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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lloyd
- Drug & Target Development, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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2
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Kinetics of Hypoglycemic α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Protein. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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3
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Ghani U. Re-exploring promising α-glucosidase inhibitors for potential development into oral anti-diabetic drugs: Finding needle in the haystack. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:133-62. [PMID: 26344912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of diabetes mellitus by oral α-glucosidase inhibitors is currently confined to acarbose, miglitol and voglibose marred by efficacy problems and unwanted side effects. Since the discovery of the drugs more than three decades ago, no significant progress has been made in the drug development area of anti-diabetic α-glucosidase inhibitors. Despite existence of a wide chemical diversity of α-glucosidase inhibitors identified to date, majority of them are simply piled up in publications and reports thus creating a haystack destined to be forgotten in the scientific literature without given consideration for further development into drugs. This review finds those "needles" in that haystack and lays groundwork for highlighting promising α-glucosidase inhibitors from the literature that may potentially become suitable candidates for pre-clinical or clinical trials while drawing attention of the drug development community to consider and take already-identified promising α-glucosidase inhibitors into the next stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ghani
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Roskar I, Molek P, Vodnik M, Stempelj M, Strukelj B, Lunder M. Peptide modulators of alpha-glucosidase. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 6:625-31. [PMID: 26543535 PMCID: PMC4627538 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Acute glucose fluctuations during the postprandial period pose great risk for cardiovascular complications and thus represent an important therapeutic approach in type 2 diabetes. In the present study, screening of peptide libraries was used to select peptides with an affinity towards mammalian intestinal alpha-glucosidase as potential leads in antidiabetic agent development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three phage-displayed peptide libraries were used in independent selections with different elution strategies to isolate target-binding peptides. Selected peptides displayed on phage were tested to compete for an enzyme-binding site with known competitive inhibitors, acarbose and voglibose. The four best performing peptides were synthesized. Their binding to the mammalian alpha-glucosidase and their effect on enzyme activity were evaluated. RESULTS Two linear and two cyclic heptapeptides with high affinity towards intestinal alpha-glucosidase were selected. Phage-displayed as well as synthetic peptides bind into or to the vicinity of the active site on the enzyme. Both cyclic peptides inhibited enzyme activity, whereas both linear peptides increased enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS Although natural substrates of glycosidase are polysaccharides, in the present study we successfully isolated novel peptide modulators of alpha-glucosidase. Modulatory activity of selected peptides could be further optimized through peptidomimetic design. They represent promising leads for development of efficient alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roskar
- Entrapharm d.o.o., University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Molek
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Vodnik
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Stempelj
- Entrapharm d.o.o., University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Strukelj
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Lunder
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Lian W, Jiang B, Qian Z, Pei D. Cell-permeable bicyclic peptide inhibitors against intracellular proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9830-3. [PMID: 24972263 PMCID: PMC4227718 DOI: 10.1021/ja503710n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have great potential as therapeutic agents and research tools but are generally impermeable to the cell membrane. Fusion of cyclic peptides with a cyclic cell-penetrating peptide produces bicyclic peptides that are cell-permeable and retain the ability to recognize specific intracellular targets. Application of this strategy to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (Pin1) isomerase resulted in potent, selective, proteolytically stable, and biologically active inhibitors against the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Lian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bisheng Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ziqing Qian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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6
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Li Y, Dooley CT, Misler JA, Debevec G, Giulianotti MA, Cazares ME, Maida L, Houghten RA. Fluorescent mu selective opioid ligands from a mixture based cyclic peptide library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:673-9. [PMID: 23110623 DOI: 10.1021/co300110t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A positional scanning cyclic peptide library was generated using a penta-peptide thioester scaffold. Glycine was fixed at position R(1). Diaminopropionic acid was fixed at position R(3), with its γ-amino attaching to an anthraniloyl group. Positions R(2) and R(4) contained 36 L- and D- amino acids and position R(5) contained 19 L- amino acids. Cyclization was performed in a mixture of acetonitrile and 1.5 M aqueous imidazole solution (7:1 v/v) at room temperature for 5 days. No significant cross-oligomerization was detected under the cyclization conditions. The library was screened in a binding assay for mu opioid receptor, identifying the active amino acid mixture at each position. A total of 40 individual cyclic peptides were identified and synthesized by the combinations of the most active amino acid mixtures found at three positions 5 × 4 × 2. Two cyclic peptides exhibited high binding affinities to opioid receptor. The most active cyclic peptide in the library was yielded to have Tyr at R(2), D-Lys at R(4), and Tyr at R(5). Further investigation on this compound revealed the side chain-to-tail isomer to have greater binding affinity (14 nM) than the head-to-tail isomer (39 nM). Both isomers were selective for the mu-opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Li
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Colette T. Dooley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Jaime A. Misler
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Ginamarie Debevec
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Margaret E. Cazares
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Laura Maida
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
| | - Richard A. Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United
States
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7
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Gnanaprakasam B, Balaraman E, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Synthesis of Peptides and Pyrazines from β-Amino Alcohols through Extrusion of H2 Catalyzed by Ruthenium Pincer Complexes: Ligand-Controlled Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Gnanaprakasam B, Balaraman E, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Synthesis of Peptides and Pyrazines from β-Amino Alcohols through Extrusion of H2 Catalyzed by Ruthenium Pincer Complexes: Ligand-Controlled Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12240-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Liu T, Joo SH, Voorhees JL, Brooks CL, Pei D. Synthesis and screening of a cyclic peptide library: discovery of small-molecule ligands against human prolactin receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1026-33. [PMID: 18234500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin receptor is involved in normal lactation and reproduction; however, excessive prolactin levels can cause various reproductive disorders such as prolactinomas. Small-molecule antagonists against the human prolactin receptor (hPRLr) thus have potential clinical applications and may serve as useful molecular probes in biomedical research. In this work, we synthesized a large, support-bound cyclic peptide library (theoretical diversity of 1.2x10(7)) on 90-microm TentaGel beads and screened it against the extracellular domain of hPRLr. To facilitate hit identification, each TentaGel bead was spatially segregated into outer and inner layers, with a cyclic peptide displayed on the bead surface while the bead interior contained the corresponding linear peptide. The identity of a positive bead was revealed by sequencing the linear encoding peptide within the bead by partial Edman degradation/mass spectrometry. Screening of the library resulted in 20 hits, two of which were selected for further analysis and shown to bind to hPRLr with dissociation constants of 2-3 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Johnson MA, Pinto BM. Structural and functional studies of Peptide-carbohydrate mimicry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 273:55-116. [PMID: 23605459 DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain peptides act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates in that they are specifically recognizedby carbohydrate-binding proteins. Peptides that bind to anti-carbohydrate antibodies, carbohydrate-processingenzymes, and lectins have been identified. These peptides are potentially useful as vaccines andtherapeutics; for example, immunologically functional peptide molecular mimics (mimotopes) can strengthenor modify immune responses induced by carbohydrate antigens. However, peptides that bind specificallyto carbohydrate-binding proteins may not necessarily show the corresponding biological activity, andfurther selection based on biochemical studies is always required. The degree of structural mimicryrequired to generate the desired biological activity is therefore an interesting question. This reviewwill discuss recent structural studies of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry employing NMR spectroscopy,X-ray crystallography, and molecular modeling, as well as relevant biochemical data. These studiesprovide insights into the basis of mimicry at the molecular level. Comparisons with other carbohydrate-mimeticcompounds, namely proteins and glycopeptides, will be drawn. Finally, implications for the designof new therapeutic compounds will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA,
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11
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Singh Y, Stoermer MJ, Lucke AJ, Guthrie T, Fairlie DP. Structural Mimicry of Two Cytochrome b562 Interhelical Loops Using Macrocycles Constrained by Oxazoles and Thiazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6563-72. [PMID: 15869277 DOI: 10.1021/ja0455300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A major chemical challenge is the structural mimicry of discontinuous protein surfaces brought into close proximity through polypeptide folding. We report the design, synthesis, and solution structure of a highly functionalized saddle-shaped macrocyclic scaffold, constrained by oxazoles and thiazoles, supporting two short peptide loops projecting orthogonally from the same face of the scaffold. This structural mimetic of two interhelical loops of cytochrome b(562) illustrates a promising approach to structurally mimicking discontinuous loops of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Singh
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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12
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Nefzi A, Ostresh JM, Yu Y, Yu J, Houghten RA. Combinatorial chemistry: libraries from libraries, the art of the diversity-oriented transformation of resin-bound peptides and chiral polyamides to low molecular weight acyclic and heterocyclic compounds. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3603-9. [PMID: 15152987 DOI: 10.1021/jo040114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry has deeply impacted the drug discovery process by accelerating the synthesis and screening of large numbers of compounds having therapeutic and/or diagnostic potential. These techniques offer unique enhancement in the potential identification of new and/or therapeutic candidates. Our efforts over the past 10 years in the design and diversity-oriented synthesis of low molecular weight acyclic and heterocyclic combinatorial libraries derived from amino acids, peptides, and/or peptidomimetics are described. Employing a "toolbox" of various chemical transformations, including alkylation, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and the use of a variety of multifunctional reagents, the "libraries from libraries" concept has enabled the continued development of an ever-expanding, structurally varied series of organic chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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13
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Sanchez-Quesada J, Ghadiri MR, Bayley H, Braha O. Cyclic Peptides as Molecular Adapters for a Pore-Forming Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja002436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanchez-Quesada
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255
| | - Orit Braha
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92307, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255
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14
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Houghten RA, Pinilla C, Appel JR, Blondelle SE, Dooley CT, Eichler J, Nefzi A, Ostresh JM. Mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3743-78. [PMID: 10508425 DOI: 10.1021/jm990174v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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15
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Kundu B, Khare SK, Rastogi SK. Combinatorial chemistry: Polymer supported synthesis of peptide and non-peptide libraries. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH 1999; 53:89-156. [PMID: 10616297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8735-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating drug discovery. While industry is rapidly embracing the technology, researchers continue to develop novel library methods including resins, linkers, tagging and deconvolution techniques. Newer strategies involving computer-customized combinatorial libraries offer enormous potential for the design of more "focused" and "smart" chemical libraries with maximal diversity. In addition, miniaturized systems for synthesizing chemical libraries are also being developed, which has made it possible to carry out reactions at submicroliter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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16
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries yielding enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists, and other biologically active agents: 1992 through 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0735-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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17
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries yielding enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists, and other biologically active agents: 1992 through 1997. Mol Divers 1998; 3:199-233. [PMID: 9850519 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009699413828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is a historical accounting of chemical libraries from which biologically active agents have been obtained. The comprehensive tabulation includes citations as early as 1992, when the first descriptions of biologically active libraries were disclosed, and continues through 1997. Four tables are provided listing libraries screened against (1) proteolytic enzymes, (2) non-proteolytic enzymes, (3) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and (4) other targets not classified in the first three tables (e.g. non-GPCRs, integrins, antiinfectives). A name, generic structure, and size is provided for each library citation, accompanied by the molecular screen and the structure and potency of the most active library member. In total, 86 libraries are presented with 60% of the contributions reported from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Approximately 70% of the libraries have used alpha-amino acid synthons in their construction and 85% of the libraries include one or more amide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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18
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Apletalina E, Appel J, Lamango NS, Houghten RA, Lindberg I. Identification of inhibitors of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 using a peptide combinatorial library. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:26589-95. [PMID: 9756897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.41.26589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A positional scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial library containing approximately 52 million hexapeptides was used to identify potential inhibitory peptides for recombinant mouse prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) and PC2 and to provide information on the specificity of these enzymes. The library surveys revealed that a P6 Leu, a P4 Arg, a P2 Lys, and a P1 Arg were most inhibitory against PC1, and a P6 Ile and a P4 Arg were most inhibitory against PC2. Using information derived from the library surveys, hexapeptide sets were synthesized and screened for inhibition of PC1 and PC2. The data obtained revealed the preference of both enzymes for a P3 Val. At P5, many substitutions were well tolerated. PC1 and PC2 proved to differ mainly in the selectivity of their S6 subsites. In PC1, this subsite displayed a strong preference toward occupation by Leu; the Ki value for peptide Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2 was 28 times lower than that for peptide Ac-Ile-Ile-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2. In contrast, PC2 discriminated little between Leu and Ile at P6, as evidenced by the small (1.5-fold) difference in Ki values for these two peptides. Several hexapeptides synthesized as a result of the screen were found to represent potent inhibitors of PC2 (with Ki values in the submicromolar range) and, particularly, of PC1 (with Ki values in the low nanomolar range). The most potent inhibitor, Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2, proved to be the same peptide for both enzymes and inhibited PC1 and PC2 in a competitive, fast-binding manner with Ki values of 3.2 and 360 nM, respectively. The four most potent peptide inhibitors of PC1 and PC2 were also tested against soluble human furin and found to exhibit a different rank order of inhibition; for example, Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2 was 440-fold less potent against furin than against PC1, with a Ki of 1400 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Apletalina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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19
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Nefzi A, Dooley C, Ostresh JM, Houghten RA. Combinatorial chemistry: from peptides and peptidomimetics to small organic and heterocyclic compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2273-8. [PMID: 9873527 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modified dipeptides have been used successfully for the generation of a variety of small organic and heterocyclic combinatorial libraries, including linear urea, polyamine, hydantoin, thiohydantoin, cyclic urea, cyclic thiourea and bicyclic guanidine. The synthesis and screening results for a number of these libraries are described. The solid phase synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as diazepine and thiomorpholinone are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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20
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Abstract
During the screening of a soluble library of cyclo(AXXXXXAE)K-CONH2, a cyclic peptide cyclo(AHPQFPAE)K-CONH2 was identified as a tight-binding ligand (IC50 = 128 nM) and found to bind 1000-fold more tightly than its linear peptide to streptavidin. The results of this study suggest that library screening of conformationally constrained cyclic peptides can be an effective means for the discovery of high affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zang
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebl
- Trega Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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22
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Nefzi A, Ostresh JM, Houghten RA. The Current Status of Heterocyclic Combinatorial Libraries. Chem Rev 1997; 97:449-472. [PMID: 11848878 DOI: 10.1021/cr960010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121
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23
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Harris SL, Craig L, Mehroke JS, Rashed M, Zwick MB, Kenar K, Toone EJ, Greenspan N, Auzanneau FI, Marino-Albernas JR, Pinto BM, Scott JK. Exploring the basis of peptide-carbohydrate crossreactivity: evidence for discrimination by peptides between closely related anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2454-9. [PMID: 9122216 PMCID: PMC20109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular basis of antigenic mimicry by peptides, we studied a panel of closely related mAbs directed against the cell-wall polysaccharide of group A Streptococcus. These antibodies have restricted V-gene usage, indicating a shared mechanism of binding to a single epitope. Epitope mapping studies using synthetic fragments of the cell-wall polysaccharide supported this conclusion. All of the mAbs isolated crossreactive peptides from a panel of phage-displayed libraries, and competition studies indicated that many of the peptides bind at or near the carbohydrate binding site. Surprisingly, the peptides isolated by each mAb fell into distinct consensus-sequence groups that discriminated between the mAbs, and in general, the peptides bound only to the mAbs used for their isolation. Similar results were obtained with polyclonal antibodies directed against synthetic oligosaccharide fragments of the streptococcal cell-wall polysaccharide. Thus, the peptides appear to be specific for their isolating antibodies and are not recognized by the same mechanism as their carbohydrate counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Harris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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