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Ahmad Kendong SM, Raja Ali RA, Nawawi KNM, Ahmad HF, Mokhtar NM. Gut Dysbiosis and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Potential Explanation for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744606. [PMID: 34966694 PMCID: PMC8710575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that commonly affects individuals aged more than 50 years old globally. Regular colorectal screening, which is recommended for individuals aged 50 and above, has decreased the number of cancer death toll over the years. However, CRC incidence has increased among younger population (below 50 years old). Environmental factors, such as smoking, dietary factor, urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, may contribute to the rising trend of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) because of the lack of genetic susceptibility. Research has focused on the role of gut microbiota and its interaction with epithelial barrier genes in sporadic CRC. Population with increased consumption of grain and vegetables showed high abundance of Prevotella, which reduces the risk of CRC. Microbes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli deteriorate in the intestinal barrier, which leads to the infiltration of inflammatory mediators and chemokines. Gut dysbiosis may also occur following inflammation as clearly observed in animal model. Both gut dysbiosis pre- or post-inflammatory process may cause major alteration in the morphology and functional properties of the gut tissue and explain the pathological outcome of EOCRC. The precise mechanism of disease progression from an early stage until cancer establishment is not fully understood. We hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, which may be influenced by environmental factors, may induce changes in the genome, metabolome, and immunome that could destruct the intestinal barrier function. Also, the possible underlying inflammation may give impact microbial community leading to disruption of physical and functional role of intestinal barrier. This review explains the potential role of the interaction among host factors, gut microenvironment, and gut microbiota, which may provide an answer to EOCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Maryam Ahmad Kendong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hajar Fauzan Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.,Center for Research in Advanced Tropical Bioscience, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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von Frieling J, Fink C, Hamm J, Klischies K, Forster M, Bosch TCG, Roeder T, Rosenstiel P, Sommer F. Grow With the Challenge - Microbial Effects on Epithelial Proliferation, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2020. [PMID: 30294304 PMCID: PMC6159313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic host is in close contact to myriads of resident and transient microbes, which influence the crucial physiological pathways. Emerging evidence points to their role of host-microbe interactions for controlling tissue homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and regenerative capacity in epithelial barrier organs including the skin, lung, and gut. In humans and mice, it has been shown that the malignant tumors of these organs harbor an altered microbiota. Mechanistic studies have shown that the altered metabolic properties and secreted factors contribute to epithelial carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Exciting recent work points toward a crucial influence of the associated microbial communities on the response to chemotherapy and immune-check point inhibitors during cancer treatment, which suggests that the modulation of the microbiota might be a powerful tool for personalized oncology. In this article, we provide an overview of how the bacterial signals and signatures may influence epithelial homeostasis across taxa from cnidarians to vertebrates and delineate mechanisms, which might be potential targets for therapy of human diseases by either harnessing barrier integrity (infection and inflammation) or restoring uncontrolled proliferation (cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Frieling
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Fink
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacob Hamm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kenneth Klischies
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Nguyen TT, Lian S, Ung TT, Xia Y, Han JY, Jung YD. Lithocholic Acid Stimulates IL-8 Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Via Activation of Erk1/2 MAPK and Suppression of STAT3 Activity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2958-2967. [PMID: 28247965 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA), an established tumor promoter, has been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Overexpression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been detected in CRC, and it contributes to poor prognosis. However, the effect of LCA on IL-8 expression is still undefined. In this study, we observed that LCA treatment induced IL-8 expression in CRC HCT116 cells. Pharmacological inhibition and mutagenesis studies indicated that Erk1/2 is critical for LCA-induced IL-8 expression. Furthermore, LCA reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3, and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic, accelerated LCA-induced IL-8 expression, suggesting that STAT3 is involved in LCA-induced IL-8 expression. Activation of Erk1/2 functioned as an upstream signal of the STAT3 suppression induced by LCA. In conclusion, LCA activated Erk1/2 and in turn, suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation to induce IL-8 expression in HCT116 cells, thus stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and tube like formation. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2958-2967, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Sen Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioship Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Xia
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Han
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
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4
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Dziedzic K, Szwengiel A, Górecka D, Gujska E, Kaczkowska J, Drożdżyńska A, Walkowiak J. Effect of Wheat Dietary Fiber Particle Size during Digestion In Vitro on Bile Acid, Faecal Bacteria and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Content. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:151-7. [PMID: 26924312 PMCID: PMC4891393 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of bile acid concentration on the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. bacteria was demonstrated. Exposing these bacteria to the environment containing bile acid salts, and very poor in nutrients, leads to the disappearance of these microorganisms due to the toxic effect of bile acids. A multidimensional analysis of data in the form of principal component analysis indicated that lactic acid bacteria bind bile acids and show antagonistic effect on E. coli spp. bacteria. The growth in E. coli spp. population was accompanied by a decline in the population of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. with a simultaneous reduction in the concentration of bile acids. This is direct proof of acid binding ability of the tested lactic acid bacteria with respect to cholic acid, lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid. This research demonstrated that the degree of fineness of wheat dietary fibre does not affect the sorption of bile acids and growth of some bacteria species; however, it has an impact on the profile of synthesized short-chained fatty acids. During the digestion of a very fine wheat fibre fraction (WF 90), an increase in the concentration of propionic and butyric acids, as compared with the wheat fiber fraction of larger particles - WF 500, was observed. Our study suggested that wheat fibre did not affect faecal bacteria growth, however, we observed binding of bile acids by Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Institute of Food Technology and Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Górecka
- Department of Food Service and Catering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gujska
- Department of Commodity Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczkowska
- Department of Food Service and Catering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Drożdżyńska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
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Nogueira L, Freedman ND, Engels EA, Warren JL, Castro F, Koshiol J. Gallstones, cholecystectomy, and risk of digestive system cancers. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:731-9. [PMID: 24470530 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstones and cholecystectomy may be related to digestive system cancer through inflammation, altered bile flux, and changes in metabolic hormone levels. Although gallstones are recognized causes of gallbladder cancer, associations with other cancers of the digestive system are poorly established. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database (1992-2005), which includes 17 cancer registries that cover approximately 26% of the US population, to identify first primary cancers (n = 236,850) occurring in persons aged ≥66 years and 100,000 cancer-free population-based controls frequency-matched by calendar year, age, and gender. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression analysis, adjusting for the matching factors. Gallstones and cholecystectomy were associated with increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 1.32) and OR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.40), respectively), small-intestine carcinoid (OR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.60) and OR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.25)), liver cancer (OR = 2.35 (95% CI: 2.18, 2.54) and OR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.41)), and pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.31) and OR = 1.23 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.33)). Colorectal cancer risk associated with gallstones and cholecystectomy decreased with increasing distance from the common bile duct (P-trend < 0.001). Hence, gallstones and cholecystectomy are associated with the risk of cancers occurring throughout the digestive tract.
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6
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Sommer F, Bäckhed F. The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:227-38. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2079] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the gut are colonized by large numbers of heterogeneous bacteria that contribute to intestinal health and disease. In genetically susceptible individuals, a 'pathogenic community' may arise, whereby abnormal gut flora contributes to alterations in the mucosa and local immune system leading to gastrointestinal disease. These diseases include enteric infections, such as Clostridium difficile infection, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, functional gastrointestinal disorders (including IBS), IBD and colorectal cancer. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics (a combination of prebiotics and probiotics) have the capacity to reverse pathologic changes in gut flora and local immunity. Intestinal health and disease need to be thoroughly characterized to understand the interplay between the indigenous microbiota, the immune system and genetic host factors. This Review provides a broad overview of the importance of the intestinal microbiota in chronic disorders of the gut.
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Biosafety assessment of probiotics used for human consumption: recommendations from the EU-PROSAFE project. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Jean-Louis S, Akare S, Ali MA, Mash EA, Meuillet E, Martinez JD. Deoxycholic acid induces intracellular signaling through membrane perturbations. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14948-60. [PMID: 16547009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506710200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bile acids have long been postulated to be tumor promoters in the colon; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we examined the actions of bile acids at the cell membrane and found that they can perturb membrane structure by alteration of membrane microdomains. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by treating with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin suppressed deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptosis, and staining for cholesterol with filipin showed that DCA caused a marked rearrangement of this lipid in the membrane. Likewise, DCA was found to affect membrane distribution of caveolin-1, a marker protein that is enriched in caveolae membrane microdomains. Additionally, fluorescence anisotropy revealed that DCA causes a decrease in membrane fluidity consistent with the increase in membrane cholesterol content observed after 4 h of DCA treatment of HCT116 cells. Significantly, by using radiolabeled bile acids, we found that bile acids are able to interact with and localize to microdomains differently depending on their physicochemical properties. DCA was also found to induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activate the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor in a ligand-independent manner. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid did not exhibit any of these effects even though it interacted significantly with the microdomains. Collectively, these data suggest that bile acid-induced signaling is initiated through alterations of the plasma membrane structure and the redistribution of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jean-Louis
- Cancer Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Pai R, Tarnawski AS, Tran T. Deoxycholic acid activates beta-catenin signaling pathway and increases colon cell cancer growth and invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:2156-63. [PMID: 15004225 PMCID: PMC404012 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-12-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is often lethal when invasion and/or metastasis occur. Tumor progression to the metastatic phenotype is mainly dependent on tumor cell invasiveness. Secondary bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid (DCA), are implicated in promoting colon cancer growth and progression. Whether DCA modulates beta-catenin and promotes colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness remains unknown. Because beta-catenin and its target genes urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and cyclin D1 are overexpressed in colon cancers, and are linked to cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis, we investigated whether DCA activates beta-catenin signaling and promotes colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness. Our results show that low concentrations of DCA (5 and 50 microM) significantly increase tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin, induce urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPAR, and cyclin D1 expression and enhance colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. These events are associated with a substantial loss of E-cadherin binding to beta-catenin. Inhibition of beta-catenin with small interfering RNA significantly reduced DCA-induced uPAR and cyclin D1 expression. Blocking uPAR with a neutralizing antibody significantly suppressed DCA-induced colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism underlying the oncogenic effects of secondary bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Pai
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA.
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Abstract
Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are thought to initiate and promote the pathway to colorectal cancer, leading to hyperproliferation, the development of adenomas, and progression to gross malignancy. Intervention at any of these steps can potentially prevent the development of cancer. Several randomized, controlled trials have investigated the effect of dietary interventions, including the addition of wheat bran fiber, on the development of adenomatous polyps. In a familial adenomatous polyposis trial, patients were treated with 4 g of ascorbic acid plus 400 mg of alpha-tocopherol per day alone or with a grain fiber supplement (22.5 g/day) over a 4-year period. On an actual-intake basis, the combined intervention inhibited the development of rectal polyps. However, the Toronto Polyp Prevention Trial found no significant differences in polyp recurrence rates between patients who were counseled to follow a low-fat, high-fiber diet and patients consuming a typical Western diet with placebo fiber. A 9-month study of patients with resected colon adenomas found that dietary wheat bran fiber significantly reduced total, primary, and secondary fecal bile acid concentrations and excretion rates. Such bile acid levels are thought to be related to the risk of developing cancer. The Australian Polyp Prevention Project reported that the combination of fat reduction and a supplement of wheat bran reduced the incidence of large colorectal adenomas. These latter results suggest that intervention with a low-fat wheat bran supplemented diet inhibits the transition from smaller to larger adenomas, which may be a critical step in determining which adenomas progress to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Macrae
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Thomson AB, De Pover A, Keelan M, Jarocka-Cyrta E, Clandinin MT. Inhibition of lipid absorption as an approach to the treatment of obesity. Methods Enzymol 1997; 286:3-44. [PMID: 9309643 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)86003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in fat intake may be achieved by making educated choices to reduce total calorie intake, to consume a lower quantity of total fats, or to modify the ratio of saturated-to-polyunsaturated lipids. Leptin agonists or NPY or CCK antagonists may prove to be useful to diminish appetite and thereby reduce the total intake of food. But eating has such cultural, social, and hedonistic attributes that such a single-pronged approach is unlikely to be successful. The use of fat substitutes may prove to be popular to provide a wide range of snack food options, but these are likely to be of minimal use in weight reduction programs because of their distribution of additives in only a limited number of foods. The inhibitors of lipid digestion will be modestly successful in the short term; their long-term success will be influenced by gastrointestinal adverse effects and the need to consume fat-soluble vitamin supplements to prevent the development of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The inhibition of lipid absorption is an attractive targeted approach for the treatment of obesity, since this would reduce the uptake of visible as well as invisible fats, which would potentially offer convenient dosing, and could also be a means to inhibit secondarily the uptake of carbohydrate calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Thomson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Rogy MA, Kovats E, Koss G, Müller M, Függer R, Steininger R, Pilz E, Rauhs R, Fritsch A. CCK-8 and gastrin plasma levels in cholecystectomized and colorectal cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993; 8:154-7. [PMID: 8245672 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The elevated incidence of large bowel carcinoma after cholecystectomy has long been controversial. The pathomechanism of this entity, however, is still unclear. Many authors have demonstrated a correlation between cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin levels and the occurrence of colorectal cancer. As yet, no clear data are available on the potential impact of cholecystectomy on CCK level alterations. Moreover, no reports have yet been published on CCK receptors. We have investigated the role of CCK-8 and gastrin plasma levels in patients with prior cholecystectomy and CCK receptor levels in patients with colorectal cancer. 125 patients entered a prospective study. Of these, 45 served as controls. 40 patients had prior cholecystectomy, 5 patients underwent cholecystectomy during the ongoing trial. 35 patients had a colorectal cancer, 5 of these had prior cholecystectomy. No patient had elevated CCK-8 plasma levels. Gastrin levels were slightly elevated in 2 patients. There was no correlation between large bowel carcinoma and CCK-8 and gastrin levels. Elevated CCK-8 levels following cholecystectomy occur neither immediately after surgery nor on a long-term basis. Immunohistochemical studies in patients with colorectal cancer showed no CCK receptors in the normal colonic or tumor tissue. These findings are contrary to gastrin receptor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rogy
- 1st Department of Surgery, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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15
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van Hoogdalem EJ, de Boer AG, Breimer DD. Intestinal drug absorption enhancement: an overview. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 44:407-43. [PMID: 2519349 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(89)90009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E J van Hoogdalem
- Division of Pharmacology, Sylvius Laboratories, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Nagengast FM, Hectors MP, Buys WA, van Tongeren JH. Inhibition of secondary bile acid formation in the large intestine by lactulose in healthy subjects of two different age groups. Eur J Clin Invest 1988; 18:56-61. [PMID: 3130260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bile acids have been implicated in colonic carcinogenesis. Transformation of primary into secondary bile acids (7 alpha-dehydroxylation) in the large bowel is a pH-dependent process. Inhibition of this reaction could be achieved by lowering colonic pH. We, therefore, studied the effects of lactulose (a non-absorbable disaccharide), which is capable of acidifying colonic contents, on secondary bile acid metabolism. Because this metabolism is age dependent, lactulose was given (0.3 g kg-1 twice daily for 12 weeks) to nine middle-aged (age 31-54 years; mean 45.7) and ten elderly subjects (age 56-81 years; mean 66.4). Twice before, and after 6 and 12 weeks' lactulose administration, biliary and faecal bile acids, whole gut transit time, faecal weight and dry weight, and faecal pH were recorded. The concentration of (iso)lithocholic and deoxycholic acid in faeces was higher in elderly subjects (P less than 0.05) but the excretion was comparable. After lactulose the concentration and excretion of the major secondary bile acids decreased. The primary bile acid fraction rose from 5% before, to more than 20% after, lactulose (P less than 0.05). Faecal weight increased and faecal dry weight decreased, resulting in a higher faecal water output during lactulose. Whole gut transit time did not change. The faecal pH dropped after 6 (P less than 0.05) and further after 12 weeks' lactulose (P less than 0.05). The percentage deoxycholic acid in bile was higher, and cholic acid lower, in elderly subjects (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Nagengast
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Radboud Hospital, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Edenharder R. [Nutrition and the etiology of colon cancer: from descriptive epidemiology to dietary prevention]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1987; 26:143-57. [PMID: 3318174 DOI: 10.1007/bf02039135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most frequent forms of cancer in the Federal Republic of Germany and in most Western countries, but is, however, generally rare in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Based on epidemiological investigations, differing dietary practices are considered to be main reason for these differences. A high fat and protein consumption was identified as a risk factor, while a high fibre content of the diet was found to be protective. Existing hypotheses of the etiology of colon cancer, which are based on the two-stage initiation-promotion model, regard interactions between initiators, promotors, and inhibitors as decisive for the final outcome of colon cancer. Possible initiators are pyrolysis products of protein-rich food (meat or fish), generated by heating, and products of metabolism of intestinal bacteria (e.g. faecal mutagens, N-nitroso compounds, transformation products of bile acids). Fats probably exert their influence only at the promotional stage. The diet-dependent bacterial formation of deoxycholic and lithocholic acids is a possible mechanism which has been experimentally substantiated. The protective effect of a diet rich in fibre seems to be mediated in particular by dilution and adsorption of harmful compounds. Further protective factors in human diet may be calcium, selenium, vitamin A and beta-carotene. In this paper, evidence, both supporting and refuting the existing hypotheses, is discussed, as well as the possibilities of dietary prevention of colon cancer.
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18
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De Léan A, Thibault G, Seidah NG, Lazure C, Gutkowska J, Chrétien M, Genest J, Cantin M. Structure-activity relationships of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). III. Correlation of receptor affinity with relative potency on aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 132:360-7. [PMID: 2998358 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of various fragments of ANF as inhibitors of aldosterone secretion and as competitors of [125I] ANF (Arg101-Tyr126) binding to specific receptors was studied in bovine zona glomerulosa. Shortening or lengthening the N-terminal segment of ANF does not alter its biological activity while minimally altering affinity for its receptor. Removal of the C-terminal to Cys121 or expansion up to Arg128 leads to 1000-fold decrease in receptor affinity and activity. The results indicate the importance of the C-terminal segment of ANF in determining its active conformation.
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