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Wu S, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chen Z. Mode of Action of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Inhibitors against Viruses through Host HSP and Virus Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040792. [PMID: 37107550 PMCID: PMC10138296 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins after stress-induced denaturation can regain their functions through correct re-folding with the aid of molecular chaperones. As a molecular chaperone, heat shock proteins (HSPs) can help client proteins fold correctly. During viral infection, HSPs are involved with replication, movement, assembly, disassembly, subcellular localization, and transport of the virus via the formation of macromolecular protein complexes, such as the viral replicase complex. Recent studies have indicated that HSP inhibitors can inhibit viral replication by interfering with the interaction of the virus with the HSP. In this review, we describe the function and classification of HSPs, the transcriptional mechanism of HSPs promoted by heat shock factors (HSFs), discuss the interaction between HSPs and viruses, and the mode of action of HSP inhibitors at two aspects of inhibiting the expression of HSPs and targeting the HSPs, and elaborate their potential use as antiviral agents.
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Halevas E, Mavroidi B, Zahariou G, Pelecanou M, Hatzidimitriou AG. Structurally characterized copper complexes of flavonoid naringenin with enhanced radical scavenging activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Quebedeaux TM, Song H, Giwa-Otusajo J, Thompson LP. Chronic Hypoxia Inhibits Respiratory Complex IV Activity and Disrupts Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Fetal Guinea Pig Forebrain. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:184-192. [PMID: 34750769 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of childhood neurological disease secondary to the crucial role of mitochondria in proper neurodevelopment. We hypothesized that chronic intrauterine hypoxia (HPX) induces mitochondrial deficits by altering mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the fetal brain. Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to either normoxia (NMX, 21%O2) or HPX (10.5%O2) starting at 28-day (early onset, EO-HPX) or 50-day (late onset, LO-HPX) gestation until term (65 days). Near-term male and female fetuses were extracted from anesthetized sows, and mitochondria were isolated from excised fetal forebrains (n = 6/group). Expression of mitochondrial complex subunits I-V (CI-CV), fission (Drp-1), and fusion (Mfn-2) proteins was measured by Western blot. CI and CIV enzyme activities were measured by colorimetric assays. Chronic HPX reduced fetal body wts and increased (P < 0.05) brain/body wt ratios of both sexes. CV subunit levels were increased in EO-HPX males only and CII levels increased in LO-HPX females only compared to NMX. Both EO- and LO-HPX decreased CIV activity in both sexes but had no effect on CI activity. EO-HPX increased Drp1 and decreased Mfn2 levels in males, while LO-HPX had no effect on either protein levels. In females, both EO-HPX and LO-HPX increased Drp1 but had no effect on Mfn2 levels. Chronic HPX alters abundance and activity of select complex subunits and shifts mitochondrial dynamics toward fission in a sex-dependent manner in the fetal guinea pig brain. This may be an underlying mechanism of reduced respiratory efficiency leading to disrupted metabolism and increased vulnerability to a second neurological injury at the time of birth in HPX fetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha M Quebedeaux
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jamiu Giwa-Otusajo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Loren P Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Magyar-Tábori K, Mendler-Drienyovszki N, Hanász A, Zsombik L, Dobránszki J. Phytotoxicity and Other Adverse Effects on the In Vitro Shoot Cultures Caused by Virus Elimination Treatments: Reasons and Solutions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040670. [PMID: 33807286 PMCID: PMC8066107 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In general, in vitro virus elimination is based on the culture of isolated meristem, and in addition thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy can also be applied. During these processes, plantlets suffer several stresses, which can result in low rate of survival, inhibited growth, incomplete development, or abnormal morphology. Even though the in vitro cultures survive the treatment, further development can be inhibited; thus, regeneration capacity of treated in vitro shoots or explants play also an important role in successful virus elimination. Sensitivity of genotypes to treatments is very different, and the rate of destruction largely depends on the physiological condition of plants as well. Exposure time of treatments affects the rate of damage in almost every therapy. Other factors such as temperature, illumination (thermotherapy), type and concentration of applied chemicals (chemo- and cryotherapy), and electric current intensity (electrotherapy) also may have a great impact on the rate of damage. However, there are several ways to decrease the harmful effect of treatments. This review summarizes the harmful effects of virus elimination treatments applied on tissue cultures reported in the literature. The aim of this review is to expound the solutions that can be used to mitigate phytotoxic and other adverse effects in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Magyar-Tábori
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of the Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm (IAREF), University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (N.M.-D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Hanász
- Kerpely Kálmán Doctoral School of Crop Production and Horticultural Sciences, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Zsombik
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm (IAREF), University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (N.M.-D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of the Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
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Iranshahi M, Rezaee R, Parhiz H, Roohbakhsh A, Soltani F. Protective effects of flavonoids against microbes and toxins: The cases of hesperidin and hesperetin. Life Sci 2015; 137:125-32. [PMID: 26188593 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many plants produce flavonoids as secondary metabolites. These organic compounds may be involved in the defense against plant-threatening factors, such as microbes and toxins. Certain flavonoids protect their origin source against plant pathogens, but they also exhibit potential healthy properties in human organisms. Hesperidin (Hsd) and its aglycone, hesperetin (Hst), are two flavonoids from the Citrus species that exhibit various biological properties, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer effects. Recent studies indicated that Hst and Hsd possess antimicrobial activity. Although the exact mechanisms behind their antimicrobial properties are not fully understood, several mechanisms such as the activation of the host immune system, bacterial membrane disruption, and interference with microbial enzymes, have been proposed. Hsd and Hst may also have protective effects against toxicity induced by various agents. These natural substances may contribute to the protection of cells and tissues through their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. This review discusses the protective activities of Hsd and Hst against microbes and several toxicities induced by oxidants, chemicals, toxins, chemotherapy and radiotherapy agents, which were reported in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the probable mechanisms behind these activities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Anti-influenza (H1N1) potential of leaf and stem bark extracts of selected medicinal plants of South India. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:532-8. [PMID: 26288555 PMCID: PMC4537874 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in antioxidant and anti-viral activities (against Influenza AP/R/8 (H1N1) virus) between the leaves and stem bark of selected medicinal plants were studied. Malin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used for the viral infection and the antiviral activity of the extracts was studied using sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The stem bark of the plants including Strychnos minor, Diotacanthus albiflorus, Strychnos nux-vomica and Chloroxylon swietenia showed higher flavonoid contents as well as 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity when compared with their leaves. In case of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, the stem bark of S. nux-vomica and leaf extract of C. swietenia showed the highest activity. Based on the IC50 values, the stem bark extracts of Cayratia pedata (20.5 μg/mL) and S. minor (22.4 μg/mL) showed high antiviral activity. In the mean-time S. nux-vomica, C. swietenia and C. swietenia bark extracts showed cytotoxicity to the MDCK cells. When comparing the stem bark and leaves the content of gallic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenols (TPC) was higher in stem bark and hence their anti-viral activity was high. Further study based on the metabolites against H1N1 can reveal the potential of therapeutic compounds against the viral disease.
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Senthilvel P, Lavanya P, Kumar KM, Swetha R, Anitha P, Bag S, Sarveswari S, Vijayakumar V, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Flavonoid from Carica papaya inhibits NS2B-NS3 protease and prevents Dengue 2 viral assembly. Bioinformation 2013; 9:889-95. [PMID: 24307765 PMCID: PMC3842573 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus belongs to the virus family Flaviviridae. Dengue hemorrhagic disease caused by dengue virus is a public health
problem worldwide. The viral non structural 2B and 3 (NS2B-NS3) protease complex is crucial for virus replication and hence, it is
considered to be a good anti-viral target. Leaf extracts from Carica papaya is generally prescribed for patients with dengue fever, but
there are no scientific evidences for its anti-dengue activity; hence we intended to investigate the anti-viral activity of compounds
present in the leaves of Carica papaya against dengue 2 virus (DENV-2). We analysed the anti-dengue activities of the extracts from
Carica papaya by using bioinformatics tools. Interestingly, we find the flavonoid quercetin with highest binding energy against
NS2B-NS3 protease which is evident by the formation of six hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues at the binding site of the
receptor. Our results suggest that the flavonoids from Carica papaya have significant anti-dengue activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanaban Senthilvel
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cho EJ, Yokozawa T, Rhyu DY, Kim HY, Shibahara N, Park JC. The Inhibitory Effects of 12 Medicinal Plants and Their Component Compounds on Lipid Peroxidation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 31:907-17. [PMID: 14992543 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative activities of 12 medicinal plants and the compounds isolated from them were investigated using the thiocyanate method to evaluate inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation in the linoleic acid system. The peroxide levels gradually increased during incubation in the presence of linoleic acid over 3 days, and most of the plants inhibited lipid peroxidation. In particular, of the plants tested, Cudrania tricuspidata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Houttuynia cordata and Ulmus parvifolia reduced lipid peroxidation more effectively as lipid peroxidation progressed, resulting in inhibition of about 80% relative to the control value by the 3rd day of incubation. In addition, the polyphenols isolated from the plants also showed marked and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation. The compounds with the strongest activities were 3,4-dihydroxylbenzoic acid, quercetin, the quercetin glycosides quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinose, catechin, gallic acid, methyl gallate and rosamultin isolated from Zanthoxylum piperitum, Houttuynia cordata, Rosa rugosa and Cedrela sinensis. Moreover, quercetin glycosides showed stronger activity than quercetin, suggesting that glycosylation increases the antioxidative activity of quercetin. Our results indicate that the medicinal plants and their polyphenols show promise as therapeutic agents for various disorders involving free radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Cho
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Alvarez AL, Dalton KP, Nicieza I, Diñeiro Y, Picinelli A, Melón S, Roque A, Suárez B, Parra F. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Phyllanthus orbicularis and identification of the principal anti HSV-2 compounds. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1513-20. [PMID: 22318977 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The antiherpes virus properties of Phyllanthus orbicularis Kunth, a Cuban-endemic medicinal plant, have been reported previously but data on its phytochemical profile and identification of antiviral metabolites as well as their mechanisms of action are still lacking. In this work, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical analysis was performed in order to isolate anti HSV-2 compounds. P. orbicularis contained mainly phenolic acids derivatives and flavonoids. The antiviral effects were attributed to (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (EC(50) = 11.7 µg/mL), procyanidins B1 and B2 (EC(50) = 32.8 µg/mL and 24.2 µg/mL, respectively) as well as oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins and their gallate derivatives. The antiviral mechanisms of the active P. orbicularis extracts and fractions were also investigated and the inhibition of several HSV-2 early replication events and DNA synthesis were observed. This is the first study of extensive fractionation and phytochemical characterization of phenolic compounds from this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel L Alvarez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Potent antiviral flavone glycosides from Ficus benjamina leaves. Fitoterapia 2011; 83:362-7. [PMID: 22155188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Crude ethanol extracts from Ficus benjamina leaves strongly inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2) as well as Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) cell infection in vitro. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract demonstrated that the most efficient inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was obtained with the flavonoid fraction. The present study was aimed to further isolate, purify and identify substances with potent antiviral activity from the flavonoid fraction of F. benjamina extracts. Flavonoids were collected from the leaf ethanol extracts through repeated purification procedure and HPLC analysis. The antiviral activity of each substance was then evaluated in cell culture. Three known flavone glycosides, (1) quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, (2) kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and (3) kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside, showing highest antiviral efficiency were selected and their structure was determined by spectroscopic analyses including NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). These three flavones were highly effective against HSV-1 reaching a selectivity index (SI) of 266, 100 and 666 for compound 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while the SI of their aglycons, quercetin and kaempferol amounted only in 7.1 and 3.2, respectively. Kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside showed similar SI to that of acyclovir (ACV), the standard anti-HSV drug. Although highly effective against HSV-1 and HSV-2, these flavone glycosides did not show any significant activity against VZV.
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Gravina H, Tafuri N, Silva Júnior A, Fietto J, Oliveira T, Diaz M, Almeida M. In vitro assessment of the antiviral potential of trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin and morin against equid herpesvirus 1. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Joseph B, Priya R. Phytochemical and Biopharmaceutical Aspects of Psidium guajava (L.) Essential Oil: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.432.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yook HS, Kim KH, Park JE, Shin HJ. Antioxidative and antiviral properties of flowering cherry fruits (Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 38:937-48. [PMID: 20821824 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10008366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic compounds of many fruits have been known to be efficient cellular protective antioxidants. In this study, antioxidative and antiviral properties of flowering cherry cultivars (Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sargentii, Prunus lannesiana, and Prunus cerasus) in Korea were investigated. The antioxidant property was assayed for specific activities including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) hydroxy radical scavenging activity, reducing power capacity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity. In addition, antiviral activity was determined by inhibition studies on the infection cycle of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), measured as minimum concentration of cherry extracts that inhibited 50% of cytopathic effect (CPE) on PEDV. Our results show that the four varieties of cherries contain substantially high antioxidants and antiviral activities. In particular, P. cerasus contains higher antioxidants and antiviral activities as well as polyphenolic content than other varieties. Our data indicate that Korean native cherry cultivars could be beneficial supplements of dietary antioxidants and natural antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sun Yook
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Metwally AM, Omar AA, Harraz FM, El Sohafy SM. Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6:212-8. [PMID: 20931082 PMCID: PMC2950385 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.66939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psidium guajava L. leaves were subjected to extraction, fractionation and isolation of the flavonoidal compounds. Five flavonoidal compounds were isolated which are quercetin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside was isolated for the first time from the leaves. Fractions together with the isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial studies showed good activities for the extracts and the isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Metwally
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Choi HJ, Song JH, Park KS, Kwon DH. Inhibitory effects of quercetin 3-rhamnoside on influenza A virus replication. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:329-33. [PMID: 19491023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans through epidemics or pandemics. The lack of effective therapeutical treatment underlines the importance of research for new antiviral compounds. Flavonoids widely exist in the plant kingdom, and their antiviral activities against various viruses have been recently reported. In this study, the anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus of quercetin 3-rhamnoside (Q3R) from Houttuynia cordata was evaluated using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method, the assay results demonstrated that Q3R possessed strong anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Q3R also did inhibit virus replication in the initial stage of virus infection by indirect interaction with virus particles. However, oseltamivir has relative weaker efficacy compared to Q3R. Therefore, these findings provide important information for the utilization of Q3R for influenza treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Choi
- Immune Modulator Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Choi HJ, Kim JH, Lee CH, Ahn YJ, Song JH, Baek SH, Kwon DH. Antiviral activity of quercetin 7-rhamnoside against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Antiviral Res 2008; 81:77-81. [PMID: 18992773 PMCID: PMC7114206 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the predominant cause of severe entero-pathogenic diarrhea in swine. The lack of effective therapeutical treatment underlines the importance of research for new antivirals. In this study, we identified Q7R, which actively inhibited PEDV replication with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.014 microg/mL. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC(50)) of Q7R was over 100 microg/mL and the derived therapeutic index was 7142. Several structural analogues of Q7R, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin and catechin, also showed moderate anti-PEDV activity. Antiviral drugs and natural compounds revealed ribavirin, interferon-alpha, coumarin and tannic acid have relative weaker efficacy compared to Q7R. Q7R did not directly interact with or inactivate PEDV particles and affect the initial stage of PEDV infection by interfering of PEDV replication. Also, the effectiveness of Q7R against the other two viruses (TGEV, PRCV) was lower compared to PEDV. Q7R could be considered as a lead compound for development of anti-PEDV drugs to may be used to during the early stage of PEDV replication and the structure-activity data of Q7R may usefully guideline to design other related antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jung Choi
- Natural Medicines Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Taejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Lyu SY, Rhim JY, Park WB. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:1293-301. [PMID: 16350858 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a group of low molecular weight phenylbenzopyrones, have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anticancer, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory. We carried out anti-herpetic assays on 18 flavonoids in five classes and a virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibitory assay, plaque reduction assay, and yield reduction assay were performed. When flavonoids were applied at various concentrations to Vero cells infected by HSV-1 and 2, most of the flavonoids showed inhibitory effects on virus-induced CPE. Among the flavonoids, EC, ECG (flavanols), genistein (isoflavone), naringenin (flavanone), and quercetin (flavonol) showed a high level of CPE inhibitory activity. The antiviral activity of flavonoids were also examined by a plaque reduction assay. EC, ECG, galangin, and kaempferol showed a strong antiviral activity, and catechin, EGC, EGCG, naringenin, chrysin, baicalin, fisetin, myricetin, quercetin, and genistein showed moderate inhibitory effects against HSV-1. In these experiments, flavanols and flavonols appeared to be more active than flavones. Furthermore, treatment of Vero cells with ECG and galangin (which previously showed strong antiviral activities) before virus adsorption led to a slight enhancement of inhibition as determined by a yield reduction assay, indicating that an intracellular effect may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yun Lyu
- Immune Modulation Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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18
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Gomaa A, Hashem T, Mohamed M, Ashry E. Matricaria chamomilla extract inhibits both development of morphine dependence and expression of abstinence syndrome in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 92:50-5. [PMID: 12832855 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.92.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Matricaria chamomilla (M. chamomilla) on the development of morphine dependence and expression of abstinence was investigated in rats. The frequencies of withdrawal behavioral signs (paw tremor, rearing, teeth chattering, body shakes, ptosis, diarrhea, and urination) and weight loss induced by naloxone challenge were demonstrated in morphine-dependent rats receiving M. chamomilla extract or saline. The withdrawal behavioral manifestations and weight loss were inhibited significantly by chronic co-administration of M. chamomilla extract with morphine. Administration of a single dose of M. chamomilla before the naloxone challenge in morphine-dependent animals abolished the withdrawal behavioral manifestations. The dramatic increase of plasma cAMP induced by naloxone-precipitated abstinence was prevented by chronic co-administration of M. chamomilla extract with morphine. These results suggest that M. chamomilla extract inhibits the development of morphine dependence and expression of abstinence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
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19
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Cho EJ, Yokozawa T, Rhyu DY, Kim SC, Shibahara N, Park JC. Study on the inhibitory effects of Korean medicinal plants and their main compounds on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 10:544-551. [PMID: 13678241 DOI: 10.1078/094471103322331520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-generating system was used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Korean medicinal plants that have been used widely as folk medicines for several disorders, as well as compounds isolated from them. Among the Rosaceae, Rosa rugosa and Rosa davurica showed strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity. The most effective medicinal plant from families other than Rosaceae was Cedrela sinensis, followed in order by Nelumbo nucifera, Eucommia ulmoides, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Cudrania tricuspidata and Houttuynia cordata. These results serve as a good index of the free radical-scavenging activities of Korean medicinal plants. Furthermore, the polyphenols isolated from these plants, procyanidin B-3, (+)-catechin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinose and kaempferol, exerted strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity. These results suggest that the Korean medicinal plants and the polyphenols isolated from them that exhibited effective radical-scavenging activity may be promising agents for scavenging free radicals and treating diseases associated with excess free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Cho
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Flavonoids are plant pigments that are synthesised from phenylalanine, generally display marvelous colors known from flower petals, mostly emit brilliant fluorescence when they are excited by UV light, and are ubiquitous to green plant cells. The flavonoids are used by botanists for taxonomical classification. They regulate plant growth by inhibition of the exocytosis of the auxin indolyl acetic acid, as well as by induction of gene expression, and they influence other biological cells in numerous ways. Flavonoids inhibit or kill many bacterial strains, inhibit important viral enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase and protease, and destroy some pathogenic protozoans. Yet, their toxicity to animal cells is low. Flavonoids are major functional components of many herbal and insect preparations for medical use, e.g., propolis (bee's glue) and honey, which have been used since ancient times. The daily intake of flavonoids with normal food, especially fruit and vegetables, is 1-2 g. Modern authorised physicians are increasing their use of pure flavonoids to treat many important common diseases, due to their proven ability to inhibit specific enzymes, to simulate some hormones and neurotransmitters, and to scavenge free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent H Havsteen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098, Kiel, Germany.
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21
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Garg A, Garg S, Zaneveld LJ, Singla AK. Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytother Res 2001; 15:655-69. [PMID: 11746857 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid, is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation. A deficiency of this substance in the diet has been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. No signs of toxicity have been observed with the normal intake of hesperidin or related compounds. Both hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin have been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties. This paper reviews various aspects of hesperidin and its related compounds, including their occurrence, physical and chemical properties, analysis, pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity and the marketed products available. A special emphasis has been laid on the pharmacological properties and medicinal uses of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garg
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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De Logu A, Loy G, Pellerano ML, Bonsignore L, Schivo ML. Inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and prevention of cell-to-cell virus spread by Santolina insularis essential oil. Antiviral Res 2000; 48:177-85. [PMID: 11164504 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)00127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil obtained in toto from Santolina insularis was investigated for its antiviral activity on herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. The IC(50) values, determined by plaque reduction assays, were 0.88 and 0.7 microg/ml for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively, while the CC(50) determined by the MTT test on Vero cells was 112 microg/ml, indicating a CC(50)/IC(50) ratio of 127 for HSV-1 and 160 for HSV-2. Results obtained by plaque reduction assays also indicated that the antiviral activity of S. insularis was principally due to direct virucidal effects. Antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was not observed in a post-attachment assay, and attachment assays indicated that virus adsorption was not inhibited. Up to 80% inhibition of HSV-1 was achieved at the concentration of 40 microg/ml by yield reduction assay. Furthermore, reduction of plaque formation assays also showed that S. insularis essential oil inhibits cell-to-cell transmission of both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Logu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Trapianti d'Organo, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Cagliari, Via Palabanda 14, 09123, Cagliari, Italy.
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23
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Bunyapraphatsara N, Dechsree S, Yoosook C, Herunsalee A, Panpisutchai Y. Anti-herpes simplex virus component isolated from Maclura cochinchinensis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 6:421-424. [PMID: 10715844 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The powerful anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity of Maclura cochinchinensis in vitro prompted us to carry out biologically-guided separation of the active component(s). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited anti-HSV-2 activity at EC50 values of 38.5 micrograms/ml and 50.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. Although petroleum ether extract was inactive, a chloroform extract was too toxic to the test cell culture to perform the test. Biologically-guided chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate extract yielded compound A, identified as morin using a spectroscopic method. Morin exhibited anti-HSV-2 activity at an EC50 value of 53.5 micrograms/ml. Morin pentaacetate was synthetized, but was inactive. This result suggested that free hydroxyl groups are required for anti-HSV-activity, as demonstrated previously for the antiviral activity of other flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bunyapraphatsara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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24
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Abstract
We studied the influence of pycnogenol on the lipolysis of 3T3 L1 cells after differentiation. When pycnogenol or epinephrine was exposed to mature adipocytes, the smaller (less than 20 microm(2)) intracytoplasmic lipid droplets selectively disappeared. These data suggest that pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hasegawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nagoya Bunri College, Nagoya, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Selected naturally occurring flavonoids were shown to inhibit three reverse transcriptases (RT): avian myeloblastosis (AMV) RT, Rous-associated virus-2 (RAV-2) RT and Maloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) RT when poly (rA)oligo(dT)12-18 or rabbit globin mRNA were used as template. Amentoflavone, scutellarein and quercetin were the most active compounds and their effect was concentration-dependent. The enzymes exhibited differential sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of the flavonoids. The compounds also inhibited rabbit globin mRNA-directed, MMLV RT-catalyzed DNA synthesis. Amentoflavone and scutellarein inhibited ongoing new DNA synthesis catalyzed by RAV-2 RT. Kinetic studies were performed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of amentoflavone and scutellarein. A model is proposed for the mechanism of action of the flavonoids on RT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spedding
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital 14203
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Cheng CC. Structural aspects of antineoplastic agents--a new approach. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1988; 25:35-83. [PMID: 3076970 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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