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Katane M, Homma H. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Free D-Amino Acids and Their Physiological Roles in the Periphery and Endocrine Glands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:562-579. [PMID: 38432912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratory artifacts, and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by L-amino acids. However, recent investigations have revealed a variety of D-amino acids in mammals that play important roles in physiological functions, including free D-serine and D-aspartate that are crucial in the central nervous system. The functions of several D-amino acids in the periphery and endocrine glands are also receiving increasing attention. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in elucidating the physiological roles of D-amino acids, especially in the periphery and endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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Gonda Y, Matsuda A, Adachi K, Ishii C, Suzuki M, Osaki A, Mita M, Nishizaki N, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T, Yasui M, Hamase K, Sasabe J. Mammals sustain amino acid homochirality against chiral conversion by symbiotic microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300817120. [PMID: 37014864 PMCID: PMC10104486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300817120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit systemic homochirality of amino acids in L-configurations. While ribosomal protein synthesis requires rigorous chiral selection for L-amino acids, both endogenous and microbial enzymes convert diverse L-amino acids to D-configurations in mammals. However, it is not clear how mammals manage such diverse D-enantiomers. Here, we show that mammals sustain systemic stereo dominance of L-amino acids through both enzymatic degradation and excretion of D-amino acids. Multidimensional high performance liquidchromatography analyses revealed that in blood, humans and mice maintain D-amino acids at less than several percent of the corresponding L-enantiomers, while D-amino acids comprise ten to fifty percent of the L-enantiomers in urine and feces. Germ-free experiments showed that vast majority of D-amino acids, except for D-serine, detected in mice are of microbial origin. Experiments involving mice that lack enzymatic activity to catabolize D-amino acids showed that catabolism is central to the elimination of diverse microbial D-amino acids, whereas excretion into urine is of minor importance under physiological conditions. Such active regulation of amino acid homochirality depends on maternal catabolism during the prenatal period, which switches developmentally to juvenile catabolism along with the growth of symbiotic microbes after birth. Thus, microbial symbiosis largely disturbs homochirality of amino acids in mice, whereas active host catabolism of microbial D-amino acids maintains systemic predominance of L-amino acids. Our findings provide fundamental insight into how the chiral balance of amino acids is governed in mammals and further expand the understanding of interdomain molecular homeostasis in host-microbial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Gonda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Akina Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akina Osaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Nishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 177-8521Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
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Phenothiazine, anthraquinone and related tricyclic derivatives as inhibitors of d-amino acid oxidase. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Meftah A, Hasegawa H, Kantrowitz JT. D-Serine: A Cross Species Review of Safety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:726365. [PMID: 34447324 PMCID: PMC8384137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.726365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:D-Serine, a direct, full agonist at the D-serine/glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR), has been assessed as a treatment for multiple psychiatric and neurological conditions. Based on studies in rats, concerns of nephrotoxicity have limited D-serine research in humans, particularly using high doses. A review of D-serine's safety is timely and pertinent, as D-serine remains under active study for schizophrenia, both directly (R61 MH116093) and indirectly through D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. The principal focus is on nephrotoxicity, but safety in other physiologic and pathophysiologic systems are also reviewed. Methods: Using the search terms "D-serine," "D-serine and schizophrenia," "D-serine and safety," "D-serine and nephrotoxicity" in PubMed, we conducted a systematic review on D-serine safety. D-serine physiology, dose-response and efficacy in clinical studies and dAAO inhibitor safety is also discussed. Results: When D-serine doses >500 mg/kg are used in rats, nephrotoxicity, manifesting as an acute tubular necrosis syndrome, seen within hours of administration is highly common, if not universal. In other species, however, D-serine induced nephrotoxicity has not been reported, even in other rodent species such as mice and rabbits. Even in rats, D--serine related toxicity is dose dependent and reversible; and does not appear to be present in rats at doses producing an acute Cmax of <2,000 nmol/mL. For comparison, the Cmax of D-serine 120 mg/kg, the highest dose tested in humans, is ~500 nmol/mL in acute dosing. Across all published human studies, only one subject has been reported to have abnormal renal values related to D-serine treatment. This abnormality did not clearly map on to the acute tubular necrosis syndrome seen in rats, and fully resolved within a few days of stopping treatment. DAAO inhibitors may be nephroprotective. D-Serine may have a physiologic role in metabolic, extra-pyramidal, cardiac and other systems, but no other clinically significant safety concerns are revealed in the literature. Conclusions: Even before considering human to rat differences in renal physiology, using current FDA guided monitoring paradigms, D-serine appears safe at currently studied maximal doses, with potential safety in combination with DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Meftah
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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Bastings JJ, van Eijk HM, Olde Damink SW, Rensen SS. d-amino Acids in Health and Disease: A Focus on Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092205. [PMID: 31547425 PMCID: PMC6770864 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids, the enantiomeric counterparts of l-amino acids, were long considered to be non-functional or not even present in living organisms. Nowadays, d-amino acids are acknowledged to play important roles in numerous physiological processes in the human body. The most commonly studied link between d-amino acids and human physiology concerns the contribution of d-serine and d-aspartate to neurotransmission. These d-amino acids and several others have also been implicated in regulating innate immunity and gut barrier function. Importantly, the presence of certain d-amino acids in the human body has been linked to several diseases including schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders such as cataract and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports a role for d-amino acids in the development, pathophysiology, and treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J.A.J. Bastings
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sakaue H, Hamase K, Konno R. Mouse d-Amino-Acid Oxidase: Distribution and Physiological Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:82. [PMID: 29255714 PMCID: PMC5722847 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Amino-acid oxidase (DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-amino acids. DAO is present in a wide variety of organisms and has important roles. Here, we review the distribution and physiological substrates of mouse DAO. Mouse DAO is present in the kidney, brain, and spinal cord, like DAOs in other mammals. However, in contrast to other animals, it is not present in the mouse liver. Recently, DAO has been detected in the neutrophils, retina, and small intestine in mice. To determine the physiological substrates of mouse DAO, mutant mice lacking DAO activity are helpful. As DAO has wide substrate specificity and degrades various d-amino acids, many d-amino acids accumulate in the tissues and body fluids of the mutant mice. These amino acids are d-methionine, d-alanine, d-serine, d-leucine, d-proline, d-phenylalanine, d-tyrosine, and d-citrulline. Even in wild-type mice, administration of DAO inhibitors elevates D-serine levels in the plasma and brain. Among the above d-amino acids, the main physiological substrates of mouse DAO are d-alanine and d-serine. These two d-amino acids are most abundant in the tissues and body fluids of mice. d-Alanine derives from bacteria and produces bactericidal reactive oxygen species by the action of DAO. d-Serine is synthesized by serine racemase and is present especially in the central nervous system, where it serves as a neuromodulator. DAO is responsible for the metabolism of d-serine. Since DAO has been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases, mouse DAO has been used as a representative model. Recent reports, however, suggest that mouse DAO is different from human DAO with respect to important properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yurika Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan
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Onozato M, Nakazawa H, Hakariya H, Shishikura M, Nagashima C, Ishimaru K, Sakamoto T, Iizuka H, Ichiba H, Fukushima T. Effect of risperidone on plasma d-serine concentration in rats post-administered with d-serine. Life Sci 2016; 158:98-103. [PMID: 27352936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Risperidone (Ris) is a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used to treat patients with schizophrenia. Additional interventions that increase plasma d-serine (d-Ser) levels could provide improved amelioration of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study, we studied whether Ris pretreatment altered the concentration of plasma d-Ser administered intraperitoneally. In addition, the effects of Ris and its main metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OHRis), on rat d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) activity were examined in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ris (0, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0mg/kg), followed by d-Ser (20mg/kg), were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and the time-courses of plasma d-Ser, Ris, and 9-OHRis concentrations were examined. Inhibition of DAO activity in rat cerebellar and kidney preparations by Ris and 9-OHRis were measured spectrophotometrically. KEY FINDINGS Significant increases in plasma d-Ser levels were observed in rats treated with both Ris and d-Ser. This effect occurred in a Ris dose-dependent manner, and the areas under the plasma d-Ser concentration-time curves were similar in rats treated with Ris (1.0mg/kg) and with a commercial DAO inhibitor, 3-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (1.0mg/kg). Rat plasma analyses showed that 9-OHRis was rapidly produced from Ris; however, high concentrations of Ris and 9-OHRis produced weak DAO inhibition in vitro, suggesting that some other pharmacological effect of Ris and/or 9-OHRis might contribute to its effects on plasma d-Ser levels. SIGNIFICANCE The combined administration of Ris and d-Ser may increase plasma d-Ser levels, suggesting that this approach could reduce the dose of d-Ser required for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Onozato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hakariya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Miho Shishikura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nagashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Ishimaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ichiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Abstract
The potential of flavoproteins as targets of pharmacological treatments is immense. In this review we present an overview of the current research progress on medical interventions based on flavoproteins with a special emphasis on cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jortzik
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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9
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Katane M, Osaka N, Matsuda S, Maeda K, Kawata T, Saitoh Y, Sekine M, Furuchi T, Doi I, Hirono S, Homma H. Identification of Novel d-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitors by in Silico Screening and Their Functional Characterization in Vitro. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1894-907. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3017865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naoko Osaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satsuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawata
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Saitoh
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masae Sekine
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takemitsu Furuchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Issei Doi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
for Drug Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato
University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- First Research Department, Toyama
Chemical Co., Ltd., 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Toyama 930-8508, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirono
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
for Drug Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato
University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1
Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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10
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Shibuya N, Koike S, Tanaka M, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kimura Y, Ogasawara Y, Fukui K, Nagahara N, Kimura H. A novel pathway for the production of hydrogen sulfide from D-cysteine in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1366. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Shibuya N, Kimura H. Production of hydrogen sulfide from d-cysteine and its therapeutic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:87. [PMID: 23882260 PMCID: PMC3712494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that H2S has physiological functions in various tissues and organs. It includes regulation of neuronal activity, vascular tension, a release of insulin, and protection of the heart, kidney, and brain from ischemic insult. H2S is produced by enzymes from l-cysteine; cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) along with cysteine aminotransferase. We recently discovered an additional pathway for the production of H2S from d-cysteine. d-Amino acid oxidase provides 3-mercaptopyruvate for 3MST to produce H2S. d-Cysteine protects cerebellar neurons from oxidative stress and attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury caused in the kidney more effectively than l-cysteine. This review focuses on a novel pathway for the production of H2S and its therapeutic application especially to the renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideo Kimura, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan e-mail:
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13
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Katane M, Saitoh Y, Seida Y, Sekine M, Furuchi T, Homma H. Comparative Characterization of Three D-Aspartate Oxidases and One D-Amino Acid Oxidase from Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1424-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Klompmaker SH, Kilic A, Baerends RJ, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Activation of a peroxisomal Pichia pastoris D-amino acid oxidase, which uses d-alanine as a preferred substrate, depends on pyruvate carboxylase. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:708-16. [PMID: 20550580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) is an important flavo-enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-amino acids into the corresponding alpha-keto acid, ammonia and H(2)O(2). We identified two amino acid oxidases in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris: Dao1p, which preferentially uses d-alanine as a substrate, and Dao2p, which uses d-aspartate as a preferred substrate. Dao1p has a molecular mass of 38.2 kDa and a pH optimum of 9.6. This enzyme was localized to peroxisomes, albeit a typical peroxisomal targeting signal is lacking. Interestingly, P. pastoris mutant strains, defective in the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase, showed a pronounced growth defect on d-alanine, concomitant with a significant reduction in Dao1p activity relative to the wild-type control. This indicates that pyruvate carboxylase functions in import and/or activation of P. pastoris Dao1p.
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Islinger M, Cardoso MJR, Schrader M. Be different--the diversity of peroxisomes in the animal kingdom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:881-97. [PMID: 20347886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes represent so-called "multipurpose organelles" as they contribute to various anabolic as well as catabolic pathways. Thus, with respect to the physiological specialization of an individual organ or animal species, peroxisomes exhibit a functional diversity, which is documented by significant variations in their proteome. These differences are usually regarded as an adaptational response to the nutritional and environmental life conditions of a specific organism. Thus, human peroxisomes can be regarded as an in part physiologically unique organellar entity fulfilling metabolic functions that differ from our animal model systems. In line with this, a profound understanding on how peroxisomes acquired functional heterogeneity in terms of an evolutionary and mechanistic background is required. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the heterogeneity of peroxisomal physiology, providing insights into the genetic and cell biological mechanisms, which lead to the differential localization or expression of peroxisomal proteins and further gives an overview on peroxisomal biochemical pathways, which are specialized in different animal species and organs. Moreover, it addresses the impact of proteome studies on our understanding of differential peroxisome function describing the utility of mass spectrometry and computer-assisted algorithms to identify peroxisomal target sequences for the detection of new organ- or species-specific peroxisomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Islinger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that metabolizes certain D-amino acids, notably the endogenous N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist, D-serine. As such, it has the potential to modulate the function of NMDAR and to contribute to the widely hypothesized involvement of NMDAR signalling in schizophrenia. Three lines of evidence now provide support for this possibility: DAO shows genetic associations with the disorder in several, although not all, studies; the expression and activity of DAO are increased in schizophrenia; and DAO inactivation in rodents produces behavioural and biochemical effects, suggestive of potential therapeutic benefits. However, several key issues remain unclear. These include the regional, cellular and subcellular localization of DAO, the physiological importance of DAO and its substrates other than D-serine, as well as the causes and consequences of elevated DAO in schizophrenia. Herein, we critically review the neurobiology of DAO, its involvement in schizophrenia, and the therapeutic value of DAO inhibition. This review also highlights issues that have a broader relevance beyond DAO itself: how should we weigh up convergent and cumulatively impressive, but individually inconclusive, pieces of evidence regarding the role that a given gene may have in the aetiology, pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia?
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Islinger M, Li KW, Loos M, Liebler S, Angermüller S, Eckerskorn C, Weber G, Abdolzade A, Völkl A. Peroxisomes from the Heavy Mitochondrial Fraction: Isolation by Zonal Free Flow Electrophoresis and Quantitative Mass Spectrometrical Characterization. J Proteome Res 2009; 9:113-24. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maarten Loos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Liebler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sabine Angermüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Eckerskorn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Weber
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Afsaneh Abdolzade
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alfred Völkl
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karl University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, and BD Diagnostics - Preanalytical Systems, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
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Konno R, Okamura T, Kasai N, Summer KH, Niwa A. Mutant rat strain lacking d-amino-acid oxidase. Amino Acids 2008; 37:367-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maekawa M, Okamura T, Kasai N, Hori Y, Summer KH, Konno R. D-amino-acid oxidase is involved in D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 18:1678-82. [PMID: 16300376 DOI: 10.1021/tx0500326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
D-serine is nephrotoxic in rats. Based on circumstantial evidence, it has been suspected that D-amino-acid oxidase is involved in this nephrotoxicity. Since we found that LEA/SENDAI rats lacked D-amino-acid oxidase, we examined whether this enzyme was associated with D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity using the LEA/SENDAI rats and control F344 rats. When d-propargylglycine, which is known to have a nephrotoxic effect through its metabolism by D-amino-acid oxidase, was injected intraperitoneally into the F344 rats, it caused glucosuria and polyuria. However, injection of d-propargylglycine into LEA/SENDAI rats did not cause any glucosuria or polyuria, indicating that D-amino-acid oxidase is definitely not functional in these rats. D-serine was then injected into the F344 and LEA/SENDAI rats. It caused glucosuria and polyuria in the F344 rats but not in the LEA/SENDAI rats. These results indicate clearly that D-amino-acid oxidase is responsible for the D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Maekawa
- Department of Physiology and Biological Information, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
It has long been assumed that L-forms of amino acids exclusively constitute free amino acid pools in mammals. However, a variety of studies in the last decade has demonstrated that free D-aspartate and D-serine occur in mammals and may have important physiological function in mammals. Free D-serine is confined predominantly to the forebrain structure, and the distribution and development of D-serine correspond well with those of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type excitatory amino acid receptor. As D-serine acts as a potent and selective agonist for the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor, it is proposed that D-serine is a potential candidate for an NMDA receptor-related glycine site agonist in mammalian brain. In contrast, widespread and transient emergence of a high concentration of free D-aspartate is observed in the brain and periphery. Since the periods of maximal emergence of D-aspartate in the brain and periphery occur during critical periods of morphological and functional maturation of the organs, D-aspartate could participate in the regulation of these regulation of these developmental processes of the organs. This review deals with the recent advances in the studies of presence of free D-aspartate and D-serine and their metabolic systems in mammals. Since D-aspartate and D-serine have been shown to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated transmission through the glutamate binding site and the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site, respectively, and have been utilized extensively as potent and selective tools to study the excitatory amino acid system in the brain, we shall discuss also the NMDA receptor and uptake system of D-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Takai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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21
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Van den Munckhof RJ. In situ heterogeneity of peroxisomal oxidase activities: an update. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:401-29. [PMID: 8863047 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidases are a widespread group of enzymes. They are present in numerous organisms and organs and in various tissues, cells, and subcellular compartments, such as mitochondria. An important source of oxidases, which is investigated and discussed in this study, are the (micro)peroxisomes. Oxidases share the ability to reduce molecular oxygen during oxidation of their substrate, yielding an oxidized product and hydrogen peroxide. Besides the hydrogen peroxide-catabolizing enzyme catalase, peroxisomes contain one or more hydrogen peroxide-generating oxidases, which participate in different metabolic pathways. During the last four decades, various methods have been developed and elaborated for the histochemical localization of the activities of these oxidases. These methods are based either on the reduction of soluble electron acceptors by oxidase activity or on the capture of hydrogen peroxide. Both methods yield a coloured and/or electron dense precipitate. The most reliable technique in peroxisomal oxidase histochemistry is the cerium salt capture method. This method is based on the direct capture of hydrogen peroxide by cerium ions to form a fine crystalline, insoluble, electron dense reaction product, cerium perhydroxide, which can be visualized for light microscopy with diaminobenzidine. With the use of this technique, it became clear that oxidase activities not only vary between different organisms, organs, and tissues, but that heterogeneity also exists between different cells and within cells, i.e. between individual peroxisomes. A literature review, and recent studies performed in our laboratory, show that peroxisomes are highly differentiated organelles with respect to the presence of active enzymes. This study gives an overview of the in situ distribution and heterogeneity of peroxisomal enzyme activities as detected by histochemical assays of the activities of catalase, and the peroxisomal oxidases D-amino acid oxidase, L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, polyamine oxidase and uric acid oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Van den Munckhof
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, The Netherlands
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22
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Koibuchi N, Konno R, Matsuzaki S, Ohtake H, Niwa A, Yamaoka S. Localization of D-amino acid oxidase mRNA in the mouse kidney and the effect of testosterone treatment. Histochem Cell Biol 1995; 104:349-55. [PMID: 8574884 DOI: 10.1007/bf01458128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO), which catalyzes oxidative deamination of D-amino acids, is known to be highly expressed in the kidney. This study was designed to examine the localization of DAO mRNA in the mouse kidney using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH). For comparison, ISH for mRNA of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which is also highly expressed in the mouse kidney, was simultaneously performed. Adult, male mice which received 1 mg of testosterone propionate or vehicle injection, were sacrificed 14 h after injection and their kidneys were removed and processed for ISH. Hybridization signals for both mRNAs were exclusively located over the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule in the vehicle-treated animals. Signals for the DAO mRNA were observed at nearly the same hybridization intensity throughout the proximal tubule, whereas hybridization signals for the ODC mRNA were observed exclusively in the pars convoluta. Following testosterone treatment, ODC mRNA in the pars convoluta was expressed with a stronger intensity than that in the vehicle-injected animals. ODC mRNA was also expressed in the pars recta with a weaker intensity than in the pars convoluta. On the other hand, DAO mRNA expression was little affected by testosterone treatment. These results indicate that, although both genes are possibly expressed in the same cells, the expression of these genes is regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koibuchi
- Department of Physiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- R Konno
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Japan
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24
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Angermüller S. Peroxisomal oxidases: cytochemical localization and biological relevance. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 20:1-65. [PMID: 2574900 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(89)80008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) alpha-HAOX has a broad substrate specificity. In rat kidney, the enzyme reacts with aliphatic and aromatic alpha-hydroxy acids, in rat liver, however, only with aliphatic ones. (2) The best substrate for the demonstration of alpha-HAOX activity in rat and human liver is glycolate. (3) alpha-hydroxy butyric acid is the best substrate in the luminometric assay for the demonstration of alpha-HAOX activity in the rat kidney, whereas glycolate is not catalysed by the enzyme. (4) In the proximal tubulus epithelial cells of the rat kidney alpha-HAOX is concentrated in the peripheral matrix of the peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Angermüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg
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25
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Konno R, Isobe K, Niwa A, Yasumura Y. Lack of D-amino-acid oxidase activity causes a specific renal aminoaciduria in the mouse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 967:382-90. [PMID: 2904279 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis showed that urine of mutant ddY/DAO- mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase activity contained more serine, proline, alanine and methionine than that of normal ddY/DAO+ mice. Among these four, an increase in alanine was conspicuous. However, the urinary levels of 11 other amino acids and glucose were not different between the ddY/DAO- and ddY/DAO+ mice. Amino acid analysis showed that the plasma levels of serine, proline and methionine were not elevated in the ddY/DAO- mice, though a slight increase in alanine was observed. Genetic crosses showed that aminoaciduria and lack of D-amino-acid oxidase activity were concomitantly transmitted as a set through generations. These results indicated that the lack of enzyme activity caused a specific renal aminoaciduria. Whether this enzyme merely diminishes the D-amino acid load presented for reabsorption, or actually participates catalytically in the reabsorption process, remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Konno
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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26
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Elkin RG, Lyons ML. Substrate specificity of duckling hepatic and renal D-amino acid oxidase. Poult Sci 1988; 67:851-4. [PMID: 2900508 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0670851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The substrate specificity of duckling hepatic and renal D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO; D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase [deaminating], E.C. 1.4.3.3) was determined using a method based on the combination of coupled enzyme reactions and a colorimetric procedure. When activities were averaged across tissues, D-proline was the most reactive substrate, followed by (in order) D-phenylalanine, D-alanine, D-methionine, D-leucine, D-isoleucine, D-valine, D-tryptophan, D-arginine, and D-lysine. Compared with D-alanine, duckling DAAO had minimal or no reactivity with D-asparagine, D-glutamine, D-histidine, D-threonine, D-cysteine, glycine, or D-serine. These results were in general agreement with data from other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Elkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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27
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Litwin JA, Beier K. Immunogold localization of peroxisomal enzymes in Epon-embedded liver tissue. Enhancement of sensitivity by etching with ethanolic sodium hydroxide. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1988; 88:193-6. [PMID: 2831181 DOI: 10.1007/bf00493304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epon-embedded biological materials exhibit well preserved ultrastructure but generally weak antigenicity. Brief etching of ultrathin Epon sections with resin solvent, ethanolic sodium hydroxide, brought about a nearly 2-fold increase in the immunogold labeling density of rat and human hepatic peroxisomes after incubation with antisera against catalase and 3 enzymes of lipid beta-oxidation: acyl-CoA oxidase, bifunctional protein (enoyl-CoA hydratase-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. The etching was superior to pretreatment with an oxidant, sodium metaperiodate. Despite some deterioration of the cellular ultrastructure, the obtained enhancement of the sensitivity of the protein A-gold method may be helpful in cases when the antigenicity to be detected is strongly inhibited by epoxy resin embedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Litwin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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