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Khey KMW, Huard A, Mahmoud SH. Inflammatory Pathways Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:675-693. [PMID: 31808009 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an acute cerebrovascular emergency resulting from the rupture of a brain aneurysm. Despite only accounting for 5% of all strokes, SAH imposes a significant health burden on society due to its relatively young age at onset. Those who survive the initial bleed are often afflicted with severe disabilities thought to result from delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Consequently, elucidating the underlying mechanistic pathways implicated in DCI development following SAH remains a priority. Neuroinflammation has recently been implicated as a promising new theory for the development of SAH complications. However, despite this interest, clinical trials have failed to provide consistent evidence for the use of anti-inflammatory agents in SAH patients. This may be explained by the complexity of SAH as a plethora of inflammatory pathways have been shown to be activated in the disease. By determining how these pathways may overlap and interact, we hope to better understand the developmental processes of SAH complications and how to prevent them. The goal of this review is to provide insight into the available evidence regarding the molecular pathways involved in the development of inflammation following SAH and how SAH complications may arise as a result of these inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Min Wei Khey
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alec Huard
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sherif Hanafy Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Nguyen HTT, Nguyen HT, Islam MZ, Obi T, Pothinuch P, Nguyen TV, Nguyen TM, Dao CV, Shiraishi M, Miyamoto A. Antagonistic Effects ofGingko bilobaandSophora japonicaon Cerebral Vasoconstriction in Response to Histamine, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, U46619 and Bradykinin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1607-1625. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antagonistic effects of Gingko biloba leaf (GB) and Sophora japonica L. flower bud (SJ) extracts on cerebral vasoconstriction in response to KCl, extracellular Ca[Formula: see text], histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 9,11-dideoxy-9[Formula: see text],11[Formula: see text]-methanoepoxy prostaglandin (PG) F[Formula: see text](U46619) and bradykinin (BK), in order to explain their traditional application for diseases associated with cerebral vasospasm. Isolated porcine basilar arteries (PBA) and endothelial cells from them were used as the study materials. Neither SJ nor GB had any effect on the contractions induced by KCl and extracellular Ca[Formula: see text]. SJ significantly inhibited the contraction induced by histamine, 5-HT, U46619 and BK, whereas GB inhibited histamine-induced contraction, but had no effects on the contractions induced by 5-HT, U46619 and BK. In the presence of diphenhydramine (a H1receptor antagonist), ketanserin (a 5-HT2receptor antagonist) and ONO-3708 (a thromboxane (TX) A2/PG receptor antagonist), the inhibitory effects of these extracts on the contractions induced by histamine, 5-HT and U46619 were abolished. SJ significantly inhibited the contractions induced by BK and PGF[Formula: see text], but in the presence of ONO-3708 (10[Formula: see text] M) had no effect on them. BK enhanced the production of PGF[Formula: see text] from cultured PBA endothelium cells, and SJ significantly attenuated this enhancement. These results suggest that SJ and GB have a H1-antagonistic effect, and that SJ also attenuates cerebral vasoconstriction mediated via 5-HT2and TXA2/PG receptors. These findings appear to explain why SJ has been used traditionally as a therapeutic medication for cerebral vasospasm after cerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hai Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Plant Bio-Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Crossing, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Md. Zahorul Islam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takeshi Obi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Pitchaya Pothinuch
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Crossing, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Nguyen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tuong Manh Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Crossing, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Van Dao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyamoto
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Turner CP, Panter SS, Sharp FR. Anti-oxidants prevent focal rat brain injury as assessed by induction of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HO-1/HSP32, HSP47) following subarachnoid injections of lysed blood. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 65:87-102. [PMID: 10036311 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The initial aim of this study was to determine if the HSP70 (the main inducible heat shock protein), HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HSP32) and HSP47 (a collagen chaperone) stress proteins were induced in the same focal regions of rat brain following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The next objective was to determine whether anti-oxidants prevented the stress gene expression in the focal regions. Lysed blood (150 microliter) was injected into the subarachnoid space of adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats via the cisterna magna. Animals were sacrificed 24 h later. Immunocytochemistry showed focal regions of stress gene induction in most animals (13/21), HSP70 and HO-1 proteins being expressed in neurons, microglia and astrocytes and HSP47 being expressed in microglia. Co-induction of the same three stress proteins was observed in focal areas in the striatum and cerebellum as well. In the 13 animals with focal regions of stress gene induction there were 8.1+/-1.8 foci in cortex, 5.5+/-0.9 foci in striatum, and 11.7+/-7.3 foci in cerebellum in the brain of each animal. The focal regions of stress gene induction varied in size from 200 micrometer to 7 mm in diameter. Systemic administration of the tirilazad-like anti-oxidants U101033E (n=8) and U74389G (n=7) completely blocked stress protein induction in focal brain regions normally produced by cisternal injections of lysed blood. There were fewer drug treated animals (0/15) with focal areas of stress gene induction compared to non-drug (13/21) treated animals following the cisternal lysed blood injections (p<0.01 using Fisher's probability test). This study shows that anti-oxidants prevent focal regions of injury as assessed by heat shock protein expression in a rat model of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Turner
- Department of Neurology (V127), University of California at San Francisco, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Orz YI, Tsuji T, Aoki T, Yen Y, Chiba S, Kobayashi S. Effects of oxyhemoglobin on vasoconstriction in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in isolated, perfused canine basilar arteries. Neurosurgery 1998; 43:1176-84. [PMID: 9802861 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199811000-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) is thought to be a critical trigger in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. We investigated whether extraluminally applied OxyHb influenced vascular responses to intraluminally applied vasoactive agents in isolated, perfused, canine basilar arteries. METHODS The steel cannula insertion method was used to examine vascular responses to intraluminally applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonists, i.e., 5-HT, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (selective for 5-HT1 receptors), and alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (selective for 5-HT2 receptors), potassium chloride, and acetylcholine, before and after extraluminal treatment with OxyHb. RESULTS Extraluminal application of 2.5 x 10(-5) mol/L OxyHb immediately induced a transient elevation of the basal perfusion pressure, which gradually decreased and then stabilized at a level slightly higher than the control level. Each 5-HT agonist induced dose-dependent vasoconstriction. The potencies of the agonists were not very different, but the efficacies varied, i.e., alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine > 5-HT > 5-carboxamidotryptamine. Each response was strongly inhibited by ketanserin (a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist), indicating that each agonist induces vasoconstriction mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. The vasoconstriction in response to each 5-HT receptor agonist was consistently potentiated by treatment with OxyHb (2.5 x 10(-5) mol/L). 5-HT receptor agonist-induced constrictions after OxyHb treatment were much more markedly inhibited by ketanserin, compared with those before OxyHb treatment. Acetylcholine-induced constrictions were enhanced by OxyHb, but KCl-induced constrictions were significantly decreased by OxyHb. CONCLUSION It is suggested that OxyHb enhancement of constrictions in response to 5-HT receptor agonists may be mediated by increased sensitivity of 5-HT2 receptors, in addition to actions in the endothelium, in canine basilar arteries. This potentiated vasoconstrictor mechanism may be partially implicated in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Orz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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