal gold containing liposomes exclusively targeted the macrophages within the inflamed synovial intima layer. In vitro studies showed that Lip-PLP phagocytosed by M1 macrophages resulted in a suppression of the M1 phenotype and induction of M2 markers (IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1RII, CD163, CD206 and Ym1). In vivo, Lip-PLP treatment strongly suppressed M1 markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, iNOS, FcγRI, Ciita and CD86) after local M1 activation of lining macrophages with LPS and IFN-γ and during experimental AIA and immune complex arthritis (ICA). In contrast, M2 markers were not significantly upregulated in antigen-induced arthritis and down regulated in immune complex arthritis. Conclusion This study clearly shows that systemic treatment with PLP-liposomes selectively targets synovial lining macrophages and inhibits M1 activation. In contrast to in vitro findings, PLP-liposomes do not cause a shift of synovial lining macrophages towards M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Hofkens
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Schelbergen
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim B. van den Berg
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. van Lent
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Decalcification of cochlear samples in Morse's solution after methacarn fixation provides greater RNA quantification and morphologic preservation of cochlear structures as compared with EDTA and formic acid decalcifying solutions after methacarn fixation. BACKGROUND A variety of fixatives and decalcifying agents can fragment or chemically alter RNA in samples inhibiting their isolation and quantification. Morphologic alterations can also be observed in light microscopy analyses. The cochlea is embedded in the bone; hence, fixation and decalcification steps are mandatory to obtain histologic sections and preserve the cochlea for morphologic evaluation. METHODS Cochlear samples obtained in a RNase-free environment were processed in 4 combinations of decalcifying agents in combination with methacarn fixation. Samples in Protocols 1, 2, and 3 were fixed in methacarn for 4 hours at 4°C, followed by decalcification at 4°C with Morse's solution, 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 5% formic acid solution, respectively. Samples processed with protocol 4 were decalcified in Morse's solution at 4°C followed by fixation for 4 hours at 4°C. Real-time PCR analysis was performed on total RNA extracted. Histology sections were evaluated for morphology preservation of cochlear structures. RESULTS RNA was isolated in all samples. Relative expression levels were greatest with Protocol 1 and lowest with Protocol 3. Morphology preservation was adequate with Protocols 1, 2, and 3. CONCLUSION Of the 4 protocols evaluated, methacarn fixation followed by decalcification in Morse's solution provided the greatest genetic expression levels as well as the best tissue morphology preservation in the cochlea.
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van Lent PLEM, Blom AB, Schelbergen RFP, Slöetjes A, Lafeber FPJG, Lems WF, Cats H, Vogl T, Roth J, van den Berg WB. Active involvement of alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 in the regulation of synovial activation and joint destruction during mouse and human osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1466-76. [PMID: 22143922 DOI: 10.1002/art.34315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 are involved in mediating cartilage destruction during murine and human osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Two different murine models of OA that differed in terms of synovial activation were compared. Cartilage destruction was measured histologically. Synovial biopsy and serum samples from OA patients were derived from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) patients with symptomatic early OA. Expression of mediators in the synovium was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunolocalization. RESULTS In collagenase-induced OA, which showed marked synovial activation, interleukin-1β was expressed at significant levels only during the early stages of disease, whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression remained high for a prolonged period of time (up to day 21 after induction). In S100A9-knockout mice, we found a major impact of S100A8 and S100A9 on synovial activation (62% inhibition) and OA cartilage destruction (45-73% inhibition) as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, in the surgically induced destabilized medial meniscus model, in which synovial involvement is scant, we found no role of S100A8 and S100A9 in the focal OA cartilage destruction. Examination of arthroscopic synovial biopsy samples from patients in the early symptomatic OA CHECK cohort revealed substantial levels of S100A8 and S100A9 messenger RNA and protein, which correlated significantly with synovial lining thickness, cellularity in the subintima, and joint destruction. Levels of S100A8/A9 serum protein were significantly enhanced (19%) at baseline in patients who had pronounced progression of joint destruction after 2 years. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the S100A8 and S100A9 proteins are crucially involved in synovial activation and cartilage destruction during OA and that high levels may predict joint destruction in humans with OA.
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Park YE, Woo YJ, Park SH, Moon YM, Oh HJ, Kim JI, Jin HS, Baek SH, Kim GT, Lee JH, Cho ML, Kim SI. IL-17 increases cadherin-11 expression in a model of autoimmune experimental arthritis and in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2011; 140:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Courties G, Baron M, Presumey J, Escriou V, van Lent P, Scherman D, Cantagrel A, van den Berg WB, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F, Davignon JL. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α gene silencing in the myeloid lineage alters development of Th1 responses and reduces disease severity in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:681-90. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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van Lent PL, Grevers LC, Schelbergen R, Blom A, Geurts J, Sloetjes A, Vogl T, Roth J, van den Berg WB. S100A8 causes a shift toward expression of activatory Fcγ receptors on macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 and regulates Fcγ receptor expression in synovium during chronic experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3353-64. [PMID: 20662072 DOI: 10.1002/art.27654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The levels of both Fcγ receptor (FcγR) and the alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 are correlated with the development and progression of cartilage destruction during antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). This study was undertaken to study the active involvement of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/S100A9 in FcγR regulation in murine macrophages and synovium during AIA. METHODS Recombinant murine S100A8 (rS100A8) was injected into normal mouse knee joints, and the synovium was isolated for analysis of FcγR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Macrophages, including bone marrow macrophages derived from Toll-like receptor 4-deficient (TLR-4(-/-)) mice, and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were stimulated with S100 proteins, and levels of FcγR mRNA and protein were measured using RT-PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. AIA was induced in the knee joints of S100A9-deficient (S100A9(-/-)) mice, compared with wild-type (WT) controls, and the extent of cartilage destruction was determined using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Intraarticular injection of rS100A8 into the knee joints of normal mice caused a strong up-regulation of mRNA levels of activating FcγRI (64-fold increase) and FcγRIV (256-fold increase) in the synovium. Stimulation of macrophages with rS100A8 led to significant up-regulation of mRNA and protein levels of FcγRI and FcγRIV, but not FcγRIII, while the effects of S100A9 or S100A8/S100A9 complexes were less potent. Stimulation of PMNs (32Dcl3 cell line) with S100 proteins had no effect on FcγR expression. Up-regulation of FcγRI and FcγRIV was abrogated in rS100A8-stimulated macrophages from TLR-4(-/-) mice, indicating that the induction of FcγR expression by S100A8 is mediated by TLR-4. FcγR expression in the inflamed synovium of S100A9(-/-) mice was significantly lower on day 14 after arthritis induction when compared with WT controls, and these findings correlated with reduced severity of matrix metalloproteinase-mediated cartilage destruction. CONCLUSION S100A8 is a strong promoter of activating FcγRI and FcγRIV in macrophages through the activation of TLR-4, and acts as a regulator of FcγR expression in inflamed synovium in chronic experimental arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L van Lent
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Geurts J, Joosten LAB, Takahashi N, Arntz OJ, Glück A, Bennink MB, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Computational design and application of endogenous promoters for transcriptionally targeted gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1877-87. [PMID: 19690516 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter regions of genes that are differentially regulated in the synovial membrane during the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represent attractive candidates for application in transcriptionally targeted gene therapy. In this study, we applied an unbiased computational approach to define proximal-promoters from a gene expression profiling study of murine experimental arthritis. Synovium expression profiles from progressing stages of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were classified into six distinct groups using k-means clustering. Using an algorithm based on local over-representation and comparative genomics, we identified putatively functional transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) in TATA-dependent proximal-promoters. Applying a filter based on spacing between TATA box and transcription start site (TSS) combined with the presence of over-represented nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), AP-1, or CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) sites, 382 candidate murine and human promoters were reduced to 66, corresponding to 45 genes. In vitro, 9 out of 10 computationally defined promoter regions conferred cytokine-inducible expression in murine cells and human synovial fibroblasts. Under these conditions, the serum amyloid A3 (Saa3) promoter showed the strongest transcriptional induction and strength. We applied this promoter for driving therapeutically efficacious levels of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Il1rn) in a disease-regulated fashion. These results demonstrate the value of bioinformatics for guiding the selection of endogenous promoters for transcriptionally targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurts
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lee JH, Cho ML, Kim JI, Moon YM, Oh HJ, Kim GT, Ryu S, Baek SH, Lee SH, Kim HY, Kim SI. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) increases the expression of Toll-like receptor-2, 4, and 9 by increasing IL-1beta and IL-6 production in autoimmune arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:684-92. [PMID: 19228664 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of interleukin 17 (IL-17) on the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, 4, and 9 in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. METHODS On Days 28 and 32 after induction of CIA in mice, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group) or IL-17 (IL-17 group) was injected into both knee joints. On Day 35, mice were sacrificed. The severity of knee joint arthritis, synovial inflammation, and bone destruction was measured by a scoring system using macrography and histological analysis. Synovial expression of TLR-2, 4, 9, IL-17, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 was determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Synoviocytes of CIA mice were cultured with IL-17 and with neutralizing antibodies to cytokine, and the expression of TLR-2, 4, 9, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 was determined by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS In CIA mice, knee arthritis scores, synovial inflammation, bone destruction scores, and expression of synovial TLR-2, 4, and 9, IL-17, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were higher in the IL-17 and PBS groups than in normal DBA1 mice. These variables were also significantly higher in the IL-17 group than in the PBS group. In CIA synoviocytes, IL-17 increased the expression of TLR-2, 4, and 9, and this effect was significantly alleviated by neutralizing antibodies to IL-17, IL-1beta, and IL-6. CONCLUSION IL-17 aggravates joint inflammation and destruction, and increases the synovial expression of TLR-2, 4, and 9 by increasing IL-1beta and IL-6. These results imply that the IL-17-induced increase in expression of TLR-2, 4, and 9, and IL-1beta and IL-6 production are involved in the IL-17-induced aggravation of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Pusan National University Hospital Research Institutes,1-10, Ami-Dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, South Korea
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Conte FDP, Barja-Fidalgo C, Verri WA, Cunha FQ, Rae GA, Penido C, Henriques MDGMO. Endothelins modulate inflammatory reaction in zymosan-induced arthritis: participation of LTB4, TNF-alpha, and CXCL-1. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:652-60. [PMID: 18515326 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelins (ETs) are involved in inflammatory events, including pain, fever, edema, and cell migration. ET-1 levels are increased in plasma and synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but the evidence that ETs participate in RA physiopathology is limited. The present study investigated the involvement of ETs in neutrophil accumulation and edema formation in the murine model of zymosan-induced arthritis. Intra-articular (i.a.) administration of selective ET(A) or ET(B) receptor antagonists (BQ-123 and BQ-788, respectively; 15 pmol/cavity) prior to i.a. zymosan injection (500 microg/cavity) markedly reduced knee-joint edema formation and neutrophil influx to the synovial cavity 6 h and 24 h after stimulation. Histological analysis showed that ET(A) or ET(B) receptor blockade suppressed zymosan-induced neutrophil accumulation in articular tissue at 6 h. Likewise, dual blockade of ET(A)/ET(B) with bosentan (10 mg/kg, i.v.) also reduced edema formation and neutrophil counts 6 h after zymosan stimulation. Pretreatment with BQ-123 or BQ-788 (i.a.; 15 pmol/cavity) also decreased zymosan-induced TNF-alpha production within 6 h, keratinocyte-derived chemokine/CXCL1 production within 24 h, and leukotriene B(4) at both time-points. Consistent with the demonstration that ET receptor antagonists inhibit zymosan-induced inflammation, i.a. injection of ET-1 (1-30 pmol/cavity) or sarafotoxin S6c (0.1-30 pmol/cavity) also triggered edema formation and neutrophil accumulation within 6 h. Moreover, knee-joint synovial tissue expressed ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. These findings suggest that endogenous ETs contribute to knee-joint inflammation, acting through ET(A) and ET(B) receptors and modulating edema formation, neutrophil recruitment, and production of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Paiva Conte
- Departamento de Farmacologia Aplicada, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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van Lent PLEM, Blom AB, Grevers L, Sloetjes A, van den Berg WB. Toll-like receptor 4 induced FcgammaR expression potentiates early onset of joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during immune complex arthritis: Toll-like receptor 4 largely regulates FcgammaR expression by interleukin 10. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 66:334-40. [PMID: 17068066 PMCID: PMC1856016 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.057471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4 in the onset of joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during immune complex-mediated arthritis (ICA), and its relationship with FcgammaR expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICA was induced in knee joints of TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice and their wild-type controls. Joint inflammation and cartilage destruction were measured in the knee joint using histology. mRNA levels were determined in synovial specimens and macrophages using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and cytokine protein levels in synovial washouts using Bioplex. RESULTS Joint inflammation and cartilage destruction were not different in arthritic TLR2-/- and wild-type mice. By contrast, at day 1 after ICA induction, joint swelling and proteoglycan depletion in knee joints of TLR4-/- mice were considerably lower (inflammation 68-79% and proteoglycan depletion 27-76%) when compared with wild-type controls. Cytokine production at this time point was markedly reduced in TLR4-/- mice (interleukin (IL)1, IL6, macrophage inflammatory chemokine (MIP)-1alpha and keratinocyte-derived chemokine 49%, 72%, 68% and 84%, respectively). In arthritic synovia of TLR4-/- mice, and also after injection of the antigen poly-l-lysine (PLL) lysozyme alone, mRNA levels of FcgammaR, and the FcgammaR regulating cytokine IL10 were considerably lower. Stimulation of peritoneal macrophages with PLL lysozyme up regulated mRNA levels of FcgammaR and IL10, whereas neutralisation by anti-IL10 antibodies largely blocked FcgammaR up regulation. At day 4, joint inflammation and cartilage destruction were comparable in TLR4-/- mice and wild-type controls. CONCLUSION TLR4 regulates early onset of joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during ICA arthritis by up regulation of FcgammaR expression and enhanced cytokine production. TLR4-mediated up regulation of FcgammaR is largely mediated by IL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L E M van Lent
- Department of Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van Lent PLEM, Nabbe KCAM, Blom AB, Sloetjes A, Holthuysen AEM, Kolls J, Van De Loo FAJ, Holland SM, Van Den Berg WB. NADPH-oxidase-driven oxygen radical production determines chondrocyte death and partly regulates metalloproteinase-mediated cartilage matrix degradation during interferon-gamma-stimulated immune complex arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R885-95. [PMID: 15987491 PMCID: PMC1175041 DOI: 10.1186/ar1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we have found that FcγRI determines chondrocyte death and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated cartilage destruction during IFN-γ-regulated immune complex arthritis (ICA). Binding of immune complexes (ICs) to FcγRI leads to the prominent production of oxygen radicals. In the present study we investigated the contribution of NADPH-oxidase-driven oxygen radicals to cartilage destruction by using p47phox-/- mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase complex. Induction of a passive ICA in the knee joints of p47phox-/- mice resulted in a significant elevation of joint inflammation at day 3 when compared with wild-type (WT) controls as studied by histology. However, when IFN-γ was overexpressed by injection of adenoviral IFN-γ in the knee joint before ICA induction, a similar influx of inflammatory cells was found at days 3 and 7, comprising mainly macrophages in both mouse strains. Proteoglycan depletion from the cartilage layers of the knee joints in both groups was similar at days 3 and 7. Aggrecan breakdown in cartilage caused by MMPs was further studied by immunolocalisation of MMP-mediated neoepitopes (VDIPEN). VDIPEN expression in the cartilage layers of arthritic knee joints was markedly lower (between 30 and 60%) in IFN-γ-stimulated arthritic p47phox-/- mice at day 7 than in WT controls, despite significant upregulation of mRNA levels of various MMPs such as MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12 and MMP-13 in synovia and MMP-13 in cartilage layers as measured with quantitative RT-PCR. The latter observation suggests that oxygen radicals are involved in the activation of latent MMPs. Chondrocyte death, determined as the percentage of empty lacunae in articular cartilage, ranged between 20 and 60% at day 3 and between 30 and 80% at day 7 in WT mice, and was completely blocked in p47phox-/- mice at both time points. FcγRI mRNA expression was significantly lower, and FcγRII and FcγRIII were higher, in p47phox-/- mice than in controls. NADPH-oxidase-driven oxygen radical production determines chondrocyte death and aggravates MMP-mediated cartilage destruction during IFN-γ-stimulated IC-mediated arthritis. Upregulation of FcγRI by oxygen radicals may contribute to cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L E M van Lent
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre, St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Takahashi N, Rieneck K, van der Kraan PM, van Beuningen HM, Vitters EL, Bendtzen K, van den Berg WB. Elucidation of IL-1/TGF-beta interactions in mouse chondrocyte cell line by genome-wide gene expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:426-38. [PMID: 15882566 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the antagonism between interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) at the gene expression level, as IL-1 and TGF-beta are postulated to be critical mediators of cartilage degeneration/protection in rheumatic diseases. METHODS The H4 chondrocyte cell line was validated by comparing metalloproteinase expression profile with intact murine cartilage by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Genome-wide gene expression in the H4 cells in response to IL-1 and TGF-beta, alone and in combination, was analyzed by using oligonucleotide arrays negotiating approximately 12,000 genes. RESULTS The response of cartilage and the H4 cell line to IL-1 and TGF-beta was comparable. Oligonucleotide array analysis demonstrated a mutual but asymmetrical antagonism as the dominant mode of interaction between IL-1 and TGF-beta. Cluster analysis revealed a remarkable selectivity in the mode of action exerted by TGF-beta on IL-1 regulated genes: antagonistic on pro-inflammatory genes whereas additive on growth regulators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). While the former cluster underlined the protective effect of TGF-beta, the latter underscored the adverse effect of TGF-beta. We further identified potentially novel classes of target genes under control of TGF-beta such as ras family, histones, proteasome components, and ubiquitin family, highlighting the importance of such genes in TGF signaling besides the well-characterized SMAD pathway. CONCLUSIONS We identified a cluster of genes as potential targets mediating the adverse effect of TGF-beta such as fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of ras GTPase and ubiquitin/proteasome pathways is likely to be a novel mechanism mediating the effect of TGF-beta and its interaction with IL-1. These down-stream genes and pathways can be targets in future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Department of Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, UMC Nijmegen/NCMLS, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Lee SI, Hyun PM, Kim SH, Kim KS, Lee SK, Kim BS, Maeng PJ, Lim JS. Suppression of the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis by chebulagic acid screened from a natural product library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:345-53. [PMID: 15641090 DOI: 10.1002/art.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chebulagic acid (CHE) from the immature seeds of Terminalia chebula was identified from a natural product library as a potent suppressor of T cell activity. This study examined the effectiveness of CHE against the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. METHODS Arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice by subcutaneous immunization with bovine type II collagen on days 0 and 21. CHE was administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks, either as prophylaxis (10 or 20 mg/kg) before disease onset or as therapy (20 mg/kg) after disease onset. Clinical scores, serum antibody levels, and cytokines were measured, and flow cytometric analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the knee joints of mice with CIA. RESULTS In both the prophylactic and therapeutic CHE dosing models, all clinical scores, serum levels of total and anticollagen IgG, and levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-6 were reduced, while serum levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) were markedly elevated. The number of granulocytes was reduced, but the proportion of CD4+,CD25+ T cells was greater in the knee joints of CHE-treated CIA mice. Expression of Foxp3 and TGFbeta messenger RNA was also augmented significantly in the knee joints of CHE-treated CIA mice in the therapeutic dosing model. CONCLUSION CHE significantly suppressed the onset and progression of CIA in mice. Immune suppression via the induction of TGFbeta and CD4+,CD25+ T cells may represent a new strategy in the development of therapies for managing rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Yongun-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea
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Dulos J, Verbraak E, Bagchus WM, Boots AMH, Kaptein A. Severity of murine collagen-induced arthritis correlates with increased CYP7B activity: enhancement of dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism by interleukin-1beta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3346-53. [PMID: 15476247 DOI: 10.1002/art.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endogenous steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been reported to play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DHEA is metabolized by the P450 enzyme CYP7B into 7alpha-OH-DHEA, which has immunostimulating properties. This study was undertaken to investigate the putative role of CYP7B in arthritis using murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-dependent model. METHODS DBA/1J mice were immunized and administered a booster with type II collagen. The presence of 7alpha-OH-DHEA was determined in both arthritic and nonarthritic joints and the serum of CIA mice by radioimmunoassay. CYP7B messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analyzed in synovial biopsy samples, and in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from these synovial biopsy samples, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the regulatory role of IL-1beta on CYP7B activity in FLS was determined using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS In knee joint synovial biopsy samples from arthritic mice, 7alpha-OH-DHEA levels were 5-fold higher than in nonarthritic mice. Elevated levels of 7alpha-OH-DHEA were accompanied by an increase in CYP7B mRNA expression and were positively correlated with disease severity. In serum, no differences in 7alpha-OH-DHEA levels were observed between arthritic and nonarthritic mice. Incubation of FLS with IL-1beta resulted in a dose-dependent increase in 7alpha-OH-DHEA formation. In addition, IL-1beta enhanced CYP7B mRNA and CYP7B protein levels in FLS. CONCLUSION Disease progression in CIA is correlated with enhanced CYP7B activity, which leads to locally enhanced 7alpha-OH-DHEA levels. Elevated IL-1beta levels within the arthritic joint may regulate this increase in CYP7B activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Collagen
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Radioimmunoassay
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Severity of Illness Index
- Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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de Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Koenders MI, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Kolbe T, van den Berg WB. Local activation of STAT-1 and STAT-3 in the inflamed synovium during zymosan-induced arthritis: exacerbation of joint inflammation in STAT-1 gene-knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2014-23. [PMID: 15188379 DOI: 10.1002/art.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE STAT proteins play an important role in cytokine signaling. Some investigators have reported preferential activation of STAT-1, and others have reported preferential activation of STAT-3, in response to endogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was undertaken to investigate synovial STAT-1 and STAT-3 activation in an experimental animal model of arthritis. METHODS Zymosan was injected intraarticularly into naive wild-type (WT), IL-6(-/-), and STAT-1(-/-) mice to induce arthritis. Western blots of synovial lysates were probed with phosphospecific antibodies to detect STAT-1/STAT-3 activation. Inflammation was assessed histologically. Synovial gene expression of the STAT-induced feedback inhibitors suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 in WT and STAT-1(-/-) mice was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS STAT-3 was activated in inflamed synovium of WT mice throughout the course of disease, whereas activated STAT-1 was observed only during the chronic phase. In IL-6(-/-) mice, STAT activation was limited to STAT-3 on day 1. Although macrophage influx was not inhibited, disease went into remission after day 7 in IL-6(-/-) mice. STAT-1 deficiency resulted in exacerbation of chronic joint inflammation and granuloma formation. In STAT-1(-/-) mice, STAT-3 activation in the inflamed joints was unaltered as compared with WT mice. However, synovial SOCS-1, but not SOCS-3, gene expression was markedly reduced in STAT-1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The results in the IL-6(-/-) mice suggest that STAT-3 is involved in the chronicity of ZIA. Exacerbation of arthritis in STAT-1(-/-) mice suggests an opposing effect of STAT-1, i.e., suppression of joint inflammation. The expression of SOCS-1 could be the underlying mechanism by which STAT-1 controls joint inflammation.
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25
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Joosten LAB, Koenders MI, Smeets RL, Heuvelmans-Jacobs M, Helsen MMA, Takeda K, Akira S, Lubberts E, van de Loo FAJ, van den Berg WB. Toll-like receptor 2 pathway drives streptococcal cell wall-induced joint inflammation: critical role of myeloid differentiation factor 88. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6145-53. [PMID: 14634130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily of receptors has a key role in innate immunity and inflammation. In this study, we report that streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced joint inflammation is predominantly dependent on TLR-2 signaling, since TLR-2-deficient mice were unable to develop either joint swelling or inhibition of cartilage matrix synthesis. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a Toll/IL-1R domain containing adaptor molecule known to have a central role in both IL-1R/IL-18R and TLR signaling. Mice deficient for MyD88 did not develop SCW-induced arthritis; both joint swelling and disturbance of cartilage chondrocyte anabolic function was completely abolished. Local levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in synovial tissue washouts were strongly reduced in MyD88-deficient mice. Histology confirmed the pivotal role of MyD88 in acute joint inflammation. TLR-2-deficient mice still allow influx of inflammatory cells into the joint cavity, although the number of cells was markedly reduced. No influx of inflammatory cells was seen in joints of MyD88-deficient mice. In addition, cartilage matrix proteoglycan loss was completely absent in MyD88 knockout mice. These findings clearly demonstrated that MyD88 is a key component in SCW-induced joint inflammation. Since agonists of the Toll-like pathway are abundantly involved in both septic and rheumatoid arthritis, targeting of MyD88 may be a novel therapy in inflammatory joint diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Proteoglycans/immunology
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A B Joosten
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory and Advanced Therapeutics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Li J, Kim KS, Park JS, Elmer WA, Hutton WC, Yoon ST. BMP-2 and CDMP-2: stimulation of chondrocyte production of proteoglycan. J Orthop Sci 2004; 8:829-35. [PMID: 14648273 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-003-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration is loss of proteoglycans. Cytokines may be used to stimulate proteoglycan production in the disc to reverse or prevent disc degeneration. The effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein 2 (CDMP-2) (singly and jointly) on proteoglycan synthesis by a chondrocytic cell line (MC615) were studied. MC615 cells were dosed with BMP-2, CDMP-2, or both, cultured for 6 days, and then assayed as follows: (1). The proteoglycan content of the medium and extracellular matrix were determined by dimethyl-methylene blue staining; (2). cell numbers were determined after 6 days of culture using the Hoechst dye DNA assay; (3). aggrecan mRNA was measured with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting assays. Both BMP-2 and CDMP-2 significantly enhanced proteoglycan production and aggrecan mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, although BMP-2 is more effective than CDMP-2 in increasing sulfated proteoglycan production. But BMP-2 and CDMP-2 have only a slight, nonsignificant effect on cell proliferation. There is no evidence of antagonism or synergy between the two growth factors in the aggrecan gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University and Atlanta VA Medical Center, 2165 N Decatur Road, Decatur, GA 30037, USA
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Scharstuhl A, Diepens R, Lensen J, Vitters E, van Beuningen H, van der Kraan P, van den Berg W. Adenoviral overexpression of Smad-7 and Smad-6 differentially regulates TGF-beta-mediated chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:773-82. [PMID: 14609530 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if various biological responses to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in chondrocytes are differentially regulated by Smad-6 and Smad-7. DESIGN Adenoviral overexpression of Smad-6 or -7 mRNA in a chondrocyte cell line was determined via semi-quantitative RT-PCR and protein overexpression was studied by immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the effect of Smad-6 and -7 overexpression on TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 and aggrecan mRNA upregulation was studied via quantitative RT-PCR. The effect of Smad-6 and -7 overexpression on TGF-beta-induced chondrocyte proliferation was studied via DNA quantification, whereas TGF-beta-induced proteoglycan (PG) synthesis was studied by 35S-sulfate incorporation. RESULTS Adenoviral transfection of chondrocytes with Smad-6 and -7 resulted in strong upregulation of Smad-6 and -7 mRNA levels, respectively. Immunocytochemistry showed overexpression of Smad-6 and -7 proteins in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Smad-6 overexpression significantly inhibited TGF-beta-stimulated chondrocyte proliferation, although proliferation was not completely abolished. Smad-7 overexpression, however, completely antagonized the TGF-beta effect on proliferation. Smad-6 overexpression had no effect on TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 expression, while overexpression of Smad-7 completely blocked this TGF-beta effect. Additionally, overexpression of Smad-7, but not Smad-6, totally prevented TGF-beta-induced PG synthesis on the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral transfection of chondrocytes with Smad-6 and -7 resulted in strong upregulation of Smad-6 and -7 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, overexpression of Smad-7 in chondrocytes totally inhibited important TGF-beta-mediated biological responses such as proliferation and PG synthesis, while overexpressed Smad-6 had no or only a partial inhibitory effect on TGF-beta activity. We conclude that in chondrocytes distinct TGF-beta activities are differentially regulated by Smad-6 and Smad-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scharstuhl
- Experimental Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Smeets RL, Lubberts E, Joosten LAB, van Lent PLEM, Coenen-de Roo CJJ, Cuzzocrea S, Segal BH, Holland SM, van den Berg WB. Deficiency of NADPH oxidase components p47phox and gp91phox caused granulomatous synovitis and increased connective tissue destruction in experimental arthritis models. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1525-37. [PMID: 14507659 PMCID: PMC1868292 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase-derived oxygen radicals plays a deleterious role in arthritis. To study this in more detail, gonarthritis was induced in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. Mice received an intraarticular injection of either zymosan, to elicit an irritant-induced inflammation, or poly-L-lysine coupled lysozyme, to evoke an immune-complex mediated inflammation in passively immunized mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, arthritis elicited in both p47phox(-/-) and gp91(-/-) mice showed more severe joint inflammation, which developed into a granulomatous synovitis. Treatment with either Zileuton or cobra venom factor showed that the chemokines LTB4 and complement C3 were not the driving force behind the aggravated inflammation in these mice. Arthritic NADPH oxidase-deficient mice showed irreversible cartilage damage as judged by the enhanced aggrecan VDIPEN expression, and chondrocyte death. Furthermore, only in the absence of NADPH oxidase-derived oxygen radicals, the arthritic joints showed osteoclast-like cells, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive/multinucleated cells, extensive bone erosion, and osteolysis. The enhanced synovial gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1alpha, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-9 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) might contribute to the aggravated arthritis in the NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. This showed that the involvement of NADPH oxidase in arthritis is probably far more complex and that oxygen radicals might also be important in controlling disease severity, and reducing joint inflammation and connective tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fons A J van de Loo
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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de Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Fiselier TJW, Franssen MJAM, Joosten LAB, Van Lent PLEM, Richards CD, van den Berg WB. Growth plate damage, a feature of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, can be induced by adenoviral gene transfer of oncostatin M: a comparative study in gene-deficient mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1750-61. [PMID: 12794844 DOI: 10.1002/art.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of proinflammatory and destructive mediators in oncostatin M (OSM)-induced joint pathology, using gene-deficient mice. METHODS An adenoviral vector expressing murine OSM was injected into the joints of naive wild-type mice and mice deficient for interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to study gene expression. Inflammation and cartilage proteoglycan (PG) depletion were assessed by histology. OSM and IL-1 levels in synovial fluid from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Adenoviral expression of murine OSM led to joint inflammation, bone apposition, chondrophyte formation, articular cartilage PG depletion, and VDIPEN neoepitope expression in wild-type mice. A unique and consistent observation was the focal PG depletion and disorganization of the growth plate cartilage during the first week of inflammation. Synovial IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, and iNOS gene expression was strongly induced. Of these factors, only deficiency in IL-1 markedly reduced inflammation and PG depletion and completely prevented growth plate damage. In addition, this is the first study in which OSM was detected in JIA synovial fluid. Most samples were also IL-1beta positive. CONCLUSION IL-1, but not IL-6, TNFalpha, or iNOS, plays an important role in joint disease induced by intraarticular gene transfer of OSM in mice. The effect of OSM on murine connective tissue and the presence of OSM in human synovial fluid make involvement of OSM in human arthropathies very likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons S K de Hooge
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Perlman H, Bradley K, Liu H, Cole S, Shamiyeh E, Smith RC, Walsh K, Fiore S, Koch AE, Firestein GS, Haines GK, Pope RM. IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 are regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in synovial fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:838-45. [PMID: 12517948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the synovial fibroblasts increase in number and produce proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that function to promote inflammation and joint destruction. Recent investigations have suggested that cell cycle activity and inflammation may be linked. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the coordinate regulation of proliferation and the expression of proinflammatory molecules in RA synovial fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate a 50 +/- 10% decrease in the expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor, in the synovial fibroblast population from RA compared with osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue. Moreover, p21 positivity in the synovial fibroblasts inversely correlates with medium synovial lining thickness (r = -0.76; p < 0.02). The expression of p21 is also reduced in isolated RA synovial fibroblasts compared with OA synovial fibroblasts. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of p21 (Ad-p21) arrests both RA and OA synovial fibroblasts in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle without inducing cytotoxicity. However, the spontaneous production of IL-6 and MMP-1 is suppressed only in the Ad-p21-infected RA synovial fibroblasts, indicating a novel role for p21 in RA. Analyses of p21-deficient mouse synovial fibroblasts reveal a 100-fold increase in IL-6 protein and enhance IL-6 and MMP-3 mRNA. Restoration of p21, but not overexpression of Rb, which also induces G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, decreases IL-6 synthesis in p21-null synovial fibroblasts. Furthermore, in RA synovial fibroblasts the ectopic expression of p21 reduces activation of the AP-1 transcription factor. Additionally, p21-null synovial fibroblasts display enhanced activation of AP-1 compared with wild-type synovial fibroblasts. These data suggest that alterations in p21 expression may activate AP-1 leading to enhanced proinflammatory cytokine and MMP production and development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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van Beuningen HM, Stoop R, Buma P, Takahashi N, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Phenotypic differences in murine chondrocyte cell lines derived from mature articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:977-86. [PMID: 12464558 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain well characterized immortalized murine chondrocyte cell lines. The cell lines were obtained from mature articular chondrocytes, instead of embryonal cells which are used in most other studies. METHODS Pieces of articular cartilage were cut from murine patellae and femoral heads. Chondrocytes were isolated by digestion with collagenase. These cells were cultured in monolayer and immortalized by transfection of the SV40 large T antigen gene. To preserve the differentiated phenotype, the resulting clones were cultured in three-dimensional carriers, alginate beads. The phenotypes of the cells were characterized using the following parameters: Cell morphology (light microscopy), messenger RNA (RT-PCR) and protein (immunohistochemistry) levels of extracellular matrix molecules. Moreover, responsiveness to interleukin-1(IL-1) was determined by measuring production of proteoglycans ((35)S-sulfate incorporation) and of nitric oxide (Griess reaction). RESULTS Sixteen clones were obtained, ten (P1 to P10) derived from patellar cartilage, and six (H1 to H6) from femoral head cartilage. In seven cell lines (P2, P5, H1, H3, H4, H5, H6) high production of type II collagen corresponded with high levels of mRNA of type II collagen (and prevalence of the IIB type) and with high IL-1-induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Like intact murine articular cartilage, all cell lines produced type I and type X collagens, but mRNA levels of both types of collagen were never higher in the cell lines as compared with intact cartilage. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that it is possible to immortalize mature murine articular chondrocytes. Each of the obtained chondrocyte cell lines appeared to have a stable phenotype. Both relatively differentiated and relatively dedifferentiated chondrocyte cell lines could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M van Beuningen
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wang C, Hayashi H, Harrison R, Chiu B, Chan JR, Ostergaard HL, Inman RD, Jongstra J, Cybulsky MI, Jongstra-Bilen J. Modulation of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)-mediated adhesion by the leukocyte-specific protein 1 is key to its role in neutrophil polarization and chemotaxis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:415-23. [PMID: 12077272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) is an intracellular filamentous-actin binding protein which modulates cell motility. The cellular process in which LSP1 functions to regulate motility is not yet identified. In this study, we show that LSP1 negatively regulates fMLP-induced polarization and chemotaxis of neutrophils through its function on adhesion via specific integrins. Using LSP1-deficient (Lsp1(-/-)) mice, we show increased neutrophil migration into mouse knee joints during zymosan-induced acute inflammation, an inflammatory model in which the number of resident synoviocytes are not affected by LSP1-deficiency. In vitro chemotaxis experiments performed by time-lapse videomicroscopy showed that purified Lsp1(-/-) bone-marrow neutrophils exhibit an increased migration rate toward a gradient of fMLP as compared with wild-type neutrophils. This difference was observed when cells migrated on fibrinogen, but not fibronectin, suggesting a role for LSP1 in modulating neutrophil adhesion by specific integrins. LSP1 is also a negative regulator of fMLP-induced adhesion to fibrinogen or ICAM-1, but not to ICAM-2, VCAM-1, or fibronectin. These results suggest that LSP1 regulates the function of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), which binds only to fibrinogen and ICAM-1 among the substrates we tested. fMLP-induced filamentous actin polarization is also increased in the absence of LSP1 when cells were layered on fibrinogen, but not on fibronectin. Our findings suggest that the increased neutrophil recruitment in Lsp1(-/-) mice during acute inflammation derives from the negative regulatory role of LSP1 on neutrophil adhesion, polarization, and migration via specific integrins, such as Mac-1, which mediate neutrophil responses to chemotactic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canada
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33
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de Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, de Jong DS, Arntz OJ, Lubberts E, Richards CD, vandDen Berg WB. Adenoviral transfer of murine oncostatin M elicits periosteal bone apposition in knee joints of mice, despite synovial inflammation and up-regulated expression of interleukin-6 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1733-43. [PMID: 12000725 PMCID: PMC1850853 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) has been described as a bone-remodeling factor either stimulating osteoblast activity or osteoclast formation in vitro. To elucidate the in vivo effect of OSM on bone remodeling, we injected an adenoviral vector encoding murine OSM in knee joints of mice. OSM strongly induced interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression, a known mediator of osteoclast development. We investigated the OSM effect in wild-type and IL-6-deficient mice and found a similar degree of OSM-induced joint inflammation. Within the first week of inflammation, the periosteum along the femur and tibia increased in cell number and stained positive for the osteoblast marker alkaline phosphatase. At these sites bone apposition occurred in both strains as demonstrated by Goldner and Von Kossa staining. In vitro OSM enhanced the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on osteoblast differentiation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and its receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), in the periosteum but osteoclasts were not detected at sites of bone apposition. Induced mRNA expression for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand inhibitor osteoprotegerin probably controlled osteoclast development during OSM overexpression. Our results show that OSM favors bone apposition at periosteal sites instead of resorption in vivo. This effect was not dependent on or inhibited by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons S K de Hooge
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bakker AC, Van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Dmitriev IP, Kashentsera EA, Curiel DT, van den Berg WB. A tropism-modified adenoviral vector increased the effectiveness of gene therapy for arthritis. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1785-93. [PMID: 11803398 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Accepted: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AdV) are used for anti-inflammatory cytokine therapy in experimental arthritis. Cell entry of AdV is dependent on the initial recognition of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on cells. Recently, an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif was introduced in the HI loop of the fiber knob, this enables the adenovirus to bypass CAR and mediate cell entry via RGD binding integrins. In this study, we explored the transduction efficiency of the RGD-modified adenovirus in synovium and compared the RGD-modified with the conventional adenoviral vector for their effectiveness to modulate the murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model when used to overexpress mIL-1Ra in the knee joint. Twenty-four hours after intra-articular injection of 10(7) fluorescent forming units (ffu) virus, luciferase (luc) activity in Ad5LucRGD-injected joints was up to 38 times higher than in AdCMVLuc-injected joints, and in arthritic joints the transduction efficiency was up to 69 times higher for the Ad5LucRGD viruses. Transduction of the synovial lining by the RGD-modified adenovirus containing the mIL-1Ra transgene, markedly improved the inhibition of CIA compared with the conventional virus in both a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment protocol. These results show that targeting integrins with the RGD-modified AdV improved the outcome of gene therapy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bakker
- University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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35
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Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Oppers B, van den Bersselaar L, Coenen-de Roo CJ, Kolls JK, Schwarzenberger P, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB. IL-1-independent role of IL-17 in synovial inflammation and joint destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1004-13. [PMID: 11441109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell IL-17 displays proinflammatory properties and is expressed in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Its contribution to the arthritic process has not been identified. Here, we show that blocking of endogenous IL-17 in the autoimmune collagen-induced arthritis model results in suppression of arthritis. Also, joint damage was significantly reduced. In contrast, overexpression of IL-17 enhanced collagen arthritis. Moreover, adenoviral IL-17 injected in the knee joint of type II collagen-immunized mice accelerated the onset and aggravated the synovial inflammation at the site. Radiographic and histologic analysis showed markedly increased joint destruction. Elevated levels of IL-1beta protein were found in synovial tissue. Intriguingly, blocking of IL-1alphabeta with neutralizing Abs had no effect on the IL-17-induced inflammation and joint damage in the knee joint, implying an IL-1 independent pathway. This direct potency of IL-17 was underscored in the unabated IL-17-induced exaggeration of bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis in IL-1beta(-/-) mice. In conclusion, this data shows that IL-17 contributes to joint destruction and identifies an IL-1-independent role of IL-17. These findings suggest IL-17 to be a novel target for the treatment of destructive arthritis and may have implications for tissue destruction in other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Infectious/genetics
- Arthritis, Infectious/immunology
- Arthritis, Infectious/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Hindlimb
- Injections, Intra-Articular
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lubberts
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Bluteau G, Conrozier T, Mathieu P, Vignon E, Herbage D, Mallein-Gerin F. Matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, -13 and aggrecanase-1 and -2 are differentially expressed in experimental osteoarthritis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1526:147-58. [PMID: 11325536 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the cellular phenotypes of articular cartilage and meniscus in rabbits with experimentally induced osteoarthritis (OA), by histological and molecular biological techniques. OA was induced by severing the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee and rabbits were killed 2, 4 or 9 weeks following surgery. Our histological observations show a progressive destruction of extracellular matrix in both tissues. To determine whether these morphological changes could be related to alterations in the regulation of gene expression for a subset of relevant molecules, levels of mRNA for proteinases and one inhibitor (MMP-1, -3 and -13, aggrecanase-1 and -2 and TIMP-1), matrix molecules and one chaperone (type II and X collagens, aggrecan, osteonectin, betaig-h3 and BiP) were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicate that for most markers expression profiles were similar in both tissues. In particular, matrix protein gene expression remained stable or varied little during progression of OA, suggesting a poor repair capacity of the tissues. MMP gene expression increased rapidly whereas aggrecanase gene expression remained stable. These findings suggest that differential regulation of mRNA levels of MMP-1, -3 and -13 on the one hand and aggrecanase-1 and -2 on the other, occurs during OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bluteau
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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37
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van der Kraan PM, Stoop R, Meijers TH, Poole AR, van den Berg WB. Expression of type X collagen in young and old C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mice. Relation with articular cartilage degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:92-100. [PMID: 11237656 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2000.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the development of osteoarthritic lesions in the knee joints of mice is associated with increased immunostaining of type X collagen. METHODS Sections of total knee joints in combination with immunohistochemistry were used to study the distribution of type X collagen in the cartilage of young and old mice of two mouse strains, Balb/c and C57Bl/6, known to develop osteoarthritic lesions at different locations. Expression of type X collagen and PTH/PTHrP-receptor mRNA were studied by RT-PCR. RESULTS Young adult Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice both expressed type X collagen in the non-calcified cartilage of the tibia-femoral joint. Old mice of both strains had a strongly increased deposition of type X collagen in the patella-femoral but not in the tibia-femoral joint. The locations in the murine knee joints prone to develop osteoarthritis (OA) did not preferentially express increased amounts of type X collagen. Thus, whereas increased type X was observed in both strains in the patella-femoral joints, only Balb/c mice preferentially developed osteoarthritic lesions in these joints. Also cartilage degeneration was usually seen only in the lateral compartment of the knee joints of C57Bl/6 mice but this was not accompanied by increased type X collagen immunostaining. Increased deposition of type X collagen was not associated with elevated levels of type X collagen mRNA or with decreased levels of PTH/PTHrP-receptor mRNA. CONCLUSION Type X collagen expression and spontaneous OA in mice are not necessarily related since OA prone locations in the murine knee joint do not preferentially express type X collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 8, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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38
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Joosten LA, van De Loo FA, Lubberts E, Helsen MM, Netea MG, van Der Meer JW, Dinarello CA, van Den Berg WB. An IFN-gamma-independent proinflammatory role of IL-18 in murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6553-8. [PMID: 11086098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family of proteins that exerts proinflammatory effects. It was formally known as IFN-gamma-inducing factor and is a pivotal cytokine for the development of Th1 responses. Apart from Th1 immune-stimulatory activity, IL-18 induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 in vitro. The goal was to investigate the role of endogenous IL-18 in murine streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis. Furthermore, we investigated whether IL-18 neutralization had an impact on local TNF and IL-1 production. C57BL/6, BALB/c, and IFN-gamma-deficient mice were injected with 2 mg of rabbit anti-murine IL-18 Abs shortly before induction of arthritis by intra-articular injection of 25 microg of SCW fragments into the right knee joint. Suppression of joint swelling was noted on days 1 and 2 of SCW arthritis after blockade of endogenous IL-18. Analysis of local cytokine concentrations showed that IL-18, TNF-alpha, and IL-1ss levels were decreased. Severe inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis was seen in the vehicle-treated control animals, whereas a reversal of the inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis was found in the anti-IL-18-exposed animals. Blockade of endogenous IL-18 in IFN-gamma-deficient mice showed results similar to those found in wild-type animals, identifying a role for IL-18 that is IFN-gamma independent. The present study indicates that IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine during the onset of murine SCW arthritis, and this inflammatory role of IL-18 is IFN-gamma independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Joosten
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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39
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de Hooge AS, van De Loo FA, Arntz OJ, van Den Berg WB. Involvement of IL-6, apart from its role in immunity, in mediating a chronic response during experimental arthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:2081-91. [PMID: 11106580 PMCID: PMC1885768 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is highly produced during arthritis but its exact function is still unknown. In this study we examined if IL-6, apart from its role in immunity, was involved in the local inflammatory response in experimental arthritis. IL-6 deficient (IL-6(-/-)) and wild-type mice were first compared in the antigen-induced arthritis model. IL-6 deficiency resulted in a mild, transient inflammation whereas wild-type mice developed a chronic, destructive synovitis. Wild-type mice immunized with one-tenth of the normal antigen dose still developed chronic arthritis despite low antibody levels, excluding reduced humoral immunity in IL-6(-/-) mice as a crucial phenomenon. In addition, passive immune-complex-induced arthritis did not differ between wild-type and IL-6(-/-) mice. Another option is reduced levels of Th1 cells in IL-6(-/-) mice. However, transfer of antigen-specific wild-type lymph node cells to IL-6(-/-) mice enhanced acute joint inflammation and increased cartilage damage but still could not sustain chronic inflammation, suggesting involvement of nonimmune elements of IL-6 activity in chronicity. In line with this, nonimmunologically mediated zymosan-induced arthritis developed similarly in the first week, but only wild-type mice developed chronic synovitis. These results indicate an important role for IL-6 in propagation of joint inflammation, potentially independent of its role in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Hooge
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Fehr JE, Trotter GW, Oxford JT, Hart DA. Comparison of Northern blot hybridization and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique for measurement of mRNA expression of metalloproteinases and matrix components in articular cartilage and synovial membrane from horses with osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:900-5. [PMID: 10951979 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine relative amounts of mRNA expression of aggrecan, type-II collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, and MMP3 in articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples from healthy equine joints and joints with osteoarthritis (OA) and to compare results of Northern blot hybridization with results of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. SAMPLE POPULATION Articular cartilage samples from 8 pairs of joints (1 with OA and 1 healthy) from 6 horses and synovial membrane samples from 6 pairs of joints from 5 horses. PROCEDURE RNA was extracted from samples by use of a modified Trizol procedure. Northern blot hybridization and the RT-PCR assay were performed; results were quantitated by use of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as an internal standard. RESULTS Articular cartilage samples from joints with mild or moderate OA yielded less total RNA than samples from joints with severe OA. Northern blot hybridization indicated that type-II collagen mRNA expression in articular cartilage samples from joints with OA was significantly greater than expression in samples from healthy joints. The RT-PCR assay identified low levels of MMP3 mRNA expression in 4 of 8 sets of articular cartilage samples and 4 of 6 sets of synovial membrane samples, whereas Northern blot hybridization identified MMP3 mRNA expression in only 1 of 6 sets of articular cartilage samples and 1 of 6 sets of synovial membrane samples. CONCLUSIONS A RT-PCR assay is more sensitive than Northern blot hybridization for detection of MMP3 mRNA expression in articular cartilage and synovial membrane and requires smaller samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fehr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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41
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Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Chabaud M, van Den Bersselaar L, Oppers B, Coenen-De Roo CJ, Richards CD, Miossec P, van Den Berg WB. IL-4 gene therapy for collagen arthritis suppresses synovial IL-17 and osteoprotegerin ligand and prevents bone erosion. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1697-710. [PMID: 10862785 PMCID: PMC378501 DOI: 10.1172/jci7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction is the most difficult target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we report that local overexpression of IL-4, introduced by a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad5E1mIL-4) prevents joint damage and bone erosion in the knees of mice with collagen arthritis (CIA). No difference was noted in the course of CIA in the injected knee joints between Ad5E1mIL-4 and the control vector, but radiographic analysis revealed impressive reduction of joint erosion and more compact bone structure in the Ad5E1mIL-4 group. Although severe inflammation persisted in treated mice, Ad5E1mIL-4 prevented bone erosion and diminished tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, indicating that local IL-4 inhibits the formation of osteoclast-like cells. Messenger RNA levels of IL-17, IL-12, and cathepsin K in the synovial tissue were suppressed, as were IL-6 and IL-12 protein production. Osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) expression was markedly suppressed by local IL-4, but no loss of OPG expression was noted with Ad5E1mIL-4 treatment. Finally, in in vitro studies, bone samples of patients with arthritis revealed consistent suppression by IL-4 of type I collagen breakdown. IL-4 also enhanced synthesis of type I procollagen, suggesting that it promoted tissue repair. These findings may have significant implications for the prevention of bone erosion in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lubberts
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Joosten LA, Helsen MM, van Den Berg WB. Blockade of endogenous interleukin 12 results in suppression of murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis by enhancement of interleukin 10 and interleukin 1Ra. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:196-205. [PMID: 10700428 PMCID: PMC1753084 DOI: 10.1136/ard.59.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous interleukin 12 (IL12) in acute murine streptococcal cell wall (SCW) arthritis. METHODS C57black/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with rat anti-murine IL12 (C17.8), shortly before induction of arthritis by intra-articular injection of 25 microg SCW fragments into the right knee joint. Joint swelling and chondrocyte synthetic function was analysed several days after induction of SCW arthritis. Local cytokine profile was determined, protein by using ELISA and mRNA by RT-PCR technology. To confirm the findings at later time points, tissue chamber model of inflammation was used. Histology was performed to examine cell influx and cartilage damage. RESULTS Suppression of joint swelling was noted at days 2 and 4, whereas no suppressive effect of anti-IL12 was found at day 1. Severe inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis was seen at day 1 in both arthritic control and anti-IL12 treated mice. However, chondrocyte function was restored at day 4 of arthritis in the anti-IL12 injected animals, but not in the arthritic controls. Moreover, cell influx in synovial tissue and joint cavity was reduced by anti-IL12 treatment. Neutralisation of IL12 reduced the local levels of IL1beta, IL12 and interferon gamma, when examined shortly after induction of SCW arthritis, whereas tumour necrosis factor alpha levels were not affected. In contrast, IL10 and IL1Ra protein and mRNA levels were strongly up regulated in synovial tissues after IL12 blockade. Enhancement of IL10 and IL1Ra by anti-IL12 was confirmed in a tissue chamber model with SCW induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that IL12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine during onset of acute SCW arthritis. Balances of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were strongly improved by anti-IL12 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Joosten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Beuningen HM, Glansbeek HL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Osteoarthritis-like changes in the murine knee joint resulting from intra-articular transforming growth factor-beta injections. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000; 8:25-33. [PMID: 10607496 DOI: 10.1053/joca.1999.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of prolonged TGF-beta exposure on cartilage and ligamentous joint structures in vivo, to investigate involvement of TGF-beta in osteoarthritis pathology. METHODS TGF-beta was injected into murine knee joints once or repeatedly, whereafter articular cartilage proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and content, and histological changes in knee joints were studied over a 2-month period. RESULTS A single injection of TGF-beta stimulated patellar cartilage PG synthesis for 3 weeks and PG content for 2 weeks. Triple TGF-beta injections prolonged the increase in PG content to 3 weeks. Patellar cartilage showed no histological abnormalities at 1 and 2 months after the last injection. In contrast, 2 months after triple TGF-beta injections the superficial layer of tibial cartilage still had an increased proteoglycan content, while severe PG depletion was found in deeper layers of the posterior part of the lateral tibia in particular. Eventually, lesions occurred at the level of the tide-mark, exactly the site where cartilage is torn off in experimental and spontaneous osteoarthritis in mice. Additionally, multiple TGF-beta injections induced formation of chondroid structures along the margins of articular cartilage. These chondroid structures were transformed into osteophytes via endochondral ossification. Formation of chondroid tissue was also observed in collateral ligaments. CONCLUSION Multiple intra-articular injections of TGF-beta induce changes in articular cartilage and surrounding tissues that have strong resemblance to features of experimental and spontaneous osteoarthritis in mice, suggesting a role for TGF-beta in the OA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M van Beuningen
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
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Lubberts E, Joosten LAB, van den Bersselaar L, Helsen MMA, Bakker AC, van Meurs JBJ, Graham FL, Richards CD, van den Berg WB. Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Overexpression of IL-4 in the Knee Joint of Mice with Collagen-Induced Arthritis Prevents Cartilage Destruction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, leading to cartilage and bone destruction. In this study, we investigated the effects of local IL-4 application, introduced by a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus vector, in the knee joint of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. One intraarticular injection with an IL-4-expressing virus caused overexpression of IL-4 in the mouse knee joint. Enhanced onset and aggravation of the synovial inflammation were found in the IL-4 group. However, despite ongoing inflammation, histologic analysis showed impressive prevention of chondrocyte death and cartilage erosion. In line with this, chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis was enhanced in the articular cartilage. This was quantified with ex vivo 35S-sulfate incorporation in patellar cartilage and confirmed by autoradiography on whole knee joint sections. Reduction of cartilage erosion was further substantiated by lack of expression of the stromelysin-dependent cartilage proteoglycan breakdown neoepitope VDIPEN in the Ad5E1 mIL-4-treated knee joint. Reduced metalloproteinase activity was also supported by markedly diminished mRNA expression of stromelysin-3 in the synovial tissue. Histologic analysis revealed marked reduction of polymorphonuclear cells in the synovial joint space in the IL-4-treated joints. This was confirmed by immunolocalization studies on knee joint sections using NIMP-R14 staining and diminished mRNA expression of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 in the synovium tissue. mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were suppressed as well, and IL-1β and nitric oxide production by arthritic synovial tissue were strongly reduced. Our data show an impressive cartilage-protective effect of local IL-4 and underline the feasibility of local gene therapy with this cytokine in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lubberts
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Liduine van den Bersselaar
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Monique M. A. Helsen
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Andrew C. Bakker
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Frank L. Graham
- †Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl D. Richards
- †Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wim B. van den Berg
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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van Meurs JB, van Lent PL, van de Loo AA, Holthuysen AE, Bayne EK, Singer II, van den Berg WB. Increased vulnerability of postarthritic cartilage to a second arthritic insult: accelerated MMP activity in a flare up of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58:350-6. [PMID: 10340959 PMCID: PMC1752891 DOI: 10.1136/ard.58.6.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Murine antigen induced arthritis (AIA) is a chronic, smouldering inflammation. Flares of arthritis can be induced by antigen rechallenge or exposure to inflammatory mediators like interleukin 1 (IL1). These flares are characterised by a fast and marked proteoglycan (PG) depletion if compared with the initial arthritis. This study investigated the involvement of metalloproteinases in both the initial and the flare phase of arthritis. METHODS Murine AIA was induced and a flare up of arthritis was induced by injection of 10 ng of IL1beta. Messenger RNA levels of MMP-1 and -3 were studied by RT-PCR. MMP activity in cartilage, during both primary AIA as well as the flare up of arthritis, was studied by immunodetection of MMP specific neoepitopes in aggrecan (VDIPEN). Cartilage just before flare induction was analysed for presence of MMPs at the mRNA level as well as at the protein level by zymography. RESULTS At the onset of AIA, a fast upregulation of mRNA for stromelysin and collagenase was noted. However, no VDIPEN epitopes were detected during this early phase of arthritis. They appeared when PG depletion was severe at day 7 of arthritis and disappeared when cartilage was repaired. IL1 injection into a knee joint at week 4 of AIA caused a flare up of arthritis, coinciding with a fast and marked PG degradation. This degradation was characterised by accelerated expression of VDIPEN epitopes if compared with the expression in primary AIA. Analysis of cartilage at week 4 of AIA showed still increased mRNA levels of MMP-1 and -3. Moreover, increased levels of latent MMPs were present as well, as APMA activation induced profound VDIPEN epitope. In vitro exposure to IL1 did show increased PG breakdown but no VDIPEN expression, suggesting that factors in addition to IL1 are needed to cause the in vivo VDIPEN expression. CONCLUSIONS The fast and marked PG depletion seen in a flare up of AIA coincides with accelarated expression of MMP induced neoepitopes compared with expression during primary AIA. This accelerated expression is probably linked to increased levels of latent enzyme, which were found to be present in the cartilage before induction of a flare up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B van Meurs
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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