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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhao J. Longitudinal Relationships Between Interparental Conflict and Adolescent Depression: Moderating Effects of School Connectedness. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1489-1498. [PMID: 35415790 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the association between interparental conflict and adolescent depression, and explored the moderating role of school connectedness in this association, in a Chinese context. Data were analyzed from 867 Chinese adolescents who completed the survey at 2 time points. Cross-lagged analyses indicated that interparental conflict in 7th grade adolescents significantly predicted depression in 8th grade, but adolescent depression in 7th grade was not a significant predictor of interparental conflict in 8th grade. In addition, there was a significant negative moderating effect of school connectedness, as high levels of school connectedness reduced the negative effect of interparental conflict on adolescent depression. Thus, the association between interparental conflict and adolescent depression has a unidirectional prediction. School connectedness can relieve the adverse effects of interparental conflict on adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Jingfei Zhao
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
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Tabi K, Bhullar M, Fantu L, Shulman B, Dueck R, Hippman C, Ryan D, Stewart SE. Feasibility of online mindfulness-based interventions for families affected with postpartum depression and anxiety: study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051935. [PMID: 36691183 PMCID: PMC9454041 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postpartum depression and anxiety (PPDA) is experienced by up to 20% of families in the first year. The condition impacts not only parents but also their developing child. While mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have shown to be beneficial for this population, many parents do not have access to treatment or find it challenging to commit or complete the treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened some of the challenges that parents face. The ability to find time for needed self-care and health interventions is also affected by limited childcare support. The opportunity to attend a group online may significantly improve the accessibility to group MBI but may also bring challenges. This study aims to examine the feasibility and acceptability of online MBI groups for parents in families affected with PPDA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this feasibility study, participants will include mothers diagnosed with PPDA and their partners. Two online MBI groups will run simultaneously for 8 weeks: one for mothers with PPDA and another one for their partners. The primary outcome will be feasibility of conducting the online groups, assessed from the facilitators' perspective, participants' perspective and attrition throughout the study. The participants' perspectives on feasibility will be assessed by questions including how difficult it was for them to make it to the sessions, specific obstacles encountered and their scheduling preferences. The facilitators' perspective will be assessed by frequency of technical difficulties encountered, of disruptions in the online sessions and of episodes where parents leave the screen (eg, to calm their child). Secondary outcomes will include mental health, couple relationship, satisfaction and acceptability which will also be evaluated through participant questionnaires. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has received ethics approval from the University of British Columbia Children's and Women's Research Ethics Board. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04617132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tabi
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Mindfulness, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manreet Bhullar
- Centre for Mindfulness, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lenssa Fantu
- Centre for Mindfulness, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbara Shulman
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Royce Dueck
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catriona Hippman
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deirdre Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Reproductive Mental Health Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Mindfulness, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Doan SN, Venkatesh S, Predroza M, Tarullo A, Meyer JS. Maternal expressive suppression moderates the relations between maternal and child hair cortisol. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:1150-1157. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kao K, Doan SN, St John AM, Meyer JS, Tarullo AR. Salivary cortisol reactivity in preschoolers is associated with hair cortisol and behavioral problems. Stress 2018; 21:28-35. [PMID: 29065770 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1391210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between children's cortisol reactivity to challenge and cumulative cortisol exposure is not well understood. Examining the role of cortisol reactivity in early childhood may elucidate biological mechanisms that contribute to children's chronic physiological stress and behavioral dysregulation. In a sample of 65 preschool-aged children, we examined the relation between children's salivary cortisol reactivity to challenging tasks and their hair cortisol concentration (HCC). While both are biomarkers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, salivary cortisol reactivity reflects an acute cortisol response to a stressor and HCC reflects cumulative cortisol exposure. In addition, we examined the relations of these stress biomarkers with internalizing and externalizing problems. Salivary cortisol reactivity was associated with higher HCC and with increased externalizing behaviors. Child HCC also was positively correlated with parent HCC. Results highlight the contributions of salivary cortisol reactivity to children's cumulative cortisol exposure, which may add to their biological risk for health problems later. The observed association between externalizing problems and salivary cortisol reactivity indicates concordances between dysregulated behavioral reactions and dysregulated cortisol responses to challenges. The finding that salivary cortisol reactivity to challenge in early childhood plays a role in children's cumulative cortisol exposure and behavioral development suggests pathways through which cortisol reactivity may influence long-term physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Kao
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Ashley M St John
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- c Psychology , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Amanda R Tarullo
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
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Weeland J, Overbeek G, de Castro BO, Matthys W. Underlying Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 18:413-42. [PMID: 26537239 PMCID: PMC4637001 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several candidate genes (i.e., MAOA, DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, 5-HTTLPR, and COMT) have been extensively studied as potential moderators of the detrimental effects of postnatal family adversity on child externalizing behaviors, such as aggression and conduct disorder. Many studies on such candidate gene by environment interactions (i.e., cG × E) have been published, and the first part of this paper offers a systematic review and integration of their findings (n = 53). The overview shows a set of heterogeneous findings. However, because of large differences between studies in terms of sample composition, conceptualizations, and power, it is difficult to determine if different findings indeed illustrate inconsistent cG × E findings or if findings are simply incomparable. In the second part of the paper, therefore, we argue that one way to help resolve this problem is the development of theory-driven a priori hypotheses on which biopsychosocial mechanisms might underlie cG × E. Such a theoretically based approach can help us specify our research strategies, create more comparable findings, and help us interpret different findings between studies. In accordance, we describe three possible explanatory mechanisms, based on extant literature on the concepts of (1) emotional reactivity, (2) reward sensitivity, and (3) punishment sensitivity. For each mechanism, we discuss the link between the putative mechanism and externalizing behaviors, the genetic polymorphism, and family adversity. Possible research strategies to test these mechanisms, and implications for interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Weeland
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Geertjan Overbeek
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Orobio de Castro
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Weeland J, Slagt M, Brummelman E, Matthys W, de Castro BO, Overbeek G. 5-HTTLPR Expression Outside the Skin: An Experimental Test of the Emotional Reactivity Hypothesis in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141474. [PMID: 26560754 PMCID: PMC4641607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 (i.e., the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism) moderates the impact of environmental stressors on child psychopathology. Emotional reactivity −the intensity of an individual’s response to other’s emotions− has been put forward as a possible mechanism underlying these gene-by-environment interactions (i.e., G×E). Compared to children homozygous for the L-allele (LL-genotypes), children carrying an S-allele (SS/SL-genotypes), specifically when they have been frequently exposed to negative emotions in the family environment, might be more emotionally reactive and therefore more susceptible to affective environmental stressors. However, the association between 5-HTTLPR and emotional reactivity in children has not yet been empirically tested. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test this association in a large-scale experiment. Methods Children (N = 521, 52.5% boys, Mage = 9.72 years) were genotyped and randomly assigned to happy, angry or neutral dynamic facial expressions and vocalizations. Motor and affective emotional reactivity were assessed through children’s self-reported negative and positive affect (n = 460) and facial electromyography activity (i.e., fEMG: the zygomaticus or “smile” muscle and the corrugator or “frown” muscle, n = 403). Parents reported on their negative and positive parenting behaviors. Results Children mimicked and experienced the emotion they were exposed to. However, neither motor reactivity nor affective reactivity to these emotions depended on children’s 5-HTTLPR genotype: SS/SL-genotypes did not manifest any stronger response to emotional stimuli than LL-genotypes. This finding remained the same when taking the broader family environment into account, controlling for kinship, age, gender and genetic ancestry, and when including a tri-allelic factor. Conclusions We found no evidence for an association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and children’s emotional reactivity. This finding is important, in discounting one potential underlying endophenotype of G×E between the 5-HTTLPR and affective environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Weeland
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Meike Slagt
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eddie Brummelman
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Orobio de Castro
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertjan Overbeek
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zvara BJ, Mills-Koonce WR, Garrett-Peters P, Wagner NJ, Vernon-Feagans L, Cox M. The mediating role of parenting in the associations between household chaos and children's representations of family dysfunction. Attach Hum Dev 2014; 16:633-55. [PMID: 25329862 PMCID: PMC4239165 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2014.966124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Children's drawings are thought to reflect their mental representations of self and their interpersonal relations within families. Household chaos is believed to disrupt key proximal processes related to optimal development. The present study examines the mediating role of parenting behaviors in the relations between two measures of household chaos, instability and disorganization, and how they may be evidenced in children's representations of family dysfunction as derived from their drawings. The sample (N = 962) is from a longitudinal study of rural poverty exploring the ways in which child, family, and contextual factors shape development over time. Findings reveal that, after controlling for numerous factors including child and primary caregiver covariates, there were significant indirect effects from cumulative family disorganization, but not cumulative family instability, on children's representation of family dysfunction through parenting behaviors. Results suggest that the proximal effects of daily disorganization outweigh the effects of periodic instability overtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Zvara
- a Psychology , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , USA
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Goeke-Morey MC, Papp LM, Cummings EM. Changes in marital conflict and youths' responses across childhood and adolescence: a test of sensitization. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:241-51. [PMID: 23398762 PMCID: PMC3677539 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the sensitization hypothesis is fundamental to process-oriented explanations of the effects of marital conflict on children, few longitudinal tests of the theory's propositions have been conducted. Hierarchical linear modeling was used in this prospective, longitudinal study (n = 297 families) to assess changes in the dimensions of responding to conflict (i.e., emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) for 3 consecutive years in youths between the ages of 8 and 19 years. Moreover, to test the notion of sensitization, analyses were conducted to examine whether change in marital conflict predicted change in children's responding across middle childhood and adolescence. Supporting the sensitization hypothesis, increases in exposure to hostile marital conflict were associated with increases in children's negative emotionality, threat, self-blame, and skepticism about resolution. With a few exceptions, the effects were largely consistent for boys and girls and for younger and older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie C Goeke-Morey
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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Heinrichs N, Cronrath AL, Degen M, Snyder DK. The link between child emotional and behavioral problems and couple functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19424620.2010.569366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Anger Mediates the Relation Between Violence Exposure and Violence Perpetration in Incarcerated Boys. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-010-9121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Keller PS, Cummings EM, Davies PT, Lubke G. Children's behavioural reactions to marital conflict as a function of parents' conflict behaviours and alcohol problems. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17405620600557631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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David KM, Murphy BC. Interparental Conflict and Preschoolers' Peer Relations: The Moderating Roles of Temperament and Gender. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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El-Sheikh M, Whitson SA. Longitudinal relations between marital conflict and child adjustment: vagal regulation as a protective factor. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2006; 20:30-9. [PMID: 16569087 DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although associations between marital conflict and children's adjustment problems are established, less is known about child individual differences that can have an impact on these relations. The authors examined longitudinal relations between marital conflict and children's adjustment using a community sample of elementary school-age children and young adolescents and assessed the role of children's vagal regulation in moderating the conflict-child problems link. Elevated marital conflict was predictive of negative child outcomes, and greater vagal suppression to a simulated argument was protective against internalizing problems associated with marital conflict. Findings are supportive of the value of a biopsychosocial perspective and illustrate that child vagal regulation can contribute to the aggregation or amelioration of risk for maladjustment in the context of exposure to marital conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El-Sheikh
- Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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DeJonghe ES, Bogat GA, Levendosky AA, von Eye A, Davidson WS. Infant exposure to domestic violence predicts heightened sensitivity to adult verbal conflict. Infant Ment Health J 2005; 26:268-281. [DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lindahl KM, Malik NM, Kaczynski K, Simons JS. Couple power dynamics, systemic family functioning, and child adjustment: a test of a mediational model in a multiethnic sample. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 16:609-30. [PMID: 15605628 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579404004699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Power dynamics in the marital dyad and systemic elements of whole-family functioning (cohesion, subsystem boundary formations) were examined in relation to each other and also in relation to child adjustment in a multiethnic sample of families. Support was found for a mediational model, such that family functioning was found to mediate the relationship between marital power dynamics and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior. Some support also was found for ethnicity as a moderator of the association between systemic family processes and children's adjustment. Disturbances in family cohesion and subsystem boundaries were more strongly related to internalizing symptomatology for children in European American families compared to children in Hispanic American families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Lindahl
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Annex, P.O. Box 249229, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
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Davies PT, Lindsay LL. Interparental conflict and adolescent adjustment: why does gender moderate early adolescent vulnerability? JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2004; 18:160-70. [PMID: 14992618 DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of child gender in the relationship between interparental conflict and adolescent psychological symptoms was examined in a sample of 924 children 10 to 15 years old and 172 of their mothers. Interparental conflict was a significantly stronger predictor of adolescent internalizing symptoms for girls than boys across type of informant (i.e., mother or child). In examining why the risk posed by interparental conflict differed by gender, further analyses indicated that girls' tendencies to experience elevated levels of communion partly accounted for their greater vulnerability to interparental conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Davies
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Boys' Maladaptive Social Information Processing, Family Emotional Climate, and Pathways to Early Conduct Problems. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9507.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ulu P, Fışıloglu H. The relationship between Turkish children's perceptions of marital conflict and their internalizing and externalizing problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00207590244000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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El-Sheikh M. Parental drinking problems and children's adjustment: vagal regulation and emotional reactivity as pathways and moderators of risk. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 110:499-515. [PMID: 11727940 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children's emotional regulation (as indexed by vagal suppression) and children's emotional reactivity during an argument were examined as moderators and mediators of parental problem drinking and children's adjustment in a sample of 6- to 12-year-olds. Cardiac vagal tone was assessed during both a baseline condition and exposure to an audiotaped argument. Vagal suppression was calculated by subtracting vagal tone during the baseline from that recorded during the argument, with a higher number representing increased suppression of vagal tone during the argument. Emotional reactivity was based on both observations of overt behaviors of children and their reported feelings during the argument. A higher level of vagal suppression was a protective factor against children's externalizing, internalizing, and social problems associated with exposure to parental problem drinking. Emotional reactivity was a vulnerability factor, and children's increased anger and fear, and to a lesser degree sadness, each moderated and exacerbated the effects of parental problem drinking on child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El-Sheikh
- Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA.
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