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Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Appel LJ, Christenson RH, Sacks FM, Selvin E. Effects of dietary carbohydrate on 1,5-anhydroglucitol in a population without diabetes: results from the OmniCarb trial. Diabet Med 2017; 34:1407-1413. [PMID: 28574153 PMCID: PMC5603394 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of dietary changes in amount and type of carbohydrate on 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels. METHODS We conducted an ancillary study to a completed, randomized clinical trial in overweight and obese adults without diabetes (N=159). Using a crossover design, participants were fed each one of four diets in turn for 5 weeks, with 2-week washout periods inbetween. The four diets were: high glycaemic index (≥65) with high proportion of carbohydrate (58% kcal) (GC); low glycaemic index (GI≤45) with low proportion of carbohydrate (40% kcal) (gc); low glycaemic index with high proportion of carbohydrate (gC); and high glycaemic index with low proportion of carbohydrate (Gc). Plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were measured at baseline and after each feeding period. RESULTS At baseline, participants had a mean age of 53 years (53% women, 52% non-Hispanic black, 50% obese). Their mean fasting glucose and 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were 97 mg/dl (5.4 mmol/l) and 18.6 μg/mL (113.3 μmol/l), respectively. Compared with baseline, each of the four diets reduced 1,5-anhydroglucitol by a range of -2.4 to -3.7 μg/mL (-14.6 to -22.5 μmol/l); all P <0.001). Reducing either glycaemic index or proportion of carbohydrate lowered 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels. These effects were additive, such that reducing both glycaemic index and proportion of carbohydrates decreased 1,5-anhydroglucitol by -1.31 μg/mL [95% CI: -1.63, -0.99; P<0.001 or -8.0 (-9.9, -6.0) μmol/l]. Furthermore, these effects were confirmed in a subgroup of participants with 12-h glucose monitoring and no documented hyperglycaemia (fasting glucose <160 mg/dl or 8.9 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS Both type and amount of dietary carbohydrate affect 1,5-anhydroglucitol plasma concentrations in adults without diabetes. This finding contradicts the long-standing notion that 1,5-anhydroglucitol remains at constant concentrations in the blood in the absence of hyperglycaemic excursions. (Clinical trials registry number: NCT00051350).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Juraschek
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD
| | - Edgar R Miller
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD
| | | | - Frank M. Sacks
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD
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2
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Takata T, Yamasaki Y, Kitao T, Miyaishi S. Measurement of Postmortem 1,5-anhydroglucitol in Vitreous Humor for Forensic Diagnosis. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61 Suppl 1:S150-3. [PMID: 26418332 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Takata
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Health Science; Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences; Ehime Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Yukie Yamasaki
- Department of Legal Medicine; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Takashi Kitao
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Health Science; Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences; Ehime Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Satoru Miyaishi
- Department of Legal Medicine; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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3
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) are of interest for monitoring short-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes; however, their associations with diabetes risk are uncharacterized. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the associations of fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG with incident diabetes in 1,299 participants, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (2005-2006), who had no history of diagnosed diabetes at baseline. Incident diabetes was self-reported during annual telephone calls. RESULTS There were 119 new cases of diabetes during a median follow-up of 3.3 years. When compared with the lowest quartile, the fourth quartiles of fructosamine and glycated albumin were significantly associated with diabetes risk (hazard ratio [HR] 3.99 [95% CI 1.93-8.28] and 5.22 [2.49-10.94], respectively). The fourth quartile of 1,5-AG was associated with a significantly lower diabetes risk (0.27 [0.14-0.55]). Associations were attenuated but still significant after adjustment for hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) or fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG were associated with the subsequent development of diabetes independently of baseline A1C and fasting glucose. Our results suggest these alternative biomarkers may be useful in identifying persons at risk for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Juraschek
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Januszewski AS, Karschimkus C, Davis KER, O'Neal D, Ward G, Jenkins AJ. Plasma 1,5 anhydroglucitol levels, a measure of short-term glycaemia: assay assessment and lower levels in diabetic vs. non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 95:e17-9. [PMID: 22024285 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An assay of plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol was evaluated. Assay CVs, effects of four plasma freeze-thaw cycles, glucose up to 80 mmol/L and triglycerides up to 20 mmol/L were acceptable. 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were significantly lower in diabetic vs. non-diabetic subjects and correlated inversely with renal function, but not with HbA1c.
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5
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Pitkänen E. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol—A novel type of sugar in the human organism. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519009085801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Nerby CL, Stickle DF. 1,5-anhydroglucitol monitoring in diabetes: a mass balance perspective. Clin Biochem 2008; 42:158-67. [PMID: 18804100 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) is a nonmetabolizable glucose analogue found in plasma due to ingestion. The normal steady-state concentration can be dramatically decreased by inhibition of tubular reabsorption during periods of hyperglycemia. For this reason, monitoring of AG has been plausibly advocated for detection of periodic glucosuric hyperglycemia. In this review, we examine the influence of variation in factors affecting both steady-state and transient changes in plasma AG. Among normals, the lower and upper limits of the plasma AG reference range vary by a factor of 5. Using a simplified mass balance model (a single compartment model with 3-6x larger-than-plasma volume of distribution), reasonable inter-individual variations of ingestion rate, glomerular filtration rate and fractional post-filtration reabsorption are each able to account for the wide range of normal, steady-state AG concentrations. In monitoring of changes in AG, inter-individual variations in the threshold for glucose excretion, volume of distribution and glomerular filtration rate are all likely to significantly affect correspondence of integral changes in AG to integral glucosuria/hyperglycemia. This combination of variables, affecting both steady-state and transient changes, is significantly confounding with respect to interpretation of serial plasma AG concentrations. Resolution of information content of AG monitoring is thus largely that of crossing simple characterization of deltas [+,0,-] for changes in AG concentration against the information content of hemoglobin A1c monitoring. Despite this limitation, AG monitoring can in principle provide information about glycemic control in the short term that is not apparent through monitoring of hemoglobin A1c alone. However, whether AG monitoring can lead to improved outcomes in diabetes management remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Nerby
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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7
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Yu S, Mei J, Ahrén B. Basic toxicology and metabolism studies of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose using bacteria, cultured mammalian cells, and rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1677-86. [PMID: 15354319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (AF) is a monosaccharide occurring in edible morels, red seaweeds and certain mammalian tissues. It can be formed directly from starch and glycogen in vivo by alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13). In this study, the toxicity, absorption and metabolism of AF using bacteria, mammalian cells, rat and mouse models were examined. In Ames test, AF showed no genotoxicity using five strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, 100, 102, 1535 and 1537. AF caused no mammalian gene mutation as tested with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. AF did not cause toxic symptoms in rats when it was administered as a single oral dose of 5 g/kg and observed over a 14-day period. Furthermore, at necropsy, no signs of abnormality were detected. Daily intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 2 g/kg AF to mice did not induce adverse effects throughout a 28-day period. Radioactive tracing experiments using 14C-labeled AF indicated that AF was efficiently absorbed since the major portion of radioactive material was recovered in urine. Further work using unlabeled AF indicated that the cyclic polyol 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol (AS) increased dramatically in both blood and urine upon AF administration at 1 g/kg ip, suggesting the existence of an efficient reduction mechanism from AF to AS, which was then excreted in urine. In conclusion, these studies indicate that AF had low or no toxicity and showed no mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Yamanouchi T, Ogata N, Yoshimura T, Inoue T, Ogata E, Kawasaki T, Kashiwabara A, Muraoka H. Transport of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol into insulinoma cells by a glucose-sensitive transport system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1474:291-8. [PMID: 10779680 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) occurs by passive mechanisms in cells or tissues that have passive glucose transporters. It is known that serum 1,5-AG concentrations are reduced in patients with diabetes mellitus. To elucidate the metabolism of this substance and its physiological role in pancreatic beta-cells, we assayed 1,5-AG transport in the insulinoma-derived cell lines, RINr and MIN6. Both cell lines showed an insulin-insensitive, concentration-dependent uptake of 1,5-AG with a saturation time of approximately 120 min, and most of the 1,5-AG in the cytoplasm was in the free form. A biphasic saturation curve was obtained using a wide range of 1,5-AG concentrations, suggesting that accumulation was mediated by a high affinity and a low affinity transporter. The high affinity transporter had a K(m) of 10.4 in RINr cells and 13.0 mM in MIN6 cells, and the low affinity transporter had a K(m)100 times, being much higher than the physiological concentrations of 1,5-AG. These results indicate that the 1,5-AG carrier system in insulinoma cells is distinct from that in either the somatic cells or renal tubular cells. These findings also suggest that a unique 1,5-AG transport system is present in pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan
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9
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Yamanouchi T, Sekino N, Yoshimura T, Kawasaki T, Koshibu E, Inoue T, Funato H, Ogata N, Miyashita H. Acute glucosuria after continuous glucocorticoid loading in the rat in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 341:257-63. [PMID: 9543247 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the continuous infusion of various steroids in rats on renal tubular reabsorption of glucose in vivo to elucidate the pathogenesis of steroid-induced glucosuria. Urinary glucose excretion increased 60 min after administration of dexamethasone (2.38 mM). By 120 min, urinary excretion of glucose was three times higher in the dexamethasone group than in the control group (24.1 +/- 4.6 versus 72.4 +/- 16.7 micromol); the plasma level of glucose did not increase. Dexamethasone had no effect on the resorption of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, which is a glucose-resembling polyol that is actively absorbed by the renal tubules as glucose. Neither estradiol nor progesterone increased urinary excretion of glucose. These findings suggest that continuous administration of a high-dose glucocorticoid selectively influences the glucose reabsorption system in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Stickle D, Turk J. A kinetic mass balance model for 1,5-anhydroglucitol: applications to monitoring of glycemic control. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:E821-30. [PMID: 9357814 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.4.e821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The polyol 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) present in human plasma is derived largely from ingestion and is excreted unmetabolized. Reduction of plasma [AG] has been noted in diabetics and is due to accelerated excretion of AG during hyperglycemia. Plasma [AG] has therefore been proposed as a marker for glycemic control. A precise understanding of its utility relies on a quantitative understanding of the mass balance for AG. In this study, non-steady-state data from the literature were analyzed to develop a dynamic mass balance model for AG that is based on the two-compartment model proposed by Yamanouchi et al. [T. Yamanouchi, Y. Tachibana, H. Akanuma, S. Minoda, T. Shinohara, H. Moromizato, H. Miyashita, and I. Akaoka. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Endocrinol. Metab. 26): E268-E273, 1992]. The data are consistent with a model in which exchange between tissue and plasma pools is rapid and in which the tissue compartment mass is two to three times the mass of the plasma compartment. According to model estimates, accelerated excretion of AG due to hyperglycemia can cause marked net depletion of total AG over a time scale of days. Recovery from a depleted state is slow because the total body capacity represents >5 wk of normal intake. Accordingly, AG monitoring should be able to indicate the presence of past glucosuric hyperglycemic episodes during a period of days to weeks, as well as provide information on the extent to which high deviations from the average plasma glucose concentration are operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stickle
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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11
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Yamanouchi T, Shinohara T, Ogata N, Tachibana Y, Akaoka I, Miyashita H. Common reabsorption system of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, fructose, and mannose in rat renal tubule. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1291:89-95. [PMID: 8781530 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(96)00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) is a major polyol, 99.9% of which is reabsorbed by the kidney. However, such reabsorption is inhibited by competition with glucose excreted in excess, i.e., glucosuria. Under such conditions, AG is excreted into the urine. We administered various types of sugars to rats by continuous intravenous infusion for two hours to evaluate the competition between AG and these sugars for renal reabsorption in vivo. The reabsorption of AG was significantly inhibited by competition with fructose and mannose. The excretion of AG in the 120 min after a load of 3.64 mmol of fructose was 1.99 +/- 0.33 mumol, that after 3.64 mmol of mannose loading was 2.34 +/- 0.43 mumol. These levels were comparable to the AG excretion observed after the administration of the same amount of glucose (3.87 +/- 0.61 mumol). No competition was observed with sucrose, xylose, myoinositol or galactose. The reabsorption of fructose and mannose was significantly inhibited by the presence of AG (P < 0.001) after a mixed load. Results suggest that AG is reabsorbed in the renal tubule by an AG/fructose/mannose-common transport system that is distinct from the major glucose reabsorption system. These findings may help to clarify the specific transport systems for various sugars in the renal tubule, as well as their physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Phillipov G, Ninan VT, Mathew TH. Plasma 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol concentration and its relation to other plasma components in renal failure and renal transplant recipients. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 247:51-8. [PMID: 8920226 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) were measured in non-diabetic patients with renal failure or following renal transplant. For patients with renal failure (n = 20) from various causes, the plasma level of AG was found to be positively associated with urate and negatively with both urea and prior dialysis. The results for seven renal transplant recipients, serially assessed during the post-transplant period, verified an increase in plasma AG with time, approaching normal levels (> or = 70 mumol/l) after 60 days, and which was adversely affected by rejection episodes. The actual mean rate of plasma AG rise ranged from 0.35 to 1.29 mumol/l per day. AG levels for long term (> 1000 days) surviving renal transplant recipients (n = 16) were predominantly related to renal function as assessed by plasma creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Phillipov
- Endocrine and Diabetes Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia. geophill/adam.com.au
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13
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Chusney GD, Philippa M, Pickup JC. Comparison of micro-enzymatic and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the assay of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 235:91-9. [PMID: 7634494 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Serum 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) has been proposed as a marker of glycaemic control in diabetic patients. Two methods have been developed which could be applied to routine clinical monitoring of serum AG. We have compared the assay characteristics of an adapted enzyme assay, based on the enzyme pyranose oxidase, with a high-performance anion-exchange chromatographic method using pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Linearity and minimum detectable concentrations were practically identical (to at least 400 mumol/l and 4 mumol/l AG, respectively), though intra- and inter-assay precision was better with the HPAEC PAD system at a clinically relevant concentration of 40 mumol/l AG (9.8% vs. 11.8% and 9.2% vs. 13.0%, respectively). The recovery of added AG to serum samples was lower with the micro-enzyme assay than the HPAEC-PAD assay (74 +/- 15% vs. 102 +/- 8%). Despite good agreement by linear regression (r = 0.974, P < 0.005), the assay methods did not demonstrate satisfactory agreement when using a difference plot (limits of agreement -16.1 to 18.7 mumol/l). We conclude that although both assay methods are applicable to routine analyses, the HPAEC-PAD is more precise and is more specific for AG than the enzyme based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Chusney
- Division of Chemical Pathology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Funasako M, Taniji M, Fujimoto K, Ohata M, Higashimoto Y, Uetani K, Suruda T, Nakai S, Fujimoto H, Sakagami Y. Effect of aging on plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in humans and rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994; 25:35-41. [PMID: 7835210 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since normal reference values change with age in some clinical parameters, we measured the plasma levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG), a new marker of glycemic control in diabetes mellitus, in healthy subjects and in rats. Our results showed a significantly negative correlation of the marker with age in humans and that the plasma AG levels of older rats were markedly lower than those of younger counterparts. This remarkable reduction of AG in the older rat group can be partially explained by our finding that aged animals excreted AG more rapidly in the urine than younger ones, besides a decrease in food intake. We therefore suggest that normal clinical reference values for plasma AG levels should be modified according to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Funasako
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical College Kihoku Hospital, Japan
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15
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Yamanouchi T, Tachibana Y, Sekino N, Akanuma H, Akaoka I, Miyashita H. Transport and accumulation of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in the human erythroleukemia cell line K-562. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yamanouchi T, Moromizato H, Shinohara T, Minoda S, Miyashita H, Akaoka I. Estimation of plasma glucose fluctuation with a combination test of hemoglobin A1c and 1,5-anhydroglucitol. Metabolism 1992; 41:862-7. [PMID: 1640864 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90168-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of plasma glucose fluctuation on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) levels, especially in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Plasma AG is a new marker that provides sensitive and analytical information on glycemic control. The basic mechanisms underlying both the reduction and recovery of the plasma AG level, ie, the excretion into urine with glucosuria and the amount supplied to the body, were presumed to be similar in IDDM and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. The correlation coefficient for mean plasma glucose and AG was -.591, and it was .578 for mean plasma glucose and HbA1c in IDDM patients. In NIDDM, the correlation between mean plasma glucose and AG was -.869, and between mean plasma glucose and HbA1c, .875. The plasma AG levels in the IDDM group showed a lower range than in the NIDDM group, even with similar HbA1c levels. All the cases showing lower plasma AG levels among those with similar HbA1c levels manifested greater fluctuation of plasma glucose and a larger amount of urinary glucose. The lower AG level in IDDM patients was reversible to the level in NIDDM patients when the greater fluctuation of plasma glucose was corrected. Thus, it was suggested that because urinary glucose excretion is intermittently high in IDDM patients, plasma AG is frequently low, even though the mean plasma glucose and HbA1c levels suggest good control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Pitkänen E, Pitkänen OM. Renal tubular reabsorption of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and D-mannose in vivo in the rat. Pflugers Arch 1992; 420:367-75. [PMID: 1598192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) is efficiently reabsorbed in renal tubuli by a mechanism that is saturated at high AG concentrations. To gain insight into the stereospecific requirements of the mechanism, we employed an in vivo loading test technique in which rats were injected with anhydrosugars and aldohexoses in doses that led to excretion of the sugar injected, thus saturating tubular reabsorption. Administration of AG elicited an increase in the excretion of D-mannose (P less than 0.0005), while D-mannose caused AG to appear in urine. Administration of 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol led to increased excretion of D-mannose (P less than 0.0005) and the appearance of AG in urine. The effects of 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol on the excretion of D-mannose and AG, and the effect of D-mannose on AG were dependent on the dose. Myoinositiol, mannitol and C-3-C-6 epimers of AG did not interfere with the reabsorption. The mechanism was highly phlorizin-sensitive. Repeated administration of 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol rapidly depleted the rat organism from mobilizable AG. The AG space calculated (53% of body weight) suggested the presence of considerable cellular stores of AG. D-Mannose and AG are regular components of the plasma monosaccharide profile. The data suggest that the two sugars are reabsorbed in renal tubuli by a common mechanism, which is distinct from the main D-glucose reabsorption system. The presence of a glucose-type C-3-C-6 and pyranose structure is required for a sugar to be transported by the system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pitkänen
- Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Yamanouchi T, Akaoka I, Akanuma Y, Akanuma H, Miyashita E. Mechanism for acute reduction of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in rats treated with diabetogenic agents. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 258:E423-7. [PMID: 2138419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.3.e423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for acute reduction of plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) in experimental diabetic rats was studied. Acute AG decrease was induced not only by diabetogenic agents, such as streptozotocin (STZ) and alloxan, but also by phloridzin, which caused glucosuria but not hyperglycemia. A similar reduction also occurred in hyperglycemia induced by glucose injection. The AG reduction induced by STZ was completely abolished by bilateral nephrectomy or by euglycemia with insulin treatment. The decrease of plasma AG was well correlated with the degree of urinary excretion of AG, which in turn reflected the degree of urinary glucose excretion, irrespective of the kind of agent causing the glucosuria. Under conditions of continuous glucose infusion, AG concentration decreased not only in plasma but also in various tissues and organs. The amount of AG lost was estimated to be almost equal to that excreted into urine during the period of infusion. These observations suggest that the degree of reduction of plasma AG depends simply on the urinary excretion of glucose, and it was assumed that the urinary excretion of 0.5 mg AG corresponds to the urinary excretion of 100 mg glucose during a short period after the onset of glucosuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Pitkänen E, Pitkänen OM. Plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol in experimental galactosemia in the rat. EXPERIENTIA 1990; 46:85-7. [PMID: 2298285 DOI: 10.1007/bf01955424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feeding with a galactose-rich diet induced a substantial drop in blood plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentration. The decline was proportional to the dose of galactose. The decline was less marked in xylose-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pitkänen
- Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital Unioninkatu, Helsinki, Finland
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Akanuma Y, Morita M, Fukuzawa N, Yamanouchi T, Akanuma H. Urinary excretion of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol accompanying glucose excretion in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1988; 31:831-5. [PMID: 3234638 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The urinary excretion of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, a pyranoid polyol, in humans was studied. The plasma of nondiabetic human subjects contained high concentrations of this polyol (greater than 110 mumol/l), and there was a tendency for the 24-h excretion of it to become more variable in direct proportion to its plasma concentration. In contrast, diabetic patients showed lower plasma concentrations of this polyol, and the variation in the 24-h excretion of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol was especially notable among the patients with an extremely low plasma concentration of the polyol. This diabetic group showed a statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.01), between the urinary 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and urinary glucose. This correlation was more markedly demonstrated during a 100-g oral glucose tolerance test: parallel changes were observed in the concentrations of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and glucose in the urine collected every hour after the glucose load. These observations led to the proposal that low plasma concentration of this polyol, which is observed in diabetes mellitus, may be the result of a frequent and/or prolonged high blood glucose concentration beyond the renal threshold for glucose excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Akanuma
- Institute for Diabetes Care and Research, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamanouchi T, Akanuma H, Nakamura T, Akaoka I, Akanuma Y. Reduction of plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1-deoxyglucose) concentration in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1988; 31:41-5. [PMID: 3350220 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plasma concentration of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol(AG)(1-deoxyglucose) is known to decrease in diabetic patients. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this polyol as a diabetic marker, we examined the specificity of the plasma AG reduction in various diseases: the plasma AG level was determined in 108 newly diagnosed diabetic patients, 229 normal subjects and 200 patients with various other disorders. The mean plasma AG concentration in diabetes mellitus was 1.9 +/- 1.8 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD), which was definitely lower than that in healthy subjects and patients with other diseases including some metabolic and hormonal diseases (mean value range: 13.4-28.3 micrograms/ml). Only the "malignancies" group showed statistically different mean values from that in normal subjects; however, these values were much higher than those of diabetic patients. The AG concentration seemed to be relatively low in some severe by uraemic patients, but is likely to be little influenced by the glomerular filtration rate. Upon adjustment for sex and age, AG concentration was not found to be correlated with the degree of obesity in both healthy subjects and diabetic patients. The plasma AG concentration showed a tendency to be higher in healthy males than in healthy females in all age-matched groups; however, statistically significant differences were not seen. Also, no significant influence of age was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Japan
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