1
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Erokhina SA, Streltsova MA, Kanevskiy LM, Grechikhina MV, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR-expressing NK cells: Effective killers suspected for antigen presentation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:327-337. [PMID: 32421903 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0420-668rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DR-expressing cells comprise an intriguing group of NK cells, which combine phenotypic characteristics of both NK cells and dendritic cells. These cells can be found in humans and mice; they are present in blood and tissues in healthy conditions and can expand in a spectrum of pathologies. HLA-DR+ NK cells are functionally active: they produce proinflammatory cytokines, degranulate, and easily proliferate in response to stimuli. Additionally, HLA-DR+ NK cells seem able to take in and then present certain antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inducing their activation and proliferation, which puts them closer to professional antigen-presenting cells. It appears that these NK cells should be considerable players of the innate immune system, both due to their functional activity and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, for the first time, we provide a detailed description and analysis of the available data characterizing phenotypic, developmental, and functional features of the HLA-DR+ NK cells in a healthy condition and a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Erokhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Grechikhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Magyarlaki T, Mosolits S, Baranyay F, Buzogány I. Immunohistochemistry of Complement Response on Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Biopsies. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 82:473-9. [PMID: 9063527 DOI: 10.1177/030089169608200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to characterize the complement humoral and cellular antitumor responses on primary renal cell carcinoma biopsies. As an original observation, complement activation was found on 11/22 cases. Classical complement pathway activation was characterized by tumor C1q complement protein and IgG deposition (5/22 cases). Alternative or nonimmune complement pathway activation was seen as tissue deposition of C3 (6/22 cases). The membrane attack complex was present in cases with alternative complement pathway activation at the sites of tumor necrosis. Renal cell carcinomas with complement activation overexpressed at least one of the complement regulatory factors (membrane cofactor protein, decay accelerating factor, membrane attack complex inhibitor) and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were present in most of the renal cell carcinomas with complement activation (8/11). However, the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was correlated with the intensity of major histocompatibility complex-ll expression in 18/22 cases. Detection of complement activation and immune cell infiltrates on renal cell carcinoma primary biopsies may serve as a new predictive factor for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Magyarlaki
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School of Pécs, Hungary
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3
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Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies, with a dual specificity for tumor associated antigens on target cells and for surface markers on immune effector cells, have been shown (in vitro) to be effective in directing and triggering effector cells to kill target cells resulting in target cell lysis. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAb) against the CD3 antigen on T cells and the CD19 antigen on B cell were developed. Data obtained by in vitro experiments might indicate that clinical responses in BsAb immunotherapy, will only be obtained in patients with minimal tumor load, and may need additional T cell stimulation via cytokines such as IL-2. Although these experiments have shown us their limitations, they also include the promise of BsAb-directed immunotherapy in B cell malignancy as further demonstrated during a Phase I trail, showing little toxicity. Clearly, much remains to be done before this BsAb is routinely used for therapy, but, the results presented show that the CD3xCD19 BsAb has a potential as a therapeutic agent in B cell malignancy. This report describes the experiments performed to test a new immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of B cell malignancy. Bispecific antibodies are described that can target cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells and elicit a cytolytic action towards these cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Muromonab-CD3/therapeutic use
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Haagen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Kroesen BJ, Janssen RA, Buter J, Nieken J, Sleijfer DT, Mulder NH, De Leij L. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies for intravenous treatment of carcinoma patients: immunobiologic aspects. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY 1995; 4:409-14. [PMID: 8581377 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1995.4.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunobiologic parameters measured during a phase I trial of intravenously (i.v.) administered bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsmAb) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients are described. The BsmAb used, BIS-1, is reactive with a pancarcinoma-associated 38 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, EGP-2, as well with the CD3 complex. Patients received during a 2 h i.v. infusion F(ab')2 fragments of BIS-1 at doses of 1, 3, or 5 micrograms/kg body weight during concomitantly applied subcutaneous (s.c.) IL-2 treatment. Acute but transient BIS-1 F(ab')2-related toxicity was observed at the 3 and 5 micrograms/kg dose level, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was set at 5 micrograms/kg. A dose-dependent binding of BIS-1 F(ab')2 to circulating T lymphocytes was found. The in vivo occupancy of CD3 molecules on T lymphocytes was highest at teh end of the infusion period and then rapidly decreased, as shown by flow cytometry. A much slower decrease of BIS-1 F(ab')2 binding was observed in vitro, suggesting migration of BIS-1 F(ab')2-loaded T lymphocytes from the circulation. A strong but transitory leukopenia was observed, in which LFA-1 alpha bright, CD3/CD8 double positive T cells left the circulation preferentially. This phenomenon was most likely induced by elevated TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma plasma levels, which were at a maximum shortly after the end of the infusion. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients directly after treatment with BIS-1 F(ab')2 at the 3 and 5 micrograms/kg dose level showed increased EGP-2-directed antitumor activity.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bispecific/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/adverse effects
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Leukopenia/chemically induced
- Muromonab-CD3/administration & dosage
- Muromonab-CD3/adverse effects
- Muromonab-CD3/immunology
- Muromonab-CD3/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kroesen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Janssen RA, Kroesen BJ, Buter J, Mesander G, Sleijfer DT, The TH, Mulder NH, de Leij L. Immunomodulatory effects of intravenous BIS-1 F(ab')2 administration in renal cell cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:795-9. [PMID: 7669598 PMCID: PMC2033869 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the immunomodulatory effects of an intravenous treatment with F(ab')2 fragments of the bispecific monoclonal antibody BIS-1 during subcutaneous recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) therapy of renal cell cancer (RCC) patients. BIS-1 is directed against both the CD3 antigen on T cells and the EGP-2 molecule on carcinoma cells and some normal epithelia. The amount of BIS-1 F(ab')2 bound to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) increased dose-dependently. This occupation degree was highest at the end of the 2 h infusion and rapidly decreased subsequently. During the first hour of BIS-1 F(ab')2 infusion the number of PBLs decreased slowly. This was followed by an increase in serum tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations and a rapid decrease in the numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. In our view, the most likely explanation for the observed decrease in occupation degree of BIS-1 F(ab')2 and the rise in TNF-alpha levels is based on the assumption that BIS-1-carrying T cells leave the circulation. The CD3 antigens on these extravasated T cells become cross-linked by EGP-2 antigens, inducing TNF-alpha secretion. This results in an enhanced decrease in the numbers of PBLs, monocytes and eosinophils. These preliminary results suggest that BIS-1 F(ab')2 treatment during IL-2 therapy may induce local T-cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacokinetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Leukopenia/chemically induced
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Kroesen BJ, Helfrich W, Bakker A, Wubbena AS, Bakker H, Kal HB, The TH, de Leij L. Reduction of EGP-2-positive pulmonary metastases by bispecific-antibody-redirected T cells in an immunocompetent rat model. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:812-8. [PMID: 7790116 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910610612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of bispecific-monoclonal-antibody (BsMAb)-mediated cellular anti-tumour activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in relation to the additional need for T-cell activation in a new immunocompetent rat tumour model. L37 tumour cells, derived from a squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung of Wag/Rij rats, were transfected with the cDNA coding for the human 38-kDa transmembrane pan-carcinoma-associated antigen EGP-2. Intravenous inoculation of EGP-2-positive L37 cells resulted in a rapid outgrowth of EGP-2-positive tumour nodules in the lungs. A BsMAb BIS-19, recognizing EGP-2 on the transfected tumour cells and the T-cell receptor of the rat, was made and allowed specific lysis of EGP-2-transfected L37 tumour cells by activated rat T lymphocytes in vitro. In vivo T-cell activation, assessed by up-regulation of IL-2-receptor expression, could be induced by daily injection of rat rIL-2. Intravenous treatment of tumour-bearing EGP-2-positive L37 tumour with BIS-19 together with rat rIL-2 resulted in almost complete disappearance of established tumour. In contrast, animals treated with BIS-19 alone, IL-2 alone or a combination of anti-EGP-2, anti-TcR and IL-2 showed much less or no tumour reduction. These results show effectiveness of systemic treatment with BsMAbs to induce anti-tumour activity in established tumours. Immune activation prior to or during treatment with BsMAbs, as achieved with IL-2, appears to be a prerequisite for successful treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunocompetence
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kroesen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Janssen RA, Mulder NH, The TH, de Leij L. The immunobiological effects of interleukin-2 in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39:207-16. [PMID: 7954522 PMCID: PMC11038771 DOI: 10.1007/bf01525983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1994] [Accepted: 06/28/1994] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Kroesen BJ, Buter J, Sleijfer DT, Janssen RA, van der Graaf WT, The TH, de Leij L, Mulder NH. Phase I study of intravenously applied bispecific antibody in renal cell cancer patients receiving subcutaneous interleukin 2. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:652-61. [PMID: 7917912 PMCID: PMC2033411 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In a phase I trial the toxicity and immunomodulatory effects of combined treatment with intravenous (i.v.) bispecific monoclonal antibody BIS-1 and subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin 2 (IL-2) was studied in renal cell cancer patients. BIS-1 combines a specificity against CD3 on T lymphocytes with a specificity against a 40 kDa pancarcinoma-associated antigen, EGP-2. Patients received BIS-1 F(ab')2 fragments intravenously at doses of 1, 3 and 5 micrograms kg-1 body weight during a concomitantly given standard s.c. IL-2 treatment. For each dose, four patients were treated with a 2 h BIS-1 infusion in the second and fourth week of IL-2 therapy. Acute BIS-1 F(ab')2-related toxicity with symptoms of chills, peripheral vasoconstriction and temporary dyspnoea was observed in 2/4 and 5/5 patients at the 3 and 5 micrograms kg-1 dose level respectively. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of BIS-1 F(ab')2 was 5 micrograms kg-1. Elevated plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) were detected at the MTD. Flow cytometric analysis showed a dose-dependent binding of BIS-1 F(ab')2 to circulating T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated after treatment with 3 and 5 micrograms kg-1 BIS-1, showed increased specific cytolytic capacity against EGP-2+ tumour cells as tested in an ex vivo performed assay. Maximal killing capacity of the PBMCs, as assessed by adding excess BIS-1 to the assay, was shown to be decreased after BIS-1 infusion at 5 micrograms kg-1 BIS-1 F(ab')2. A BIS-1 F(ab')2 dose-dependent disappearance of circulating mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood was observed. Within the circulating CD3+ CD8+ lymphocyte population. LFA-1 alpha-bright and HLA-DR+ T-cell numbers decreased preferentially. It is concluded that i.v. BIS-1 F(ab')2, when combined with s.c. IL-2, has a MTD of 5 micrograms kg-1. The treatment endows the T lymphocytes with a specific anti-EGP-2-directed cytotoxic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Aged
- Antibodies, Bispecific/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bispecific/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/adverse effects
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Leukocyte Count/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kroesen
- University Hospital Groningen, Department of Clinical Immunology, The Netherlands
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9
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Janssen RA, Buter J, The TH, Mulder NH, de Leij L. Prolonged continuous infusion of low-dose rIL-2. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:976-7. [PMID: 8180034 PMCID: PMC1968897 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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10
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Janssen RA, Heijn AA, The TH, de Leij L. Poor induction of interleukin-2 receptor expression on CD8bright+ cells in whole blood cell cultures with CD3 mAb. Implications for immunotherapy with CD3 mAb. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:53-60. [PMID: 8299119 PMCID: PMC11038101 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1993] [Accepted: 09/10/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To induce better stimulation of T cells during recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) therapy of renal cell carcinoma patients, pretreatment with low-dose CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been proposed. However, in our clinic, such a treatment did not induce additional activation of T cells. To investigate this we performed whole blood cell cultures with rIL-2 or CD3 mAb as a stimulant. Cultures using isolated blood mononuclear cells were used as a control. When stimulated by the addition of rIL-2, the lymphocyte composition and activation of whole blood cultures did not differ from those of mononuclear cell (MNC) cultures. However, when stimulation was performed with CD3 mAb, CD8bright+ cells in whole blood cultures were not or only minimally induced to express CD25 or IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta). This is in contrast to the situation found in MNC cultures where all CD8bright+ cells expressed CD25 or IL-2R beta to a high extent at the end of culture. When rIL-2 or recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN gamma) was added to whole blood cultures together with CD3 mAb, significantly more CD8bright+ cells were induced to express CD25 or IL-2R beta. These results suggest that whole blood cultures represent the in vivo situation better than MNC cultures. In addition, the results suggest that, also in vivo, administration of low-dose CD3 mAb alone might not be sufficient to induce IL-2R expression on CD8bright+ cells, and would therefore not induce additional specific T cell activation in rIL-2-based immunotherapy. The presented results suggest that in vivo simultaneous administration of rIFN gamma or rIL-2 with low-dose CD3 mAb might induce better stimulation of CD8+ T cells than CD3 mAb only.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Buter J, Janssen RA, Martens A, Sleijfer DT, de Leij L, Mulder NH. Phase I/II study of low-dose intravenous OKT3 and subcutaneous interleukin-2 in metastatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:2108-13. [PMID: 8297649 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90044-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a phase I/II study the safety, immunostimulatory and antitumor effects of a combined OKT3/interleukin 2 (IL-2) treatment was studied in 15 cancer patients who failed IL-2 treatment. OKT3 was given as a 2-h intravenous infusion. Doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 micrograms OKT3 were studied. Within 24 h, subcutaneous IL-2 was started 5 days/week for 4 weeks, at a dose of 9-18 x 10(6) U daily. Maximum tolerated dose was 400 micrograms OKT3 with neurotoxicity as dose-limiting toxicity. Toxicity of subcutaneous IL-2 was acceptable. At the maximum tolerated dose, 9 patients with renal cell carcinoma with measurable disease were treated in a phase II setting. 8 patients were evaluable for response. 4 patients had stable disease and 4 had progressive disease. An increase of activated lymphocyte subpopulations could not be found, although OKT3 was detectable on lymphocytes in vivo. Only if laboratory studies shed light on methods of improving immunostimulating effects of OKT3 will further clinical studies be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buter
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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