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Chen Y, Scully M, Dawson G, Goodwin C, Xia M, Lu X, Kakkar A. Perturbation of the heparin/heparin-sulfate interactome of human breast cancer cells modulates pro-tumourigenic effects associated with PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:1148-57. [PMID: 23571852 DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparansulfate-proteoglycans (HSPGs) interact via their polyanionic heparansulfate (HS) side chains with a variety of proteins on the cell surface or within the extracellular matrix membrane. The large number of heparin/HS binding proteins form a highly interconnected functional network, which has been termed as the heparin/HS interactome and is functionally linked to physiological and pathological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the global effect of these protein-HSPG interactions on the tumourigenicity of two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Cancer cells were cultured in serum-free medium and treated with a concentration of heparin which was capable of modulating HS/ligand interaction. Microarray analysis of MCF-7 cells cultured under these conditions showed that expression of 105 of 1,357 genes potentially related to the pathogenesis of breast neoplasm was significantly altered by heparin treatment. The changes in gene expression correlated with a less tumourigenic phenotype, including reduction of cell adhesive, invasive and migratory properties. These effects were associated with an inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathways. The modulatory effect of heparin on HS-associated activity was confirmed with one example of heparin/HS interactomes, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The innate TGFβ activity of MCF-7 cells was reduced by heparin treatment, with specific interruption of the TGFβ-Smad signalling pathway. The pro-tumourigenic contribution of the heparin/HS interactomes was verified in cells in which HSPG synthesis was blocked using β-xyloside. In conclusion, the interaction between cell surface HPSGs and innate heparin/HS interactomes makes a significant contribution to the tumourigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Chen
- Thrombosis Research Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK
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2
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Witters L, Scherle P, Friedman S, Fridman J, Caulder E, Newton R, Lipton A. Synergistic inhibition with a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a disintegrin and metalloprotease inhibitor. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7083-9. [PMID: 18757423 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB family of receptors is overexpressed in numerous human tumors. Overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Use of ErbB-specific antibodies to the receptors (Herceptin or Erbitux) or ErbB-specific small-molecule inhibitors of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity (Iressa or Tarceva) has shown clinical efficacy in several solid tumors. An alternative method of affecting ErbB-initiated tumor growth and survival is to block sheddase activity. Sheddase activity is responsible for cleavage of multiple ErbB ligands and receptors, a necessary step in availability of the soluble, active form of the ligand and a constitutively activated ligand-independent receptor. This sheddase activity is attributed to the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteins. ADAM 10 is the main sheddase of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and HER-2/neu cleavage, whereas ADAM17 is required for cleavage of additional EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands (transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, heregulin, heparin binding EGF-like ligand). This study has shown that addition of INCB3619, a potent inhibitor of ADAM10 and ADAM17, reduces in vitro HER-2/neu and amphiregulin shedding, confirming that it interferes with both HER-2/neu and EGFR ligand cleavage. Combining INCB3619 with a lapatinib-like dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2/neu kinases resulted in synergistic growth inhibition in MCF-7 and HER-2/neu-transfected MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Combining the INCB7839 second-generation sheddase inhibitor with lapatinib prevented the growth of HER-2/neu-positive BT474-SC1 human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. These results suggest that there may be an additional clinical benefit of combining agents that target the ErbB pathways at multiple points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Witters
- Department of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center/Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Zhou BBS, Peyton M, He B, Liu C, Girard L, Caudler E, Lo Y, Baribaud F, Mikami I, Reguart N, Yang G, Li Y, Yao W, Vaddi K, Gazdar AF, Friedman SM, Jablons DM, Newton RC, Fridman JS, Minna JD, Scherle PA. Targeting ADAM-mediated ligand cleavage to inhibit HER3 and EGFR pathways in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:39-50. [PMID: 16843264 PMCID: PMC4451119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the existence of a heregulin-HER3 autocrine loop, and the contribution of heregulin-dependent, HER2-mediated HER3 activation to gefitinib insensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ADAM17 protein, a major ErbB ligand sheddase, is upregulated in NSCLC and is required not only for heregulin-dependent HER3 signaling, but also for EGFR ligand-dependent signaling in NSCLC cell lines. A selective ADAM inhibitor, INCB3619, prevents the processing and activation of multiple ErbB ligands, including heregulin. In addition, INCB3619 inhibits gefitinib-resistant HER3 signaling and enhances gefitinib inhibition of EGFR signaling in NSCLC. These results show that ADAM inhibition affects multiple ErbB pathways in NSCLC and thus offers an excellent opportunity for pharmacological intervention, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bing S Zhou
- Drug Discovery, Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station, Route 141 and Henry Clay Road, Building 400, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, USA.
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4
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Abstract
ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) are zinc-dependent transmembrane metalloproteases that shed the extracellular domains of membrane-bound growth factors, cytokines, and receptors. Recently, ADAMs have emerged in ErbB signaling pathways as sheddases or multiple ErbB ligands. As the ErbB pathway is a validated target for anticancer drugs, upstream activators of ErbB ligands, their sheddases, become new drug targets in the ErbB pathway. We have identified selective small molecule inhibitors of ADAM proteases that block shedding and activation of multiple ErbB ligands, and we are planning to test the compounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bing S Zhou
- Drug Discovery Biology, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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Perron V, Rabouin D, Asselin E, Parent S, C-Gaudreault R, Bérubé G. Synthesis of 17β-estradiol-linked platinum(II) complexes and their cytocidal activity on estrogen-dependent and -independent breast tumor cells. Bioorg Chem 2005; 33:1-15. [PMID: 15668178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new highly potent 17beta-estradiol-linked platinum(II) complexes is described. The new molecules are linked at position 16 of the steroid nucleus with an alkyl chain. They are made from estrone in nine chemical steps with an overall yield exceeding 10%. The biological activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro on estrogen dependent and independent (ER(+) and ER(-)) human breast tumor cell lines: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The novel compounds prove to be highly cytotoxic against breast cancer cell lines. The most cytotoxic derivative shows high affinity for the estrogen receptor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Perron
- Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7
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Garcia-Fernandez MO, Schally AV, Varga JL, Groot K, Busto R. The expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptor splice variants in human breast cancer lines; the evaluation of signaling mechanisms in the stimulation of cell proliferation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 77:15-26. [PMID: 12602901 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021196504944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit growth of various human cancers including breast cancer, xenografted into nude mice or cultured in vitro. Splice variants (SVs) of receptors for GHRH have been found in several human cancers and cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative actions of GHRH antagonists could be mediated in part through these SVs of GHRH receptors. In this study we examined the expression of mRNA for GHRH and SVs of its receptors in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MCF-7MIII, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-468, and T47D. mRNA for GHRH was present in all lines tested. mRNA for SV1 isoform of GHRH receptors was found in MCF-7MIII, MDA-MB-468, and T47D; and for SV2 isoform in MCF-7MIII and T47D cell lines. In proliferation studies in vitro, the growth of T47D cells was stimulated by GHRH and dose-dependently inhibited by GHRH antagonist JV-1-38. H89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C [PKC] inhibitor) and verapamil (voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker) inhibited the GHRH-stimulated proliferation of T47D cells. The GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 suppressed the T47D cell growth in vitro stimulated by PKC activator (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate). The stimulation of T47D cells by GHRH was followed by an increase in cAMP production and GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 competitively inhibited this effect. Our results suggest that SVs of GHRH receptors could mediate the responses to GHRH and GHRH antagonists in breast cancer through Ca2+-, cAMP- and PKC-dependent mechanisms. The presence of SV1 of GHRH receptors in human cancers provides a rationale for antitumor therapy based on the blockade of this receptor by specific GHRH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olga Garcia-Fernandez
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1262, USA
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Srivastava A, Alexander J, Lomakin I, Dayal Y. Immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:1184-9. [PMID: 11727256 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.28959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coexpression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be associated with aggressive biologic behavior and adverse clinical outcome in a variety of tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinomas. However, very little information is currently available as to whether this is true of pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) as well. Thirty-five PETs were retrospectively studied for immunohistochemical expression of TGF-alpha, the intracellular and extracellular domains of EGFR, and various hormonal secretory products. Proliferative activity was additionally studied (in 20 cases only) using the MIB-1 antibody. Thirty-one (89%) of 35 tumors were reactive for 1 or more of the peptide hormones tested; 22 (63%) tumors were positive for TGF-alpha; and 23 (65%) were positive for the intracellular and/or extracellular domain of EGFR. Based on their TGF-alpha and EGFR expression, these tumors could be classified into 4 groups. Of the 10 tumors in group I (positive for TGF-alpha and the complete EGFR molecule), 3 were malignant, 6 were >2 cm in diameter, 5 were functional, and 1 had a proliferative index of >40%. The 12 tumors in group II (positive for TGF-alpha but negative for the intracellular and/or extracellular domain of EGFR) included 4 malignant tumors, 4 PETs >2 cm in diameter, 8 functional, and 1 with a proliferative index of >40%. The 7 PETs in group III (positive for the intracellular/extracellular domain of EGFR alone) included 3 malignant tumors, 3 PETs >2 cm in diameter, and 3 functional tumors. The 6 tumors in group IV (completely negative for both TGF-alpha and EGFR) included 4 malignant tumors, 3 PETs >2 cm in diameter, and 4 functional lesions. Therefore, immunohistochemical expression of TGF-alpha and EGFR, either alone or in concert, shows no correlation with size, functional status, secretory profile, or biologic behavior and hence cannot be used as a marker of malignancy in this group of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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9
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Malatesta M, Mannello F, Bianchi G, Sebastiani M, Gazzanelli G. Biochemical and ultrastructural features of human milk and nipple aspirate fluids. J Clin Lab Anal 2001; 14:330-5. [PMID: 11138618 PMCID: PMC6807916 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2825(20001212)14:6<330::aid-jcla14>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast duct epithelium produces, secretes, and metabolises several biologically important compounds, which are found in breast secretions obtained in physiologic and pathologic conditions (milk and nipple aspirate fluids, respectively). In order to preliminarily evaluate the ultrastructural morphology of the cells found in Type II nipple aspirate fluids (NAF) and correlate it with the biochemical profile of the extracellular fluid present in these breast secretions and in human milk, we analyzed 72 NAFs from nonlactating premenopausal women affected by various breast diseases and 10 normal milk samples. Although several constitutive proteins were detected in all samples examined, the preliminary biochemical analyses and electrophoretic profiles revealed characteristic behaviours for several biologic constituents, suggesting a possible basic mechanism of production by breast epithelial cells during both physiologic and pathologic conditions. The ultrastructural analysis of milk cellular components give preliminary evidence of the apocrine secretion mechanism peculiar of breast gland, whereas Type II NAF cells appeared as biosynthetically active cells, showing a possible modified secretion mechanism. Our multidisciplinary approach seems to support the hypothesis that cellular and biochemical behaviour of Type II NAF may be an useful tool to identify aberrated breast epithelial cells in nonlactating women that might be prone to premalignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Malatesta
- Istituto di Istologia ed Analisi di Laboratorio, Facoltà di Scienze M.F.N., Università Studi, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Istituto di Istologia ed Analisi di Laboratorio, Facoltà di Scienze M.F.N., Università Studi, Urbino, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Gazzanelli
- Istituto di Istologia ed Analisi di Laboratorio, Facoltà di Scienze M.F.N., Università Studi, Urbino, Italy
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Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Sagara Y, Yoshida H. Co-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-alpha predicts worse prognosis in breast-cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:484-7. [PMID: 11102891 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001120)89:6<484::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and its ligand, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), play an important role through the autocrine growth-regulation system in several human cancers, including breast cancer. However, the clinical significance of co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha has not been elucidated. One hundred seventy-three female patients diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma who had undergone a mastectomy (159 patients) or breast-conserving surgery (14 patients) were followed up for 81 to 119 months (median 94 months) post-operatively. Immunoreactivity for EGF-R, TGF-alpha, p53 and c-erbB-2 with paraffin-embedded carcinoma tissue was investigated using labeled streptavidin-biotin methods. Positive rates of carcinoma cells were 27%, 33%, 32% and 26% for EGF-R, TGF-alpha, p53 and c-erbB-2, respectively. Expression of EGF-R only was observed in 16% (28/173), of TGF-alpha only in 22% (38/173), of both EGF-R and TGF-alpha in 11% (19/173) and of neither in 51% (88/173). By univariate analysis, significant differences in overall survival and disease-free survival were noted according to the co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha (p< 0.0001, p<0.0001), co-expression of EGF-R and c-erbB-2 (p = 0.0029, p = 0.0028), nodal status (p = 0.0028, p = 0.0001), tumor size (p = 0.0001, p<0.0001) and c-erbB-2 expression (p = 0.0034, p = 0.018), respectively. The status of p53 expression (p = 0.01), estrogen receptor (p = 0.042) and progesterone receptor (p = 0.046) showed significant differences in overall survival. According to Cox's multivariate analysis, co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha had the most significant effect on disease-free survival (p<0.0001) and overall survival (p<0.0001), followed by nodal status. Co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha by immunohistochemical detection is an independent prognostic indicator, and it may be helpful for determining the group of breast-cancer patients with an aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umekita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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11
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Abstract
The desmoplastic response to human breast carcinoma is a host myofibroblast-mediated collagenous response exhibiting synergistic effects on tumor progression. Although many paracrine interactions between breast carcinoma cells and myofibroblasts have been characterized, the event(s) which initiate desmoplasia have remained undefined. Our studies utilized c-rasH transfected MCF-7 cells which overexpress ras p2l and which are weakly tumorigenic in ovariectomized nude mice. The xenografts are desmoplastic and comprised of 30% myofibroblasts and 60 mg/g of interstitial collagen. In situ hybridization studies of these xenografts reveal a stromal gene expression pattern (stromelysin-3, IGF-II and TIMP-1) identical to that observed in human tumor desmoplasia. 17-beta estradiol increases c-rasH MCF-7 growth but abolishes desmoplasia. c-rasH MCF-7 in vitro constitutively produce myofibroblast mitogenic activity which competes with PDGF in a receptor binding assay. This myofibroblast mitogenic activity is unaltered by 17-beta estradiol/tamoxifen pretreatment in vitro. Transfection of c-rasH MCF-7 with a PDGF-A dominant negative mutant, 1308, produced by site-directed mutagenesis (serine-->cysteine129) reduces both homo- and heterodimer secretion of PDGF by as much as 90% but does not interfere with the secretion of other growth factors. Clones with low PDGF, though tumorigenic, are non-desmoplastic. Our results suggest that breast carcinoma-secreted PDGF is the major initiator of tumor desmoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Shao
- Department of Pathology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, CA 90024, USA
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Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Shah NG, Vora HH, Suthar TP, Ghosh N, Chikhlikar PR, Trivedi TI. Prolactin as a local growth promoter in patients with breast cancer: GCRI experience. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2000; 26:540-7. [PMID: 11034803 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.2000.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of pre-operative prolactin (PRL) in conjunction with established prognosticators, and the risk of disease relapse in patients with early and advanced breast cancer. To confirm the hypothesis that PRL is produced by breast tumours molecular analysis of PRL, using immunohistochemistry, mRNA by RT-PCR and direct sequencing, was performed. Furthermore, presence of prolactin receptors (PRLR) was evaluated by immunohistochemical localization in these patients. METHODS In 111 breast cancer patients, pre-operative PRL was determined by an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) method. Immunohistochemical localization of PRL (IHL-PRL) and PRLR was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Expression of PRL mRNA was carried out by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR PRL amplimer was sequenced and compared with human pituitary PRL amplimer. RESULTS Fifty-eight per cent (64/111) of the patients had hyperprolactinaemia (PRL520.0 ng/ml). With increasing tumour size, a higher incidence of hyperprolactinaemia was noted which was statistically significant (r=0.34, P=0.0001). In stage III patients, and in node positive patients, the incidence of hyperprolactinaemia was significantly higher compared to their respective counterparts (stage II vs stage III, r=0.37, P=0.00006; node negative vs node positive, r=0.30, P=0.001). Hyperprolactinaemic patients had a significantly higher risk of developing recurrent/metastatic disease and a higher mortality risk as compared to patients with PRL <20.0 ng/ml. The multivariate survival analysis indicated that apart from disease stage, prognosis of patients with pre-operative hyperprolactinaemia was poorer than that of patients with PRL <20.0 ng/ml. Seventy-eight per cent (87/111) of the tumours showed positive immunoreactivity with PRL antibody indicating that PRL, or a similar molecule, is produced ectopically by breast tumours. PRL mRNA expression using RT-PCR confirmed the de novo synthesis of PRL. PRL mRNA expression was seen in 52% (33/63) of tumours. Sequence analysis of the 234 bp PRL amplimer revealed that the sequence was homologous to the sequence of exon 5 of human pituitary PRL mRNA. Furthermore, PRLR were present in 80% of tumours detected by immunohistochemical localization. A significant positive correlation was noted between IHL-PRL and PRLR (r=0.26, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS This multifaceted study of PRL suggests that breast cancer cells produce PRL and that this ectopically produced PRL may act as a major local growth promoter via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. It may provide new insights into endocrine treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bhatavdekar
- The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, 380 016, India
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Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Vora HH, Shah NG, Chikhlikar PR, Ghosh N. Prolactin as a local growth promoter in patients with locally advanced tongue cancer: GCRI experience. Head Neck 2000; 22:257-64. [PMID: 10748449 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(200005)22:3<257::aid-hed8>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the role of prolactin (PRL) in men with locally advanced tongue cancer. METHODS Circulating PRL was assayed immunoradiometrically in pretherapeutic and sequential blood samples of 99 patients with locally advanced tongue cancer. Patients were followed for 3 years or until their death within a stipulated time. Immunohistochemical localization of PRL was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Tumoral prolactin receptors (PRLR) were estimated by ligand binding assay; the expression of PRL mRNA and PRLR mRNA were carried out by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, PRL amplimer was sequenced and compared with human pituitary PRL amplimer. RESULTS Pretherapeutic PRL levels were significantly higher in patients with locally advanced tongue cancer compared with controls (p =.01). Thirty-four percent (34 of 99) of the patients had hyperprolactinemia (PRL >/=15.0 ng/mL). Univariate survival analysis showed that patients with pretherapeutic hyperprolactinemia had a significantly shorter overall survival than patients with pretherapeutic PRL <15.0 ng/mL serum (p =.0009). In multivariate analysis, PRL emerged as the most significant independent prognostic factor influencing overall survival. Furthermore, changes in serial PRL levels showed excellent correlation with response to therapy and progression of disease. Forty-four percent (24 of 54) of the tumors showed positive immunoreactivity with PRL antibody, indicating that PRL or a molecule similar to it is produced by tongue tumors. PRL mRNA expression was seen in 85% (43 of 50) of the tumors and confirmed the de novo synthesis of PRL. Sequence analysis of the 234 bp PRL amplimer revealed that the sequence was homologous to exon 5 of pituitary PRL mRNA. The action of PRL is mediated by PRLR, and it was observed that the PRLR positivity by ligand binding assay was 33%. The expression of PRLR mRNA by RT-PCR showed two forms of PRLR mRNA (ie, intermediate form [500-600 bp] seen in 82% (41 of 50 ) of the tumors and the long form [800-900 bp] seen in 36% (18 of 50) of the tumors. In 82% (41 of 50) of the tumors, either the intermediate or long form was seen. CONCLUSIONS This multifaceted study of PRL suggests that tongue cancer cells produce PRL, and this ectopically produced PRL might be acting as a major local growth promoter by means of autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Looking at its prognostic value and correlation with disease activity, it may provide new insights into treatment of tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bhatavdekar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Asarwa, Ahmedabad-380 016, India
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Kajdaniuk D, Marek B. Influence of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and chosen hormones in breast cancer pre-menopausal patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000; 25:67-72. [PMID: 10771466 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2000.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effect of chemotherapy on levels of IGF-I in patients with breast cancer. BACKGROUND The latest reports on the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in breast cancer pathogenesis emphasize the importance of the effect of therapy on plasma IGF-I concentration and more generally on the hormonal state of the patient. METHOD Twenty-four breast cancer patients on adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) were studied along with 16 healthy pre-menopausal women. RESULTS Plasma IGF-I concentration (determined by RIA method) in breast cancer patients prior to treatment did not differ significantly from that of healthy women, but it was significantly decreased after the first cycle of CMF, and significantly lowered as compared to a group of healthy women. CONCLUSION Further research into the significance of these findings is necessary. No interaction was found between mean IGF-I and growth hormone, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, met-enkephalin or melatonin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kajdaniuk
- Department of Pathophysiology & Endocrinology, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland
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Twaddle GM, Turbov J, Liu N, Murthy S. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against an estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line in vitro. J Surg Oncol 1999; 70:83-90. [PMID: 10084649 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199902)70:2<83::aid-jso4>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation is critical for growth factor-mediated cell proliferation. Blockade of RTK activation inhibits growth factor-induced cell proliferation. A panel of RTK inhibitors (tyrphostins) have been tested and compared for their antiproliferative effects on the hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, in vitro. METHODS MCF-7 cells (10(4)/well) were seeded into 96 well plates and maintained in DMEM with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 200-pg/mL estrogen, or 10% fetal bovine serum. After a defined time interval, the cells were exposed to RTK inhibitors and a non-RTK-inhibitory analog of tyrphostins (0 to 400 microM). After 3 days, the number of viable cells in each well was estimated by an MTT assay and the results expressed as percent of controls. Using a representative tyrphostin, A47, the validity of MTT assay as a measure of cell proliferation was tested by a colony formation assay and by immunostaining with Ki-67 antibodies. RESULTS MCF-7 cells maintained in DMEM containing 1% BSA without E2 or serum showed a minimal increase in cell number. Supplementation with E2 stimulated cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This E2-mediated growth stimulation was completely inhibited (cytostatic effects) by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-selective tyrphostins A47, B48, RG13022, and B50. These same tyrphostins also decreased the cell numbers to below control numbers in cultures maintained in 1% BSA or in serum containing medium (cytostatic/cytotoxic effects). B44 (EGFR-selective tyrphostin), AG1295 (platelet-derived growth factor receptor [PDGFR]-selective tyrphostin), and A1 had no inhibitory effects on cells with or without E2 treatments. However, A1 inhibited cell growth under serum supplementation. Genistein, a phytoestrogen, stimulated the autonomous, E2-induced as well as serum-induced growth of MCF-7 cells. Cell proliferation results derived from the MTT assay were corroborated by both the colony formation assay as well as the Ki-67 assay. CONCLUSIONS Of the agents tested, only EGFR-selective tyrphostins blocked E2-stimulated tumor cell proliferation, as opposed to the PDGFR-selective tyrphostin, RTK noninhibitory agent, or the phytoestrogen, genistein, which did not exert such an effect. These findings suggest that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important mediator of E2-induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Thus, tyrphostins may be selectively used to prevent the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancers, particularly regrowth of residual tumor in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors receiving estrogen replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Twaddle
- Department of Surgery, Evanston Hospital, Illinois 60201, USA
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16
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Speirs V, Green AR, Walton DS, Kerin MJ, Fox JN, Carleton PJ, Desai SB, Atkin SL. Short-term primary culture of epithelial cells derived from human breast tumours. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:1421-9. [PMID: 9836473 PMCID: PMC2063218 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As experimental models for breast cancer, most studies rely on established human breast cancer cell lines. However, many of these lines were established over 20 years ago, many from pleural effusions rather than the primary tumour, so the validity of using them as representative models is questionable. This paper describes our experiences, over a 3-year period, in establishing short-term epithelial-cell-enriched preparations from primary breast tumours based on differential centrifugation followed by culture in selective media. Epithelial cells were successfully cultured from 55% of samples, but culture success did not appear to be correlated with tumour histology, stage, grade or node status. Epithelial cell-enriched cultures were immunopositive for broad-spectrum cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Positivity for keratin 19 confirmed that the cultures contained tumour-derived cells, which additionally showed significantly higher activity of the reductive pathway of the steroid-converting enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. That the cultures contained tumour and not normal epithelial cells was further substantiated by the complete absence of the calmodulin-like gene NB-1 in tumour-derived cultures; this is only associated with normal breast epithelia. Eighty-five per cent of cultures established from oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumours expressed ER in vitro; this was functional in 66% of cultures, although ER-positive phenotype was gradually lost over time. In conclusion, epithelial cells can be isolated and maintained as short-term cultures from primary breast tumours irrespective of histopathological or clinical details, providing a model system with a greater biological and clinical relevance than breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Speirs
- Department of Medicine, University of Hull, UK
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17
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de Cupis A, Pirani P, Fazzuoli L, Favoni RE. Responsiveness to hormone, growth factor and drug treatment of a human breast cancer cell line: comparison between early and late cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:836-43. [PMID: 9870534 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth rate, morphology, and responsiveness to mitogenic stimuli and pharmacological treatments were evaluated in early and late cell passages derived from the same clone of the widely used MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Our results indicate dissimilarities between early (E) and late (L) passages for some of the parameters analyzed. The cells that underwent many subcultivations grew faster than the others; both appeared homogeneous in size and shape. The E cells, subcultured for almost 1 yr, displayed higher sensitivity to the mitogenic action of both estradiol, according to the level of estrogen receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-I than did the L cells, kept in culture for more than 10 yr. Cell responsiveness to two drugs, a novel steroid antiestrogen and a polysulfonated distamycin A derivative, was more pronounced in the early cultures only at the longer time of exposure to the higher concentration of the estrogen antagonist. In addition, a drug-induced inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I binding to its receptor was shown in both E and L cells, the latter being less sensitive than the former when exposed to the antiestrogen. Finally, MCF-7 E and L cells showed similar behavior when drug-induced apoptosis was tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Cupis
- Department of Preclinical Oncology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Surbone A, Petrek JA. Pregnancy after breast cancer. The relationship of pregnancy to breast cancer development and progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998; 27:169-78. [PMID: 9649931 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(97)10038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Surbone
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York 10021, USA.
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19
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de Cupis A, Favoni RE. Oestrogen/growth factor cross-talk in breast carcinoma: a specific target for novel antioestrogens. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997; 18:245-51. [PMID: 9253856 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(97)01083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells express receptors for and are sensitive to a variety of steroids, polypeptide hormones and growth factors; the blocking of and/or the interference with their biochemical pathways could represent a new approach to breast tumour therapy. Antioestrogens achieve such a goal by competing with oestradiol for binding to the oestrogen receptors through which intracellular effects of the hormone are mediated. Tamoxifen has undergone the most extensive clinical evaluations and represents the treatment of choice for the endocrine management of breast cancer. Nevertheless, it is well known that tamoxifen retains agonist activity both in vitro and in vivo. To circumvent this disadvantage, new molecules with steroid-like structure, represented by ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780, have been synthesized. In this review, Alessandra de Cupis and Roberto Favoni review data about the cross-talk between the two major families of breast cancer growth regulator: oestrogens and growth factors, focusing on the use of nonsteroidal antioestrogens and the new generation of steroidal antioestrogens as possible specifically targeted inhibitors of breast tumour proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Cupis
- Department of Preclinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per la Alcarca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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20
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Oestrogen/growth factor cross-talk in breast carcinoma: a specific target for novel antioestrogens. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(97)90632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Outwater JL, Nicholson A, Barnard N. Dairy products and breast cancer: the IGF-I, estrogen, and bGH hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1997; 48:453-61. [PMID: 9247884 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on the role of dietary factors in breast cancer causation has focused predominantly on fat intake. While some studies have examined associations between breast cancer rates and consumption of whole milk, there has been less attention given to dairy products in general. Dairy products contain both hormones and growth factors, in addition to fat and various chemical contaminants, that have been implicated in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. This literature review evaluates the epidemiological and mechanistic evidence linking dairy consumption with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Outwater
- A. B. Princeton University 1996, Physicians Committee For Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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22
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23
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Kondapaka SB, Fridman R, Reddy KB. Epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:722-6. [PMID: 9096655 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970317)70:6<722::aid-ijc15>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The EGF family of proteins encompasses several polypeptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), amphiregulin (AR) and heregulin (HRG-beta 1). These polypeptides regulate proliferation in breast cancer cells through interaction with membrane receptors. It has been previously shown that high EGF receptor number correlates with aggressive behavior and increased metastasis in human breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the association between EGF and EGF-like ligand-induced DNA synthesis and secretion of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in metastatic SKBR-3 and non-metastatic MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Exposure of SKBR-3 cells to EGF or AR induces expression of MMP-9 but has no effect on MMP-2 secretion. In contrast to EGF and AR, HRG had no effect on gelatinase induction. None of the EGF polypeptides had any effect on gelatinase induction in MCF-7 non-metastatic breast cancer cells. While a relatively specific inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase, PD 153035, inhibited EGF-, AR- and HRG-induced cell proliferation, it had no effect on MMP-9 induced by EGF and AR. Experimental evidence suggests that signaling mechanisms for cell proliferation and MMP-9 induction are mediated by different pathways down-stream of EGF receptor autophosphorylation or that low levels of EGF-induced signal that escape inhibition are sufficient to induce MMP-9 but unable to support cell proliferation. In addition, our results suggest that EGF and AR may modulate invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells by increasing the expression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kondapaka
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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24
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Benlot C, Lévy L, Fontanaud P, Roche A, Rouannet P, Joubert D. Somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal and tumoral human breast tissue: endogenous content, in vitro pulsatile release, and regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:690-6. [PMID: 9024278 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.2.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous production of SRIH and GHRH was analyzed in human breast tissue. SRIH precursor (pro-SRIH) was identified after Sephadex G-50 filtration of acetic acid extracts of normal and tumoral human breast samples. SRIH-(1-14) or -(1-28) could not be detected in breast tissue, whereas the immunoreactive SRIH released in vitro was characterized as SRIH-(1-28). Endogenous production of GHRH was assessed by identification of GHRH messenger ribonucleic acid by PCR followed by sequencing of the amplified complementary DNA and by high performance liquid chromatographic characterization of immunoreactive GHRH contained in the tissue and released in vitro. There were no differences in pro-SRIH or GHRH-(1-44) tissue contents between normal and tumoral samples. The release of both peptides was evidenced in perifusion and static incubation. Perifusion of normal breast tissue (n = 3) showed pulsatile release of SRIH and GHRH. Perifusion of tumors (n = 4) showed SRIH release in 50% of the cases. SRIH release was pulsatile in one case. GHRH release was observed in the four tumoral samples analyzed, but was pulsatile in only one case. In static incubation, tumors (n = 6) secreted 13 times more GHRH than did normal samples (n = 3; 383 +/- 92 vs. 29.6 +/- 4.6 fmol/mg protein; P < 0.05). Stimulation of GHRH release by exogenous SRIH was observed only with the normal tissue. Together these data provide evidence for the existence of local production of SRIH and GHRH by human breast. Hypersecretion of GHRH by breast tumors indicates that this peptide could play a role in maintaining epithelial cell proliferation as is the case for other peptides produced locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benlot
- Laboratoires Sandoz, Rueil-Malmaison, Montpellier, France
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25
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Betz NA, Fattaey HK, Westhoff BA, Paulsen AQ, Johnson TC. CeReS-18, a novel cell surface sialoglycopeptide, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a calcium-sensitive manner. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 42:137-48. [PMID: 9138603 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005735723808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Very few growth inhibitors have been identified which can inhibit the proliferation of a broad spectrum of human breast cancer cell lines. CeReS-18, a novel cell surface sialoglycopeptide growth inhibitor, can reversibly inhibit the proliferation of both estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and negative (BT-20) human breast cancer cell lines. In addition, at concentrations above those required for the reversible inhibition of cell proliferation, CeReS-18 can also induce cell death in MCF-7 cells. Changes in nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology, characteristic of apoptosis, were detected in MCF-7 cells treated with a cytotoxic concentration of CeReS-18, and internucleosomal DNA cleavage was also observed. The sensitivity of MCF-7 and BT-20 cells to the biological properties of CeReS-18 could be influenced by altering the calcium concentration in the extracellular growth medium, such that when the calcium concentration in the environment was decreased, and increased sensitivity to CeReS-18-induced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity were observed. The addition of the calcium chelating agent EGTA to MCF-7 cells, cultured in a normal calcium environment, could mimic the increased sensitivity to the biological effects of CeReS-18 observed under reduced calcium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Betz
- Center for Basic Cancer Research, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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26
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Rostagno P, Moll JL, Birtwisle-Peyrottes I, Ettore F, Caldani C. Cell cycle expression of estrogen receptors determined by image analysis on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996; 39:147-54. [PMID: 8872323 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated, by image analysis, the cell cycle expression of estrogen receptors (ER) on MCF-7 cell line and on MCF-7 xenografts. The results demonstrate, in vitro as well as in vivo, an increase of ER concentration during the G0/G1-phase, followed by a decrease during the S-phase until the late S-phase where a rapid increase was noted. These results confirm that estrogens are involved in the DNA synthesis since ER is expressed in vivo at a maximal level in the late G1. In presence of saturating concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, the mean ER concentration in G0/G1 phase is significantly decreased compared with the control cells cultured in estrogen-deprived medium. This indicates that 17 beta-estradiol down-regulates ER preferentially in the G0/G1 phase. These data suggest that ER in S and G2/M phases is unable to interact with its ligand. Consequently, estrogens may have no effects on the entry of cells in mitosis. Finally, after long-term tamoxifen treatment of MCF-7 xenografts, a tamoxifen-resistant tumor was developed which was characterized by a change in the profile of ER concentration during the G0/G1 phase. In conclusion, it is possible that the differences in cell cycle distribution of ER could be correlated with different phenotypes of breast cancer and also with different clinical phases of tumoral evolution. However, it remains to be known what is the clinical significance of the ER cell cycle expression in relation to tumor aggressiveness and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rostagno
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
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27
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Zanardi S, Pensa F, Torrisi R, de Franchis V, Barreca A, Minuto F, Boccardo F. Presence and distribution of growth factors in breast cyst fluid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 784:542-9. [PMID: 8651614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb16278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Zanardi
- Servizio di Oncologia Medica II, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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28
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van Roozendaal KE, Klijn JG, van Ooijen B, Claassen C, Eggermont AM, Henzen-Logmans SC, Foekens JA. Differential regulation of breast tumor cell proliferation by stromal fibroblasts of various breast tissue sources. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:120-5. [PMID: 8543388 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960103)65:1<120::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A stromal fibroblast-mediated paracrine regulation of epithelial tumor cell proliferation and differentiation plays an important role in the development and progression of breast tumors. We have studied the paracrine growth regulation of various phenotypically different breast cancer cell lines using conditioned serum-free media (C-SFM) from primary breast fibroblasts. Fibroblast cultures were established from malignant primary tumors and adjacent normal breast tissue, benign fibroadenomas, cosmetic reduction mammoplasties and breast skin tissues. All fibroblast-conditioned media were shown to stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. However, the C-SFM-induced MCF-7 proliferative response was shown to be significantly higher than the proliferative response observed with any of the other cell lines tested. More importantly, the MCF-7 proliferative response obtained with malignant tumor tissue fibroblast C-SFM was shown to be significantly higher than the response to C-SFM from paired (and unpaired) normal adjacent breast tissue fibroblasts. The MCF-7 proliferative response to fibroblast C-SFM from normal tissue (adjacent to the tumor) was further shown to be comparable to the MCF-7 response using benign or reduction mammoplastic tissue fibroblast C-SFM. In addition, we show that IGFs are only partly responsible for the observed proliferative effect of the C-SFMs, while EGF, TGF alpha and basic-FGF are shown not to be involved. We conclude that stromal fibroblasts can differentially regulate breast cancer cell proliferation. Both the fibroblast's tissue source as well as the target tumor cell's phenotype will determine the extent of the proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E van Roozendaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Favoni RE, de Cupis A, Perrotta A, Sforzini S, Amoroso D, Pensa F, Miglietta L. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins blood serum levels in women with early- and late-stage breast cancer: mutual relationship and possible correlations with patients' hormonal status. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121:674-82. [PMID: 7593132 DOI: 10.1007/bf01218526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer involve complex interactions between hormones and polypeptide growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). IGF-I has been found in stromal fibroblasts derived from malignant and benign breast tissue and it is a mitogen for several breast cancer cell lines. It circulates bound to specific high-affinity binding proteins, which could act as either positive or negative modulators of tumorigenesis. This study has been addressed to characterize IGF-I and its binding proteins in the serum of 85 unselected patients with early breast cancer. The IGF-I concentration was assessed by radioimmunoassay of 69 out of 85 samples before and after dissociation of the IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGF-BP) complex whereas IGF-BP of all 85 sera were analyzed by Western ligand blotting; estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in native serum samples. In our study no differences in IGF-I serum levels between pre- and post-menopausal patients were observed. Patients with higher estradiol and progesterone serum levels did not present different IGF-I concentrations compared to patients with lower serum levels. Furthermore, IGF-I median values were not found to depend on estrogen receptor (ER) status. A heterogeneous quali-quantitative molecular pattern of binding proteins was detected: IGF-BP3 and IGF-BP1 were the most and the least expressed respectively. No correlations between ER status, or parameters related to the hormonal status, and IGF-I or binding proteins expression were observed. No significant differences in IGF-I concentration and IGF-BP expression were observed between cancer patients and a control group matched for age and menopausal status. Finally, preliminary collection of 20 sera derived from patients with late breast cancer was analyzed for IGF-I and its binding proteins content.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Favoni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Genova, Italy
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30
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de Cupis A, Noonan D, Pirani P, Ferrera A, Clerico L, Favoni RE. Comparison between novel steroid-like and conventional nonsteroidal antioestrogens in inhibiting oestradiol- and IGF-I-induced proliferation of human breast cancer-derived cells. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116:2391-400. [PMID: 8581274 PMCID: PMC1909063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. This study has two specific aims: (a) to compare the antioestrogenic activity of two steroidal analogues of 17 beta-oestradiol, the 7 alpha-alkylamide, ICI 164,384 and the 7 alpha-alkylsulphinylamide, ICI 182,780, with that of the triphenylethylene-derived compound 4OH-tamoxifen on a pool of human breast cancer cell lines (HBCCL) with a range of hormonal responsiveness and acquired anti-oestrogen resistance and (b) to investigate the ability of such antioestrogens to modulate the potent breast carcinoma growth-stimulatory activity of the 'IGF-I system'. 2. For the chemosensitivity investigations we used a long-term colorimetric and the short-term thymidine incorporation assay; we analysed IGF-I in conditioned media by a radioimmunoassay, IGF-I mRNA in the cells by RT-PCR and molecular species of IGF-I-binding proteins, secreted in conditioned media, by Western ligand blot. IGF-I receptors were assayed on cell monolayers by binding studies and by Scatchard analysis, we calculated KD, Bmax and sites/cell. 3. Our results indicate that ICI 182,780 and ICI 164,384 are 1.5-5.5 fold more potent than 4OH-tamoxifen in inhibiting the basal proliferation of oestrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell lines. Moreover we demonstrate the capacity of ICI 182,780 and ICI 164,384 to reduce, in a time-dependent fashion, oestrogen- and/or IGF-I-stimulated growth of ER+cell lines, possibly by negatively interfering with an IGF-I-like material secretion and IGF-I-receptor number. 4. Our data provide the first evidence that, on ER+human breast carcinoma cell lines, steroidal antioestrogens inhibit cell growth and modulate the IGF-I mitogenic system. The mechanism of this latter effect has yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Cupis
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Earp HS, Dawson TL, Li X, Yu H. Heterodimerization and functional interaction between EGF receptor family members: a new signaling paradigm with implications for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995; 35:115-32. [PMID: 7612898 DOI: 10.1007/bf00694752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The EGF receptor (EGFR) and HER2 are members of a growth factor receptor family. Overexpression of either protein in advanced breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis. EGF stimulates growth by binding to EGFR, activating the receptor's intracellular tyrosine kinase. The initial consequence is phosphorylation of specific tyrosine-containing sequences in the receptor's carboxyl terminus. These phosphotyrosines serves as high affinity recognition sites for proteins that, in turn, transmit the growth signal inside the cell. Mechanistic studies suggest that EGF binds to a single EGFR, triggering dimerization with another like receptor molecule. This dimerization is thought to initiate the tyrosine kinase activation. The EGF receptor family was recently expanded with the sequencing of HER3 and HER4. Each of the four family members was postulated to regulate a unique growth or differentiation signaling repertoire when activated by a receptor-specific ligand. However, new data from numerous laboratories suggest that EGFR family members may play a complex and ultimately more flexible role in signaling by forming heterodimers between family members, e.g. EGFR:HER2 or HER4:HER2. These heterodimers may form even when only one member of the pair binds its ligand. This review summarizes current work on heterodimerization and attempts to predict the consequences for downstream signaling. In brief, when compared to ligand-dependent receptor homodimers comprised of two proteins with the same internalization sequence and phosphorylated tyrosine residues, heterodimers are likely to: i) expand substrate selection and downstream signaling pathway activation; ii) promote interaction between sets of substrates in the mixed receptor complexes that would not ordinarily be physically juxtaposed; iii) alter the duration of receptor signaling by changing rates of receptor internalization, ligand loss, kinase inactivation, recycling, etc.; and iv) alter rates of receptor and substrate dephosphorylation. In addition to understanding interactions of heterodimers with the internalization machinery, identification of receptor-specific substrates and binding proteins for each EGFR family member will be necessary to explicate the role of heterodimers in growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Earp
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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32
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Chetrite G, Blumberg-Tick J, Pasqualini JR. Effect of Decapeptyl (a GnRH analogue) and of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), in the presence of heparin, on the sulfatase activity of human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 52:451-7. [PMID: 7748810 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00004-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the polypeptide Decapeptyl (a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist analogue) and of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), on estrone sulfate-sulfatase activities in the homogenates of various breast cancer cell lines were studied in the presence of heparin. In hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Decapeptyl can inhibit sulfatase activity, and this effect is significantly augmented in the presence of heparin. In the other hormone-dependent T-47D breast cancer cell line, the decrease of sulfatase activity was only significant when Decapeptyl was associated with heparin. No significant effect on sulfatase activity elicited by heparin, Decapeptyl or a mixture of both was found in the hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. TGF-alpha stimulates sulfatase activity in the MDA-MB-231 cells but has no effect in the MCF-7 cells; in contrast, TGF-alpha combined with heparin provokes a decrease of the sulfatase activity in both cell lines. It is concluded that the sulfatase activity in some types of breast cancer cell can be inhibited by heparin combined with the polypeptides Decapeptyl or TGF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chetrite
- C.N.R.S. Steroid Hormone Research Unit, Foundation for Hormone Research, Paris, France
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33
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Hofland LJ, van der Burg B, van Eijck CH, Sprij DM, van Koetsveld PM, Lamberts SW. Role of tumor-derived fibroblasts in the growth of primary cultures of human breast-cancer cells: effects of epidermal growth factor and the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:93-9. [PMID: 7529213 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated the role of human breast-cancer-derived fibroblasts in the proliferation of primary cultures of epithelial cells derived from the same tumor. For this purpose, a co-culture system, using Transwell tissue-culture inserts with microporous membranes was employed. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells were enriched according to differences in their density on Percoll density gradients. The co-culture system was first established using MCF-7 breast cancer cells and a human fibroblast line (HF cells). Insulin, 17 beta-estradiol, EGF and HF cells all significantly stimulated the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The stimulatory effects of insulin, E2 and EGF were additive to the stimulatory effect of HF cells. These data suggest that (unique) factor(s), other than the above-mentioned growth-promoting compounds, are responsible for the growth-promoting effects of fibroblasts. In half of the human breast cancers investigated, tumor-derived fibroblasts stimulated tumor-derived epithelial cell proliferation. EGF significantly stimulated epithelial cell proliferation in 4 out of 6 cultures. The stimulatory effects of fibroblasts and EGF were additive or synergistic, and were observed in the additional presence of FCS, again suggesting production of unique factor(s) by the fibroblasts. In one culture the fibroblasts significantly inhibited epithelial tumor-cell proliferation. Conversely, the epithelial cells significantly stimulated proliferation of fibroblasts in 3 out of 3 cultures. The somatostatin analogue octreotide significantly inhibited epithelial cell proliferation by 46% in one tumor-cell culture in the absence, but not in the presence, of fibroblasts. In one culture, octreotide significantly inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts co-cultured with epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Madsen MW, Moyret C, Theillet C, Briand P. Growth factor requirement, oncogene expression and TP53 mutations of a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic subline of the human breast carcinoma cell line, HMT-3909. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:362-7. [PMID: 7786603 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00480-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
From a human breast carcinoma cell line, HMT-3909, a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic subline have previously been described. Cells of both sublines have been characterised as carcinoma cells. In the present work we examined whether differences in growth factor requirements or oncogene expression may explain the difference in tumorigenicity. We found that exogenous growth factor dependence discriminated between the two sublines. No alterations in oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes were demonstrated that could explain the differences in tumorigenicity. The lower growth factor requirement and the higher growth rate of the tumorigenic subline indicates that, in these cells, growth potential may determine the outcome of the tumorigenicity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Madsen
- Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen
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35
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Bitter MA, Fiorito D, Corkill ME, Huffer WE, Stemmer SM, Shpall EJ, Archer PG, Franklin WA. Bone marrow involvement by lobular carcinoma of the breast cannot be identified reliably by routine histological examination alone. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:781-8. [PMID: 7520018 DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to evaluate the ability of pathologists to recognize infiltration of bone marrow core biopsy specimens by breast carcinoma, particularly lobular carcinoma, using routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) sections; and (2) if indicated, to determine the reasons for difficulties in diagnosis. Thirty-six bone cores obtained before bone marrow harvest were involved by breast carcinoma and were confirmed by pancytokeratin immunostains. Thirty of the 36 were ductal carcinomas and six were lobular carcinomas. Fourteen negative bone core biopsy specimens (from patients with breast cancer or lymphoma) were included as controls. These 50 bone cores were reviewed by three surgical pathologists. Lobular carcinoma was correctly identified in only 39% of positive specimens as compared with 88% for ductal carcinoma. After instruction, sensitivity for the detection of lobular carcinoma improved to 61% but at the expense of an unacceptably high rate of false-positive diagnoses (18%). None of the three pathologists was able to achieve both high sensitivity and high specificity in recognizing lobular carcinoma in the bone marrow. Lobular carcinoma was difficult to detect because of tumor cell size similar to hematopoietic cells, infiltration as single cells, presence of bland cytological features, and paucity of tissue reaction to the tumor. Although the number of cases of bone marrow involved by lobular carcinoma is small, these findings suggest that pancytokeratin stains should be performed routinely in the evaluation of bone core biopsy specimens from patients with lobular carcinoma, and probably from patients with ductal carcinoma whose HE-stained bone core biopsy specimens are considered negative for tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bitter
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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36
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van den Koedijk CD, Blankenstein MA, Thijssen JH. Speculation on the mechanism of action of triphenylethylene antioestrogens. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:1927-37. [PMID: 8010979 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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37
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Qi CF, Liscia DS, Normanno N, Merlo G, Johnson GR, Gullick WJ, Ciardiello F, Saeki T, Brandt R, Kim N. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha, amphiregulin and cripto-1 in human breast carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:903-10. [PMID: 8180021 PMCID: PMC1968887 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related peptides, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), amphiregulin (AR) and cripto-1 (CR-1), was examined by immunocytochemistry (ICC) in 68 primary infiltrating ductal (IDCs) and infiltrating lobular breast carcinomas (ILCs), and in 23 adjacent non-involved human mammary tissue samples. Within the 68 IDC and ILC specimens, 54 (79%) expressed immunoreactive TGF-alpha, 52 (77%) expressed AR and 56 (82%) expressed CR-1. Cytoplasmic staining was observed with all of the antibodies, and this staining could be eliminated by preabsorption of the antibodies with the appropriate peptide immunogen. Cytoplasmic staining with all of the antibodies was confined to the carcinoma cells, since no specific immunoreactivity could be detected in the surrounding stromal or endothelial cells. In addition to cytoplasmic reactivity, the AR antibody also exhibited nuclear staining in a number of the carcinoma specimens. No significant correlations were found between the percentage of carcinoma cells that were positive for TGF-alpha, AR or CR-1 and oestrogen receptor status, axillary lymph node involvement, histological grade, tumour size, proliferative index, loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17p or overall patient survival. However, a highly significant inverse correlation was observed between the average percentage of carcinoma cells that expressed AR in individual tumours and the presence of a point-mutated p53 gene. Likewise, a significantly higher percentage of tumour cells in the ILC group expressed AR as compared with the average percentage of tumour cells that expressed AR in the IDC group. Of the 23 adjacent, non-involved breast tissue samples, CR-1 could be detected by ICC in only three (13%), while TGF-alpha was found in six (26%) and AR in ten (43%) of the non-involved breast tissues. These data demonstrate that breast carcinomas express multiple EGF-related peptides and show that the differential expression of CR-1 in malignant breast epithelial cells may serve as a potential tumour marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Qi
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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38
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39
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Bebök Z, Márkus B, Németh P. Prognostic relevance of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) detected in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 29:229-35. [PMID: 8049457 DOI: 10.1007/bf00666476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The function of different growth factors in the development and progression of malignant tumors and the role of cytotoxic cytokines in the host response generated against neoplasms have been recently studied. Anti-TGF-alpha and anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody families have been developed and characterized previously by our laboratory. Libraries of anti-TGF-alpha and anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies were selected for equal immunoreactivity both in native (frozen) and in formaldehyde fixed, paraffin embedded histological sections. No differences were found between native and fixed samples demonstrated in 10 cases in the present prospective study. Retrospective investigation was performed in 35 histopathological specimens of breast cancer patients detailed clinically and observed during 5 years after the surgical treatment. Correlation between TGF-alpha and/or TNF-alpha expression and clinical staging--TNM score, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence and survival time--was analyzed. According to our present study, the TGF-alpha positive patients had worse clinical prognosis than the TNF-alpha positive and double positive cases during long term observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bebök
- University Medical School of Pécs, Immunological and Biotechnological Laboratory, Hungary
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40
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Anolik JH, Klinge CM, Bambara RA, Hilf R. Differential impact of flanking sequences on estradiol- vs 4-hydroxytamoxifen-liganded estrogen receptor binding to estrogen responsive element DNA. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 46:713-30. [PMID: 8274405 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90312-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which antiestrogens antagonize the ability of estrogen receptor (ER) to induce the transcription of estrogen-regulated genes is only partially understood. To examine the effect of estrogen responsive element (ERE) stereoalignment and flanking sequences on estradiol-liganded ER (E2-ER)-ERE and antiestrogen-liganded ER (4-hydroxytamoxifen-liganded ER or 4-OHT-ER)-ERE binding, several dimeric EREs, containing a perfect inverted repeat (5'-GGTCAgagTGACC-3') but lacking the AT-rich flanking sequences typical of highly estrogen-responsive promoters, were cloned into a plasmid vector. The ERE centers of symmetry were spaced 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 6.4 and 6.7 helical turns apart. E2-ER and 4-OHT-ER binding to these constructs was specific and saturable, but orientation-independent and, in contrast to our earlier work with E2-ER binding to AT-rich EREs, not cooperative. The affinity of E2-ER binding decreased as the distance between adjacent EREs was increased, suggesting that E2-ER binding to closely spaced EREs is more stable (Kd = 0.38, 0.58, 0.83, 1.23, and 0.96 nM, respectively, for the above spacings). In contrast, the affinity of 4-OHT-ER binding increased with increased ERE spacing (Kd = 2.90, 4.79, 1.39, 1.77, and 0.92 nM, respectively). The presence of AT-rich sequences flanking the ERE increased the binding affinity of E2-ER and 4-OHT-ER, an increase reflected in slower dissociation rates of ER from these EREs. The AT-rich sequence also enhanced the binding capacity of E2-ER but not 4-OHT-ER. Since the binding capacity of 4-OHT-ER is identical with or without an AT-rich region, we suggest that flanking sequences are more important in stabilizing E2-ER binding and may be critical for cooperative binding to stereoaligned EREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Anolik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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41
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Sandowski Y, Peri I, Gertler A. Partial purification and characterization of putative paracrine/autocrine bovine mammary epithelium growth factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(93)90180-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Ravera F, Miglietta L, Pirani P, Ferrini S, Favoni RE. Suramin-induced growth inhibition and insulin-like growth factor-I binding blockade in human breast carcinoma cell lines: potentially related events. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:225-30. [PMID: 8422287 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90180-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Suramin, a polyanionic drug used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, inhibits growth factor-induced mitogenesis in several human tumours. We have investigated the effect of suramin on human breast cancer cell lines (HBCCL). By cell counts and thymidine incorporation we found that 50 to 400 micrograms/ml suramin inhibits the proliferation of HBCCL in a dose-dependent and reversible fashion (ID50 approximately 200 micrograms/ml for MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231). Radioreceptor and affinity cross-linking assays showed that suramin was also able to reduce the binding of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to its receptor (40-50% inhibition at 100 micrograms/ml). Our results indicate that the drug does not affect the IGF-I receptor (IGF-I-R), but binds directly to the IGF-I peptide. In conclusion, the strict correlation observed between suramin inhibition of proliferation and IGF-I binding on HBCCL suggests a possible therapeutic role for this molecule as an antineoplastic drug in human breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ravera
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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43
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Cappelletti V, Ruedl C, Miodini P, Fioravanti L, Coradini D, Di Fronzo G, Silvestrini R. Paracrine interaction in co-culture of hormone-dependent and independent breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 26:275-81. [PMID: 8251652 DOI: 10.1007/bf00665805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A permeable solid support (Transwell Coll.) was used to develop serum-free co-cultures allowing paracrine interactions between hormone-dependent (MCF-7, ZR75.1) and hormone-independent (MDAMB-231, BT20) breast cancer cell lines. Both hormone-independent cell lines were able to stimulate the growth of the hormone-dependent lines, whereas the opposite was observed only in the case of BT20 co-culture with ZR75.1 cells. The cell growth stimulation observed in co-cultures could be abolished by the addition to the culture medium of an excess of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Similarly, treatment with a neutralizing anti TGF alpha antibody impaired the growth stimulation exerted by hormone-independent cells on hormone-dependent cells. These results confirm the important role of paracrine interactions in control of the growth of human heterogeneous breast tumors and suggest that the main growth factors involved in such interactions are TGF alpha and probably some growth factors from the insulin-like growth factor family rather than IGF-I itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cappelletti
- Oncologia Sperimentale C, Instituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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44
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Freiss G, Prébois C, Vignon F. William L. McGuire Memorial Symposium. Control of breast cancer cell growth by steroids and growth factors: interactions and mechanisms. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 27:57-68. [PMID: 8260730 DOI: 10.1007/bf00683193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the simple model for control of breast cancer growth involving one or two factors acting directly or indirectly via endocrine pathways has turned into a complex model implicating numerous interacting factors and the diverse cell populations constituting breast tumors. Current approaches to breast cancer therapy now require integration of these multiple parameters and enhanced understanding of the different levels of their intricate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Freiss
- INSERM Unit 148 on Hormones and Cancer, Montpellier, France
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45
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Decensi A, Formelli F, Torrisi R, Costa A. Breast cancer chemoprevention: studies with 4-HPR alone and in combination with tamoxifen using circulating growth factors as potential surrogate endpoints. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1993; 17G:226-33. [PMID: 8007703 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240531142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR), a synthetic derivative of retinoic acid, has proven effective at inhibiting in vitro breast cancer cell growth and preventing the progression of chemically induced mammary carcinoma in rodents. Our group has made a particular effort with regard to this molecule in clinical studies aimed at evaluating its pharmacology, toxicity, and efficacy in breast cancer prevention. We have demonstrated that 4-HPR blood levels remain constant during administration for as long as 5 years, that the drug accumulates in the human breast, and that it induces a significant decline of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. To date, 2,972 Stage I breast cancer patients have been randomized to evaluate the efficacy of a 5-year administration of 4-HPR to prevent new contralateral primary breast cancers. Compliance to protocol and treatment is high and tolerability of the drug is good; only 51 women out of 1,397 (3.6%) had to interrupt drug intake due to toxicity. The only potential limitation to the extensive use of 4-HPR is diminished dark adaptation, which occurs in about one-fourth of the patients and is dependent on the decline of plasma retinol below the threshold level of 100 ng/ml. Plasma levels of (4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR), the principal metabolite of 4-HPR, which are higher in elderly women with a high percentage of adipose tissue, are the major determinants of the retinol decrease. However, about 50% of the patients with altered dark-adaptometry are asymptomatic and the alterations are promptly reversible upon drug discontinuation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decensi
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Genova, Italy
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46
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Ormerod MG, Titley JC, Smith TA, Tombs AL, Eccles S. Proliferative behaviour of an oestrogen sensitive rat mammary tumour: evidence for a paracrine interaction between tumour and stroma. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:107-11. [PMID: 8427771 PMCID: PMC1968219 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An oestrogen-sensitive rat mammary tumour (OES HR1) has been grown in normal female rats and in female and male rats supplemented with oestrone. In some rats, after the tumour was established, both exogenous and endogenous sources of oestrogen were removed--a treatment which inhibited further growth of the tumour. The proliferative characteristics of the tumours were measured by injecting the rats with deoxybromouridine (BrdU) 4 h before removing the tumour. Extracted nuclei were reacted with anti-BrdU and the labelling index and DNA content measured by flow cytometry. A correlation between the number of (diploid) host cells present and the number of (aneuploid) tumour cells in S-phase of the cell cycle was observed. This result suggests that there are paracrine interactions between tumour and host cells. We also observed that, on oestrogen ablation, the labelling index was significantly reduced while the percentage of cells in S-phase changed far less. The demonstration that there are cells in S-phase which are not proliferating highlights a possible problem with the measurement of proliferation in human tumours from a DNA histogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ormerod
- Section of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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47
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Abstract
A large variety of cutaneous reactions to malignancy have been described but to our knowledge none include psoriasis. Two cases of psoriasiform reactions in association with malignancy were first documented by Braverman, and Bazex's syndrome is now well documented in the literature. Both conditions, although clinically psoriasiform, are said to demonstrate an eczematous histology. A number of patients with psoriasis and malignancy have presented to us in the Dermatology Department. The appearance or behaviour of their psoriasis appeared to be linked to their malignancy. We have collected them together to report on this phenomenon which appears infrequently in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Hughes
- Department of Dermatology, General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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48
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Liu H, Biegel L, Narasimhan TR, Rowlands C, Safe S. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I responses in MCF-7 cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1992; 87:19-28. [PMID: 1332906 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(92)90229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulated the growth and [3H]thymidine uptake in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells grown in serum- and growth factor-inactivated serum-containing media. Cotreatment of the cells with IGF-I plus 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a significant decrease in mitogen-induced cell proliferation and [3H]thymidine uptake. Similar effects were observed for cells treated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD and IGF-I plus 17 beta-estradiol. The relative antimitogenic activities of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and related compounds followed the order 2,3,7,8-TCDD greater than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) greater than 1,2,7,8-TCDF greater than 1,3,7,8-TCDD which was similar to their aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor binding affinities. The results showed that 2,3,7,8-TCDD did not alter the IGF-I receptor mRNA levels or the KD values for binding of [125I]IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor in MCF-7 cells. However, 2,3,7,8-TCDD significantly decreased the number of IGF-I-induced IGF-I receptor binding sites and this may play a role in the growth-inhibitory properties of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and related compounds and in the 'cross-talk' between the two endocrine-response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4466
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49
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Umekita Y, Enokizono N, Sagara Y, Kuriwaki K, Takasaki T, Yoshida A, Yoshida H. Immunohistochemical studies on oncogene products (EGF-R, c-erbB-2) and growth factors (EGF, TGF-α) in human breast cancer: their relationship to oestrogen receptor status, histological grade, mitotic index and nodal status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 420:345-51. [PMID: 1348890 DOI: 10.1007/bf01600214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, 83 human mammary carcinomas were examined for the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), c-erbB-2, histological grade, mitotic index and nodal status, all of which are reportedly prognostically significant factors (Bloom and Richardson 1957; Baak et al. 1985; Wright et al. 1989). ER expression was biochemically recognized in 43.4% of mammary carcinomas, and EGF-R, EGF, TGF-alpha and c-erbB-2 were histochemically recognized in 25.3, 14.5, 27.7 and 18.0% of mammary carcinomas examined respectively, using conventional sections of buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. There were significant relationships between negative ER and positive EGF-R or TGF-alpha; positive EGF-R and TGF-alpha; positive EGF-R and c-erbB-2; and positive c-erbB-2 and TGF-alpha. The single changes which were the negative ER and the positive c-erbB-2 correlated with histological grade and mitotic index. Co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha correlated with positive nodal status. Therefore, the present investigation indicates that the negative ER, single expression of c-erbB-2 and co-expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha are important markers which contribute indirectly to prognosis, which reconfirms previous findings on the former two while adding the new finding that immunohistochemical demonstration of expression of EGF-R and TGF-alpha may provide useful information for selecting the appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umekita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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50
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Fernandez P, Safe S. Growth inhibitory and antimitogenic activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in T47D human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 1992; 61:185-97. [PMID: 1322575 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90145-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The T47D human breast cancer cells used in this study express relative high levels of the progesterone receptor (637 +/- 118 fmol/mg protein) and lower levels of the estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptors (81 +/- 3.4 and 55 +/- 8.2 fmol/mg protein, respectively). Treatment of these cells with 0.1, 1.0 and 10 nM concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) resulted in concentration-dependent increase in cell proliferation and the ratios of mitogen-treated/control cell numbers were 2.46, 2.00 and 1.90, respectively. In contrast, insulin did not significantly stimulate T47D cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was active only at a concentration of 10 nM. In parallel studies, the proliferative agents also stimulated the uptake of [3H]thymidine into cellular DNA. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) did not affect T47D cell growth at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 nM, whereas at a concentration of 10 nM a 44% decrease in cell numbers was observed. In cells cotreated with TCDD plus 100 ng/ml insulin or 10 nM 17 beta-estradiol, EGF, TGF-alpha and IGF-I, TCDD caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and [3H]thymidine uptake. For example, at a 10 nM concentration of TCDD there was a 32, 45, 29, 25 and 32% decrease in the 17 beta-estradiol, TGF-alpha, EGF, IGF-I and insulin-induced cell growth, respectively. These results confirm the antiproliferative activity of TCDD in T47D cells and this was similar to results previously reported in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells for the interaction of TCDD and 17 beta-estradiol. In addition, the data also show that TCDD inhibits the growth stimulatory effects of other polypeptide growth factors in T47D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4466
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