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Rezaeerod K, Heinzmann H, Torrence AV, Patel J, Forsythe JG. Qualitative Monitoring of Proto-Peptide Condensation by Differential FTIR Spectroscopy. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:937-944. [PMID: 38774359 PMCID: PMC11103710 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Condensation processes such as wet-dry cycling are thought to have played significant roles in the emergence of proto-peptides. Here, we describe a simple and low-cost method, differential Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, for qualitative analysis of peptide condensation products in model primordial reactions. We optimize differential FTIR for depsipeptides and apply this method to investigate their polymerization in the presence of extraterrestrial dust simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Rezaeerod
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Hanna Heinzmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
- Analytical
and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Aalen University, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Alexis V. Torrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Jui Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Jay G. Forsythe
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
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2
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Cooks RG, Feng Y, Huang KH, Morato NM, Qiu L. Re-Imagining Drug Discovery using Mass Spectrometry. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202300034. [PMID: 37829547 PMCID: PMC10569432 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
It is argued that each of the three key steps in drug discovery, (i) reaction screening to find successful routes to desired drug candidates, (ii) scale up of the synthesis to produce amounts adequate for testing, and (iii) bioactivity assessment of the candidate compounds, can all be performed using mass spectrometry (MS) in a sequential fashion. The particular ionization method of choice, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), is both an analytical technique and a procedure for small-scale synthesis. It is also highly compatible with automation, providing for high throughput in both synthesis and analysis. Moreover, because accelerated reactions take place in the secondary DESI microdroplets generated from individual reaction mixtures, this allows either online analysis by MS or collection of the synthetic products by droplet deposition. DESI also has the unique advantage, amongst spray-based MS ionization methods, that complex buffered biological solutions can be analyzed directly, without concern for capillary blockage. Here, all these capabilities are illustrated, the unique chemistry at droplet interfaces is presented, and the possible future implementation of DESI-MS based drug discovery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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3
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Hao J, Cao D, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Wang H. Intramolecular Folding of PolyT Oligonucleotides Induced by Cooperative Binding of Silver(I) Ions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227842. [PMID: 36431941 PMCID: PMC9694225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ag+-bridged T-Ag+-T was recently discovered in a Ag+-DNA nanowire crystal, but it was reported that Ag+ had little to no affinity to T nucleobases and T-rich oligonucleotides in solution. Therefore, the binding mode for the formation of this type of novel metallo base pair in solution is elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that Ag+ can interact with polyT oligonucleotides once the concentration of Ag+ in solution exceeds a threshold value. The threshold value is independent of the concentration of the polyT oligonucleotide but is inversely proportional to the length of the polyT oligonucleotide. The polyT oligonucleotides are intramolecularly folded due to their positively cooperative formation and the stack of T-Ag+-T base pairs, resulting in the 5'- and 3'-ends being in close proximity to each other. The intramolecular Ag+-folded polyT oligonucleotide has a higher thermal stability than the duplex and can be reversibly modulated by cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62849611; Fax: +86-10-62849600
| | - Hailin Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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DeLaney K, Phetsanthad A, Li L. ADVANCES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION MALDI MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR NEUROBIOLOGY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:194-214. [PMID: 33165982 PMCID: PMC8106695 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of neurobiology and neurochemistry has seen a rapid expansion in the last several years due to advances in technologies and instrumentation, facilitating the detection of biomolecules critical to the complex signaling of neurons. Part of this growth has been due to the development and implementation of high-resolution Fourier transform (FT) mass spectrometry (MS), as is offered by FT ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and Orbitrap mass analyzers, which improves the accuracy of measurements and helps resolve the complex biological mixtures often analyzed in the nervous system. The coupling of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) with high-resolution MS has drastically expanded the information that can be obtained with these complex samples. This review discusses notable technical developments in MALDI-FTICR and MALDI-Orbitrap platforms and their applications toward molecules in the nervous system, including sequence elucidation and profiling with de novo sequencing, analysis of post-translational modifications, in situ analysis, key advances in sample preparation and handling, quantitation, and imaging. Notable novel applications are also discussed to highlight key developments critical to advancing our understanding of neurobiology and providing insight into the exciting future of this field. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashley Phetsanthad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. , Phone: (608) 265-8491, Fax: (608) 262-5345., Mailing Address: 5125 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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O'Rourke MB, Viengkhou B, Smith CC, Sonderegger L, Padula MP, Sutherland GT, Hofer MJ, Crossett B. Matrix phase fractionation: Investigating the compromise between dynamic range of analyte extraction and spatial resolution in mass spectrometry imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9106. [PMID: 33860568 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has seen rapid development in recent years and as such is becoming an important technique for the mapping of biomolecules from the surface of tissues. One key area of development is the optimisation of analyte extraction by using modified matrices or mixes of common ones. METHODS A series of serial sections were prepared for lipid MSI by either dry coating (sublimation) or by wet spray application of several matrices. These samples were then evaluated for analyte extraction, delocalisation and dynamic range. RESULTS We have shown that the spraying and sublimation methods of matrix application can be used complementarily. This creates large datasets, with each preparation method applied narrowly and then interpreted as a 'fraction' of the whole. Once combined, the dynamic range is significantly increased. We have dubbed this technique 'matrix phase fractionation'. CONCLUSIONS We have found that, by utilising matrix phase fractionation for the detection of lipids in brain tissue, it is possible to create a significantly more comprehensive dataset than would otherwise be possible with traditional 'single-run' workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B O'Rourke
- Northern Clinical School, Bowel Cancer & Biomarker Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Level 8, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Caine C Smith
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lorenz Sonderegger
- Shimadzu Australasia, Unit F, 10-16 South Street, Rydalmere, NSW, 2116, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Science and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- Sydney Mass Spectrometry, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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6
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Soft cluster-induced desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: How soft is soft? Biointerphases 2020; 15:021001. [PMID: 32164418 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desorption/ionization induced by neutral clusters (DINeC) is used as an ultrasoft desorption/ionization method for the analysis of fragile biomolecules by means of mass spectrometry (MS). As a test molecule, the glycopeptide vancomycin was measured with DINeC-MS, and resulting mass spectra were compared to the results obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization, and time-of-flight secondary ion MS. Of the desorption-based techniques, DINeC spectra show the lowest abundance of fragments comparable to ESI spectra. The soft desorption nature of DINeC was further demonstrated when applied to MS analysis of teicoplanin.
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7
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O'Rourke MB, Padula MP. An Inexpensive, simple calibration method for MALDI TOF/TOF systems. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:1003-1007. [PMID: 31697866 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The array of analytes that can be measured by MADLI MS has created an equally vast range of calibration mixtures. The inherent problem with this is that acquiring all of them at commercial rates can be prohibitively expensive. With this in mind, we have created a low-cost alternative to the most commonly used peptide calibrants. We were able to achieve an overall 78 ppm mass accuracy across a mass range of 900 to 2500 Da which was comparable to the mass accuracy achievable with commercial peptide mixes and hence has become a viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B O'Rourke
- Northern Clinical School, Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Lvl 8, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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8
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Yang J, Norris JL, Caprioli R. Novel vacuum stable ketone-based matrices for high spatial resolution MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1005-1012. [PMID: 30073737 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of aromatic ketones and cinnamyl ketones that have high vacuum stability for analyzing tissue sections using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Specifically, the matrix, (E)-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (2,5-cDHA) provides high sensitivity and high vacuum stability while producing small size crystals (1-2 μm). A high throughput and highly reproducible sample preparation method was developed for these matrices that first involves using an organic spray solution for small matrix crystal seeding followed by spraying of the matrix in a 30% acetonitrile/70% water solution on the tissue surface to obtain a homogeneous coating of small crystals, suitable for high spatial resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhai Yang
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy L Norris
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Pharmacology, Medicine, and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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9
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O'Rourke MB, Djordjevic SP, Padula MP. The quest for improved reproducibility in MALDI mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:217-228. [PMID: 27420733 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reproducibility has been one of the biggest hurdles faced when attempting to develop quantitative protocols for MALDI mass spectrometry. The heterogeneous nature of sample recrystallization has made automated sample acquisition somewhat "hit and miss" with manual intervention needed to ensure that all sample spots have been analyzed. In this review, we explore the last 30 years of literature and anecdotal evidence that has attempted to address and improve reproducibility in MALDI MS. Though many methods have been attempted, we have discovered a significant publication history surrounding the use of nitrocellulose as a substrate to improve homogeneity of crystal formation and therefore reproducibility. We therefore propose that this is the most promising avenue of research for developing a comprehensive and universal preparation protocol for quantitative MALDI MS analysis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:217-228, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B O'Rourke
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Cnr Harris and Thomas St, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Cnr Harris and Thomas St, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Cnr Harris and Thomas St, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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10
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Delshadian Z, Mortazavian AM, Tabarzad M, Hosseini SM, Mohammadi R, Rouhi M, Salami M, Khosravi-Darani K. Optimisation of experimental conditions for binding of divalent iron to bioactive casein phosphopeptides. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Delshadian
- Students Research Committee; Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1981619573 Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Mortazavian
- Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1981619573 Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 19919-53381 Iran
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1981619573 Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Kermanshah 6719851351 Iran
| | - Milad Rouhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Kermanshah 6719851351 Iran
| | - Maryam Salami
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; University of Tehran; 19395-4741 Karaj Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1981619573 Iran
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11
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Ali A, Shahid N, Musharraf SG. Application of dyes as doping agents in MALDI-MS matrices for the signal enhancement of proteins. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyes can significantly influence the ionization of proteins, when used as dopants in conventional matrices used for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi-75270
- Pakistan
| | - Najia Shahid
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi-75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi-75270
- Pakistan
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12
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Boesl U. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Introduction to the basics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:86-109. [PMID: 27859457 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The intention of this tutorial is to introduce into the basic concepts of time-of-flight mass spectrometry, beginning with the most simple single-stage ion source with linear field-free drift region and continuing with two-stage ion sources combined with field-free drift regions and ion reflectors-the so-called reflectrons. Basic formulas are presented and discussed with the focus on understanding the physical relations of geometric and electric parameters, initial distribution of ionic parameters, ion flight times, and ion flight time incertitude. This tutorial is aimed to help the applicant to identify sources of flight time broadening which limit good mass resolution and sources of ion losses which limit sensitivity; it is aimed to stimulate creativity for new experimental approaches by discussing a choice of instrumental options and to encourage those who toy with the idea to build an own time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Large parts of mathematics are shifted into a separate chapter in order not to overburden the text with too many mathematical deviations. Rather, thumb-rule formulas are supplied for first estimations of geometry and potentials when designing a home-built instrument, planning experiments, or searching for sources of flight time broadening. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:86-109, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Boesl
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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13
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Canela N, Rodríguez MÁ, Baiges I, Nadal P, Arola L. Foodomics imaging by mass spectrometry and magnetic resonance. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1748-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Canela
- Group of Research on Omic Methodologies (GROM); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Group of Research on Omic Methodologies (GROM); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Isabel Baiges
- Group of Research on Omic Methodologies (GROM); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Pedro Nadal
- Group of Research on Omic Methodologies (GROM); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutriciò i Salut (CTNS); Reus Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutriciò i Salut (CTNS); Reus Spain
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14
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Trim PJ, Snel MF. Small molecule MALDI MS imaging: Current technologies and future challenges. Methods 2016; 104:127-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Silva DB, Lopes NP. MALDI-MS of flavonoids: a systematic investigation of ionization and in-source dissociation mechanisms. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:182-190. [PMID: 25601691 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a technique widely employed in the analysis of proteins and peptides, and nowadays it has also been applied to small molecules. There is little significant information regarding the in-source dissociation processes on MALDI for natural products. Twenty-six flavonoids (flavanones, flavones and flavonols) were analyzed by MALDI using different methods (with different matrices) and without matrix to comprehend the in-source reactions and establish good analysis methods for these compounds. Depending on the class, structure and the laser intensity applied, methoxylated flavonoid aglycones can eliminate methyl radicals (˙CH3) in the source, such as flavonols, but lithium 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate matrix suppresses the ˙CH3 eliminations and retro-Diels-Alder cleavages in the source. All of the flavonoid O-glycosides evaluated herein eliminated the sugar in source, even in the presence of the matrix, and its product radical ions ([M-H-sugar](-)˙) were observed in the negative mode. The flavone C-glycosides suffered intense dissociation, which was reduced by the addition of a matrix and the application of low laser intensity, mainly in the negative mode. Depending on the hydroxyl substituents, the [M-H-H](-)˙ ion was observed with variable relative intensity in the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise B Silva
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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16
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Tsai CJ, Lin YC, Chen YL, Feng CH. Chemical derivatization combined with capillary LC or MALDI-TOF MS for trace determination of lipoic acid in cosmetics and integrated protein expression profiling in human keratinocytes. Talanta 2014; 130:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Sandoval W. Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass Analysis of Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 77:16.2.1-16.2.11. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1602s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech South San Francisco California
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Musharraf SG, Ali A, Choudhary MI, Atta-ur-Rahman. Probing of metabolites in finely powdered plant material by direct laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:530-7. [PMID: 24496598 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural products continue to serve as an important source of novel drugs since the beginning of human history. High-throughput techniques, such as MALDI-MS, can be techniques of choice for the rapid screening of natural products in plant materials. We present here a fast and reproducible matrix-free approach for the direct detection of UV active metabolites in plant materials without any prior sample preparation. The plant material is mechanically ground to a fine powder and then sieved through different mesh sizes. The collected plant material is dispersed using 1 μL solvent on a target plate is directly exposed to Nd:YAG 335 nm laser. The strategy was optimized for the analysis of plant metabolites after study of the different factors affecting the reproducibility and effectiveness of the analysis, including particle sizes effects, types of solvents used to disperse the sample, and the part of the plant analyzed. Moreover, several plant species, known for different classes of metabolites, were screened to establish the generality of the approach. The developed approach was validated by the characterization of withaferin A and nicotine in the leaves of Withania somnifera and Nicotiana tabacum, respectively, through comparison of its MS/MS data with the standard compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were used for the tissue imaging purposes. This approach can be used to directly probe small molecules in plant materials as well as in herbal and pharmaceutical formulations for fingerprinting development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan,
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Ernst M, Silva DB, Silva RR, Vêncio RZN, Lopes NP. Mass spectrometry in plant metabolomics strategies: from analytical platforms to data acquisition and processing. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:784-806. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Matsunaga Y, Wahyudiono, Machmudah S, Sasaki M, Goto M. Hot compressed water extraction of polysaccharides fromGanoderma lucidumusing a semibatch reactor. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yui Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Wahyudiono
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Siti Machmudah
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology; Kampus ITS, Keputih Sukolilo Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
| | - Mitsuru Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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21
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Lee BJ, Baur M, Gebhardt CR, Dürr M. Quantification of the ionization probability during desorption/ionization of oligopeptides induced by neutral cluster impact. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1090-1094. [PMID: 23592213 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Desorption-and-ionization induced by neutral cluster impact is a soft and matrix-free method, which leads to the formation of free ions of oligopeptides and smaller proteins without fragmentation. As a prerequisite for its successful application in bioanalytics, especially with respect to sensitivity, the ionization efficiency, i.e., the ion-to-neutral ratio of the desorbing molecules, was determined. METHODS Neutral SO2 clusters of 10(3) to 10(4) molecules in size were seeded in a pulsed He beam and used to desorb and ionize oligopeptides by means of cluster surface impact. The samples were prepared by drop casting a well-defined amount of substance on the substrate surface; the desorbing ions were identified by means of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the ion current leaving the surface was determined for positive ions, which predominate in the investigated oligopeptides. RESULTS For angiotensin II, bradykinin (1-7), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (34-39), the number of ions desorbed from the respective samples was compared with the amount of substance applied on the substrate. Assuming that all biomolecules were desorbed during the experiment, the ion-to-neutral ratio or ionization efficiency η was determined. For the tested molecules, values of η between 0.5% and 3% were observed; the substrate material and the total amount of substance applied were shown to have a minor effect on the results. CONCLUSIONS The ion-to-neutral ratio in desorption/ionization of oligopeptides induced by neutral cluster impact was determined to be of the order of 10(-3) to 10(-2). The soft and matrix-free nature of the method in combination with this value of η might be interesting for applications in bioanalytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-J Lee
- Fakultät Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Hochschule Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
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22
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Gholipour Y, Erra-Balsells R, Nonami H. In Situ Pressure Probe Sampling and UV-MALDI MS for Profiling Metabolites in Living Single Cells. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2012; 1:A0003. [PMID: 24349904 PMCID: PMC3775820 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we describe the use of a combination of a cell pressure probe and a UV-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (UV-MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer for the in situ picoliter sampling and shotgun metabolite profiling of living single cells of plants. In addition to quantifiable sampling, the pressure probe has some unique features which differentiate it from other single-cell analytical tools. Cell wall and plasma membrane properties and water relations of in situ living single cells can be analyzed before sampling the cell sap. In addition, the fully-controlled sampling of cells located at different depths in plant tissues, measurement of the sample volume, and the addition of internal standards are facilitated by the pressure probe. Using a variety of organic compounds and nanoparticles as UV-MALDI matrices, metabolites from neutral carbohydrates to amino acids and other metabolites can be detected through UV-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses of picoliter-sized, single-cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Gholipour
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University
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Absalon C, Fabre S, Tarascou I, Fouquet E, Pianet I. New strategies to study the chemical nature of wine oligomeric procyanidins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1485-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hua Y, Dagan S, Wickramasekara S, Boday DJ, Wysocki VH. Analysis of deprotonated acids with silicon nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:1394-1401. [PMID: 21038364 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified silicon nanoparticles were applied for the laser desorption/negative ionization of small acids. A series of substituted sulfonic acids and fatty acids was studied. Compared to desorption ionization on porous silicon (DIOS) and other matrix-less laser desorption/ionization techniques, silicon nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SPALDI) mass spectrometry allows for the analysis of acids in the negative ion mode without the observation of multimers or cation adducts. Using SPALDI, detection limits of many acids reached levels down to 50 pmol/µl. SPALDI of fatty acids with unmodified silicon nanoparticles was compared to SPALDI using the fluoroalkyl silylated silicon powder, with the unmodified particles showing better sensitivity for fatty acids, but with more low-mass background due to impurities and surfactants in the untreated silicon powder. The fatty acids exhibited a size-dependent response in both SPALDI and unmodified SPALDI, showing a signal intensity increase with the chain length of the fatty acids (C12-C18), leveling off at chain lengths of C18-C22. The size effect may be due to the crystallization of long chain fatty acids on the silicon. This hypothesis was further explored and supported by SPALDI of several, similar sized, unsaturated fatty acids with various crystallinities. Fatty acids in milk lipids and tick nymph samples were directly detected and their concentration ratios were determined by SPALDI mass spectrometry without complicated and time-consuming purification and esterification required in the traditional analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC). These results suggest that SPALDI mass spectrometry has the potential application in fast screening for small acids in crude samples with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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25
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OSAKA I, OKUMURA K, MIYAKE N, WATANABE T, NOZAKI K, KAWASAKI H, ARAKAWA R. Quantitative Analysis of an Antioxidant Additive in Insoluble Plastics by Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SALDI-MS) Using TiO2 Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5702/massspec.58.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Gebhardt C, Tomsic A, Schröder H, Dürr M, Kompa K. Matrix-Free Formation of Gas-Phase Biomolecular Ions by Soft Cluster-Induced Desorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4162-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Gebhardt C, Tomsic A, Schröder H, Dürr M, Kompa K. Matrix-Free Formation of Gas-Phase Biomolecular Ions by Soft Cluster-Induced Desorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Characterization of lipid extracts from brain tissue and tumors using Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Hung WT, Wang SH, Chen CH, Yang WB. Structure determination of beta-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Molecules 2008; 13:1538-50. [PMID: 18794771 PMCID: PMC6245394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13081538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method that uses matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to analyze molecular weight and sequencing of glucan in Ganoderma lucidum is presented. Thus, β-glucan, which was isolated from fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, was measured in a direct and fast way using MALDI mass spectrometry. In addition, tandem mass spectrometry of permethylated glucans of G. lucidum, dextran, curdlan and maltohexaose were also pursued and different fragment patterns were obtained. The G. lucidum glucan structure was determined and this method for linkage analysis of permethylated glucan has been proven feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Instrument Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +886-2-27899930 ext.339; Fax: +886-2-27899931; E-mail:
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Wyttenbach T, Liu D, Bowers MT. Interactions of the Hormone Oxytocin with Divalent Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5993-6000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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LC-MS-based metabonomics analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 866:64-76. [PMID: 17983864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabonomics aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples. It has shown particular promise in the areas of toxicology and drug development, functional genomics, systems biology, and clinical diagnosis. Comprehensive metabonomics investigations are primarily a challenge for analytical chemistry. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) is an established technology in drug metabolite analysis and is now expanding into endogenous metabolite research. Its main advantages include wide dynamic range, reproducible quantitative analysis, and the ability to analyze biofluids with extreme molecular complexity. The aims of developing HPLC-MS for metabonomics range from understanding basic biochemistry to biomarker discovery and the structural characterization of physiologically important metabolites. In this review, the strategy and application of HPLC-MS-based metabonomics are reviewed.
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Abstract
With the development of electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, mass spectrometry (MS) evolved into a powerful tool in the field of biochemistry. Whereas MS is primarily analytical in nature, an increasing number of MS research groups employ the method to address fundamental biochemical questions. Probing the interaction of noncovalently bound molecules in the mass spectrometer is one of the most interesting MS-based experiments possible today, with the potential of making a significant contribution to the basic understanding of the structure and function of biochemical complexes. Here we review a number of current research efforts employing primarily MS techniques to investigate intermolecular interactions in biochemical systems. Examples chosen include the interaction of biomolecules with solvent molecules; interactions between nucleic-acid molecules, in particular, interactions in duplex and quadruplex structures; and interactions between proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally we conclude by presenting a few examples of very large biomolecular assemblies in the mega-Dalton range analyzed by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Sannes-Lowery KA, Hofstadler SA. Sequence confirmation of modified oligonucleotides using IRMPD in the external ion reservoir of an electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:825-833. [PMID: 12892907 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Modified oligonucleotides continue to play an important role as antisense compounds that inhibit the expression of genes associated with metabolic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. Because the majority of modifications render these molecules refractory to standard enzymatic sequencing techniques, alternative sequencing methods which are fast and reliable are needed. In this work we explore how sugar and backbone modifications affect fragmentation patterns observed from oligonucleotides which are fragmented by infrared multiple photon dissociation in the external reservoir of an electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer. The modifications influence which fragment types (i.e., a(n)-B versus c(n)) dominate and the ease with which the oligonucleotides are fragmented. General observations for confirming the sequence of oligonucleotides are described.
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Cunsolo V, Foti S, Saletti R, Gilbert S, Tatham AS, Shewry PR. Structural studies of glutenin subunits 1Dy10 and 1Dy12 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:442-454. [PMID: 12590393 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Structural studies of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 1Dy10 and 1Dy12 of bread wheat were conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS). For both proteins, MALDI-TOFMS analysis showed that the isolated fractions contained a second component with a mass about 500-540 Da lower than the major component. The testing and correction of the gene-derived amino acid sequences of both proteins were performed by direct MALDI-TOFMS analysis of their tryptic peptide mixture and analysis of the digests was performed by recording several MALDI mass spectra of the mixture at low, medium and high mass ranges, optimising the matrix and the acquisition parameters for each mass range. Complementary data were obtained by RP-HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of the tryptic digest. This resulted in the coverage of the whole protein sequences except for two short fragments (T1 and T8), which are identical in the two homologous subunits, and for an additional dipeptide (T14) in subunit 1Dy12, which were not detected. It also demonstrated that, in contrast to the gene-derived data, the sequence of subunit 1Dy12 does not include the dipeptide Gly-Gln between residues Gln(454) and Pro(455), and that the lower mass components present in both fractions correspond to the same sequences lacking short peptides that are probably lost from the protein N- or C-termini. Finally, the results obtained provide evidence for the lack of a substantial level of glycosylation or other post-translational modifications of the two subunits, and demonstrate that mass spectrometric mapping is the most useful method presently available for the direct verification of the gene-derived sequences of HMW glutenin subunits and similar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Bashir S, Derrick PJ, Critchley P, Gates PJ, Staunton J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of dextran and dextrin derivatives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2003; 9:61-70. [PMID: 12748402 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to the analysis of dextran and dextrin derivatives, specifically glucose saccharides, by time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry has been reported. MALDI-TOF analysis was carried out on alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin, two O-methylated-beta-cyclodextrins of differing degrees of substitution (DS) and dextrans (a linear glucose saccharide), as pure and doped solutions and as mixtures of two or more of these. Doping was carried out with trace amounts of inorganic salts. The purpose of the analysis of the cyclodextrins was to determine whether they would form inclusion complexes with the various cations added, or whether less specific cation addition/exchange was occurring either prior to desorption or in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Bashir
- Institute for Mass Spectrometry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Lesarri A, Mata S, Cocinero EJ, Blanco S, López JC, Alonso JL. The structure of neutral proline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:4673-6. [PMID: 12481322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200290012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lesarri
- Grupo de Espectroscopía Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Lesarri A, Mata S, Cocinero EJ, Blanco S, López JC, Alonso JL. The Structure of Neutral Proline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200290011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Humeny A, Kislinger T, Becker CM, Pischetsrieder M. Qualitative determination of specific protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry Peptide mapping. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2153-2160. [PMID: 11902972 DOI: 10.1021/jf011349o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, known as the Maillard reaction, has received increased recognition from nutritional science and medical research. The development of new analytical techniques for the detection of protein-bound Maillard products is therefore crucial. In this study, we applied peptide mapping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the formation of structurally specific Maillard products on glycated lysozyme (AGE-lysozyme), produced upon incubation with D-glucose. In parallel, we synthesized N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine-modified lysozyme (CML-lysozyme) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine-modified lysozyme, two well-described glycation products, as model substances. 3-Deoxyglucosone-modified lysozyme and methylglyoxal-modified lysozyme were prepared as examples of glycation products incubated with dicarbonyl compounds. We were able to detect specific modifications on AGE-lysozyme, which were assigned to CML, imidazolone A, and the Amadori product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Humeny
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Cunsolo V, Foti S, Saletti R, Gilbert S, Tatham AS, Shewry PR. Investigation and correction of the gene-derived sequence of glutenin subunit 1Dx2 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:1911-1918. [PMID: 12362381 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of a mixture of tryptic peptides was used to verify the gene-derived amino acid sequence of the high molecular weight (HMW) subunit 1Dx2 of bread wheat. Analysis of the digest was performed by recording several MALDI mass spectra of the mixture at low, medium and high mass ranges, and optimising the matrix and the acquisition parameters for each mass range. This resulted in coverage of the whole sequence except for a short fragment T3 (3 amino acids), which was not detected. It also allowed the insertion of a Pro residue in position 59 to be identified. The results obtained provide evidence for the lack of a substantial level of glycosylation or other post-translational modifications of subunit 1Dx2, and demonstrate that MALDI-MS is the most useful method presently available for the direct verification of the gene-derived sequences of HMW glutenin subunits and similar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Henzel WJ, Stults JT. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass analysis of peptides. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2001; Chapter 16:Unit 16.2. [PMID: 18429129 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1602s04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is one of the most useful techniques for determining the mass of biomolecules, with exceptional capabilities for mass analysis of peptides. Relative to other ionization techniques, it provides high sensitivity and excellent tolerance of salt and other common buffer components. Routine detection limits for peptides are in the subpicomole range. The ions commonly observed are the protonated molecules (M+H(+)), which makes data analysis relatively easy. This overview discusses instrument configuration and calibration, sample preparation, along with specific approaches for analyzing peptide mixtures, synthetic peptides, and chemical modifications of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Henzel
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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41
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Hofstadler SA, Griffey RH. Analysis of noncovalent complexes of DNA and RNA by mass spectrometry. Chem Rev 2001; 101:377-90. [PMID: 11712252 DOI: 10.1021/cr990105o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Hofstadler
- Ibis Therapeutics, A Division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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Deery MJ, Stimson E, Chappell CG. Size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of polysaccharides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:2273-2283. [PMID: 11746893 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for analysing polysaccharide materials is described which employs size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) followed by detection by on-line electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and off-line matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). It is demonstrated through SEC/ESI ion trap mass spectrometry that the formation of multiply charged oligomer ions, which bind up to five sodium cations, allows the rapid analysis of polysaccharide ions with molecular weights in excess of 9 kDa. MALDI spectra generated from fractionation of the effluent collected from the same SEC separation are shown to be in good agreement with the ESI spectra with respect to molecular weight distributions and types of ions generated. ESI and MALDI mass spectra of samples obtained from sequential graded ethanol precipitation and SEC fractionation of acid and enzymatically digested arabinoxylan polysaccharides show important structural differences between polysaccharide fragments. In addition, a comparison is made between the mass spectra of native and permethylated SEC-separated fragments of acid and enzymatically treated arabinogalactan. Linkage information of the permethylated arabinogalactan oligomers can be rapidly established through the use of on-line SEC/ESI-MS( n) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Deery
- DuPont (UK) Ltd, Cereals Innovation Centre, Block B, The Mill Site, 40 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2UJ, UK.
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Worrall TA, Schmeckpeper BJ, Corvera JS, Cotter RJ. Allele-specific HLA-DR typing by mass spectrometry: an alternative to hybridization-based typing methods. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5233-8. [PMID: 11080869 DOI: 10.1021/ac991432z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primer oligomer base extension (PROBE) reaction, combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, is used to characterize HLA-DR2 polymorphism. Alleles are distinguished rapidly and accurately by measuring the mass of primer extension products at every known variable region of HLA-DR2 alleles. Since differentiation of alleles by PROBE relies on measuring differences in extension product mass rather than differences in hybridization properties, mistyped alleles resulting from nonspecific hybridization are absent. The method shows considerable potential for high-throughput screening of HLA-DR polymorphism in a chip-based format, including rapid tissue typing of unrelated volunteer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Worrall
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Wittmaack K, Szymczak W, Hoheisel G, Tuszynski W. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of matrix-diluted oligo- and polypeptides bombarded with slow and fast projectiles: positive and negative matrix and analyte ion yields, background signals, and sample aging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:553-563. [PMID: 10833029 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human angiotensin II, chain B of bovine insulin, and porcine insulin were determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry under impact of approximately 25 keV Xe+ and SF5+ ion beams and approximately 100 MeV 252Cf fission fragments. Matrix-embedded samples, dissolved in a large surplus of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, were prepared by nebulizer spray deposition, neat samples by the droplet technique. It is shown that the status of the sample can be assessed by evaluating the matrix-specific features of the mass spectra. The beneficial effect of matrix isolation was small for angiotensin but large for the insulin samples, which did not show parent peaks from neat material. Negative ion yields under SF5+ impact were up to a factor of 50 higher than with Xe+. For positive secondary ions, the enhancement was much smaller. The mass spectra produced by slow ion beams or fast fission fragments were qualitatively similar. Quantitative differences include the following: with fast projectiles the yields were about 10-30 times higher than with slow ions, but similar for negative ion emission under SF5+ bombardment; the analyte-to-matrix yield ratios were higher with slow ions and up to 250 times higher than the molar analyte concentration; for analyte ions the peak-to-background ratios were higher using slow projectiles; the fraction of carbon-rich collisionally formed molecular ions was much higher with fast projectiles. Sample aging in vacuum for up to five weeks strongly reduced the yield of protonated analyte molecules ejected by slow ion impact, but not of deprotonated species. Hence protonation seems to correlate with sample "wetness" or the presence of volatile proton-donating additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wittmaack
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany.
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SIMS of organic anions adsorbed onto an aminoethanethiol self-assembled monolayer: an approach for enhanced secondary ion emission. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2618-26. [PMID: 10857645 DOI: 10.1021/ac9914925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to monitor the uptake of organic anions from solution by aminoethanethiol (AET) monolayers on Au substrates, as a test of the applicability of this monolayer as a substrate for organic SIMS analysis. Event-by-event bombardment and detection mode coupled with coincidence counting allowed the atomic and polyatomic projectile impacts on a particular sample surface to be compared simultaneously and under the same experimental conditions. The mass spectra produced from the monolayer surface and those from Au and Si blanks demonstrate that the AET monolayer is important to the uptake of the organic anion. The exchanged monolayer surfaces were used to measure secondary ion yields, defined as the number of secondary ions detected per incident primary ion, produced from ultrathin films by (CsI)nCs+ (n = 0-2) projectiles at the limit of single-ion impacts. The yield of a tetradecyl sulfate (IDS) anion was improved by a factor of 200 using the AET substrate instead of the thick salt target. The intact ion and fragment ion yield trends produced from the AET surface were measured as a function of number of atoms in the primary projectile and energy. We observed a yield increase for both the intact ion and the fragment ion with the projectile complexity and energy. The increase in yield per projectile atom was linear for the emission of intact TDS and intact dodecyl sulfate from the AET surfaces. A supralinear yield enhancement, however, was observed for the fragment ion SO3- when the three-atom (CsI)Cs+ cluster was used. The experiments demonstrate that the various organosulfate and suffonates are weakly bound to the AET surface and their adsorption to the AET monolayer is reversible. The utility of the AET monolayer on Au was also tested as a general substrate for the characterization of derivatized organic molecules with biological and industrial importance by TOF-SIMS.
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Verification of the cDNA Deduced Sequence of Glutenin Subunit 1Dx5 and an Mr58 000 Repetitive Peptide by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS). J Cereal Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.1999.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lawson SJ, Murray KK. Continuous flow infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with a solvent matrix. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:129-134. [PMID: 10637417 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000215)14:3<129::aid-rcm849>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was demonstrated with infrared laser desorption and an ethanol matrix. A capillary was used to deliver an analyte solution dissolved in ethanol to a metal frit embedded in a sample stage. Typical flow rates were 1.7&mgr;L/min. An optical parametric oscillator tuned to 2.8&mgr;m was used for desorption and ionization, and mass analysis was achieved with a 1 m linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Flow injection studies were performed with low picomolar quantities of insulin and myoglobin in solutions containing 0.1 to 1.0% glycerol in ethanol. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Lawson
- Emory University, Department of Chemistry, 1515 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Harvey DJ. N-(2-diethylamino)ethyl-4-aminobenzamide derivative for high sensitivity mass spectrometric detection and structure determination of N-linked carbohydrates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:862-871. [PMID: 10825250 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000530)14:10<862::aid-rcm957>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
N-Linked glycans were derivatised by reductive amination using N-(2-diethylamino)ethyl-4-aminobenzamide (DEAEAB, procainamide) and examined by electrospray mass spectrometry. This derivative ionised primarily by protonation of the tertiary amine group and attachment of an alkali metal to give [M + H + X](2+) ions which were much more abundant that doubly charged ions from glycans derivatised with other aromatic amines. Fragmentation of these ions depended on the nature of the alkali metal (X). Lithium and sodium adducts fragmented to give prominent ions produced by cleavages within the DEAEAB derivative whereas the other adducts produced more abundant ions from fragmentation of the carbohydrate. Elimination of a sugar fragment, usually by cleavage adjacent to GlcNAc or sialic acid, together with a hydrogen atom, produced the most abundant singly charged fragment ions. These ions then formally fragmented by glycosidic cleavages. Potassium, rubidium and caesium adducts produced abundant losses of the alkali metal, but the resulting ions appeared not to undergo extensive fragmentation. Most fragment ions from all of the adducts were singly charged, the remainder being doubly charged. Although the spectra of the [M + X + H](2+) ions were not as informative as those from the singly charged ions from other derivatives, they, nevertheless, provided much valuable information on the structure of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Abstract
This review describes the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to carbohydrate analysis and covers the period 1991-1998. The technique is particularly valuable for carbohydrates because it enables underivatised, as well as derivatised compounds to be examined. The various MALDI matrices that have been used for carbohydrate analysis are described, and the use of derivatization for improving mass spectral detection limits is also discussed. Methods for sample preparation and for extracting carbohydrates from biological media prior to mass spectrometric analysis are compared with emphasis on highly sensitive mass spectrometric methods. Quantitative aspects of MALDI are covered with respect to the relationship between signal strength and both mass and compound structure. The value of mass measurements by MALDI to provide a carbohydrate composition is stressed, together with the ability of the technique to provide fragmentation spectra. The use of in-source and post-source decay and collision-induced fragmentation in this context is described with emphasis on ions that provide information on the linkage and branching patterns of carbohydrates. The use of MALDI mass spectrometry, linked with exoglycosidase sequencing, is described for N-linked glycans derived from glycoproteins, and methods for the analysis of O-linked glycans are also covered. The review ends with a description of various applications of the technique to carbohydrates found as constituents of glycoproteins, bacterial glycolipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipid anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, UK.
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Frank M, Labov SE, Westmacott G, Benner WH. Energy-sensitive cryogenic detectors for high-mass biomolecule mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 1999; 18:155-186. [PMID: 10568040 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2787(1999)18:3/4<155::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Energy-sensitive calorimetric detectors that operate at low temperatures ("cryogenic detectors") have recently been applied for the first time as ion detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compared to conventional, ionization-based detectors, which rely on secondary electron formation or the charge created in a semiconductor, cryogenic detectors measure low-energy solid state excitations created by a particle impact. This energy sensitivity of cryogenic detectors results in several potential advantages for TOF-MS. Cryogenic detectors are expected to have near 100% efficiency even for very large, slow-moving molecules, in contrast to microchannel plates whose efficiency drops considerably at large mass. Thus, cryogenic detectors could contribute to extending the mass range accessible by TOF-MS and help improving detection limits. In addition, the energy resolution provided by cryogenic detectors can be used for charge discrimination and studies of ion fragmentation, ion-detector interaction, and internal energies of large molecular ions. Cryogenic detectors could therefore prove to be a valuable diagnostic tool in TOF-MS. Here, we give a general introduction to the cryogenic detector types most applicable to TOF-MS including those types already used in several TOF-MS experiments. We review and compare the results of these experiments, discuss practical aspects of operating cryogenic detectors in TOF-MS systems, and describe potential near future improvements of cryogenic detectors for applications in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, V-Division, CA 94551, USA
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