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Development and validation of simple RP-HPLC-PDA analytical protocol for zileuton assisted with Design of Experiments for robustness determination. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in mice is independent of leukotrienes. Anaerobe 2014; 30:90-8. [PMID: 25230329 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in healthcare settings. However, the host factors involved in the intestinal inflammatory response and pathogenesis of C. difficile infection (CDI) are largely unknown. Here we investigated the role of leukotrienes (LTs), a group of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, in CDI. Notably, the neutrophil chemoattractant LTB4, but not cysteinyl (cys) LTs, was induced in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice infected with either C. difficile strain VPI 10463 or strain 630. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of LT production did not ameliorate C. difficile colitis or clinical signs of disease in infected mice. Histological analysis demonstrated that intestinal neutrophilic inflammation, edema and tissue damage in mice during acute and severe CDI were not modulated in the absence of LTs. In addition, CDI induced a burst of cytokines in the intestine of infected mice in a LT-independent manner. Serum levels of anti-toxin A immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels were also not modulated by endogenous LTs. Collectively, our results do not support a role for LTs in modulating host susceptibility to CDI in mice.
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Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Suppaiah V, Ahmad S, Jamaludin F. Mechanism(s) of action involved in the gastroprotective activity of Muntingia calabura. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1184-1193. [PMID: 24380736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) is locally known as kerukup siam. Its leaves, flowers, barks and roots have been used traditionally in East Asia and South America to treat various diseases including ulcer-related diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism(s) of gastroprotective effect of methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves (MEMC) using the pylorus ligation induced gastric ulceration in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five groups of rats (n=6) were administered orally once daily for 7 days with 8% Tween 80 (negative control), 100 mg/kg ranitidine (positive control), or MEMC (100, 250 or 500 mg/kg), followed by the ulcer induction via ligation of the pyloric part of the rat's stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic analysis of the stomach, evaluation of gastric content parameters, and quantification of mucus content. The antioxidant (measured using the superoxide anion and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) assays), anti-inflammatory (evaluated using the in vitro lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase assays), phytoconstituents and HPLC analysis of MEMC were also carried out. RESULTS The MEMC significantly (p<0.05) reduced gastric lesion in this model. Furthermore, the extract also significantly (p<0.01) reduced the volume of gastric content whereas the total acidity was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg MEMC. Moreover, the mucus content increased significantly (p<0.01) in MEMC-treated rats. The extract also showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in all assays tested, and demonstrated the presence of high tannins and saponins followed by flavonoids. CONCLUSION The MEMC exerted gastroprotective effect via several mechanisms including the anti-secretory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities could be attributed to the presence of tannins, saponins and flavonoids (e.g. rutin, quercitrin, fisetin and dihydroquercetin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tavamani Balan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Velan Suppaiah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadzureena Jamaludin
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhao X, Lu W, Song C, Huang J. Detection of mammalian 5‐lipoxygenase activity using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Song
- Department of ChemistryJiangxi Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
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Masoodi M, Pearl DS, Eiden M, Shute JK, Brown JF, Calder PC, Trebble TM. Altered colonic mucosal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) derived lipid mediators in ulcerative colitis: new insight into relationship with disease activity and pathophysiology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76532. [PMID: 24204637 PMCID: PMC3799829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing inflammatory disorder of unconfirmed aetiology, variable severity and clinical course, characterised by progressive histological inflammation and with elevation of eicosanoids which have a known pathophysiological role in inflammation. Therapeutic interventions targetting eicosanoids (5-aminosalicylates (ASA)) are effective first line and adjunctive treatments in mild-moderate UC for achieving and sustaining clinical remission. However, the variable clinical response to 5-ASA and frequent deterioration in response to cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors, has prompted an in depth simultaneous evaluation of multiple lipid mediators (including eicosanoids) within the inflammatory milieu in UC. We hypothesised that severity of inflammation is associated with alteration of lipid mediators, in relapsing UC. Design Study was case-control design. Mucosal lipid mediators were determined by LC-MS/MS lipidomics analysis on mucosal biopsies taken from patients attending outpatients with relapsing UC. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to investigate the association of mucosal lipid mediators, with the disease state and severity graded histologically. Results Levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXB2, 5-HETE, 11-HETE, 12-HETE and 15-HETE are significantly elevated in inflamed mucosa and correlate with severity of inflammation, determined using validated histological scoring systems. Conclusions Our approach of capturing inflammatory mediator signature at different stages of UC by combining comprehensive lipidomics analysis and computational modelling could be used to classify and predict mild-moderate inflammation; however, predictive index is diminished in severe inflammation. This new technical approach could be developed to tailor drug treatments to patients with active UC, based on the mucosal lipid mediator profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (DSP)
| | - Daniel S. Pearl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, Somerset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (DSP)
| | - Michael Eiden
- Medical Research Council, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janis K. Shute
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Nutrition, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Trebble
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Werz O, Steinhilber D. Therapeutic options for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:701-18. [PMID: 16837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into leukotriene (LT) A(4) and 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. LTA(4) can then be converted into LTB(4) by LTA(4) hydrolase or into LTC(4) by LTC(4) synthase and the LTC(4) synthase isoenzymes MGST2 and MGST3. LTB(4) is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes leading to adherence of phagocytes to vessel walls, neutrophil degranulation and release of superoxide anions. LTC(4) and its metabolite, LTD(4), are potent bronchoconstrictors that increase vascular permeability and stimulate mucus secretion from airways. Recent data also suggest that LT have an immunomodulatory role. Due to these properties, the increased biosynthesis of LT in asthma, and based upon clinical data obtained with CysLT(1) receptor antagonists in asthma patients, there is a consensus that CysLT play a prominent role in asthma. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on possible functions of the 5-LO pathway in various diseases like asthma, cancer and cardiovascular events and review the corresponding potential therapeutic roles of 5-LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The type 1 vanilloid receptor (VR1) is a non-specific cation channel activated by capsaicin, lipoxygenase (LOX) products, heat and acid. This study demonstrates VR1 and 5-LOX expression by inner ear ganglion cells. A PCR product (210 bp) was amplified from both oligo(dT)- and random primer-generated cDNAs of rat spiral ganglion cells using VR1 gene-specific primers constructed from the 3' non-homologous region. This PCR product shared 100% sequence homology to a rat VR1 cDNA (GenBank accession no. AF029310) and a rat vanilloid receptor splice variant mRNA (GenBank accession no. AF158248). Frozen sections of PLP-fixed, decalcified Long-Evans rat temporal bones were stained immunohistochemically for VR1. Neurons and satellite cells in both the vestibular and spiral ganglia were VR1-immunopositive. Neurons and supporting cells in adjacent sections of these ganglia were immunopositive for 5-LOX. These findings raise the hypothesis that activation of VR1 by endogenous ligands may contribute to hypersensitivity of the eighth nerve to hair cell inputs in a variety of pathologic conditions, such as tinnitus, Meniere's disease and migraine. In particular, these data suggest that LOX activation during inflammatory processes or during cyclo-oxygenase inhibition (e.g. by aspirin) is a potential intrinsic source of VR1 activation in inner ear ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Eye and Ear Institute, Rm 153, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Yuceyar H, Ozutemiz O, Huseyinov A, Saruç M, Alkanat M, Bor S, Coker I, Batur Y. Is administration of n-3 fatty acids by mucosal enema protective against trinitrobenzene-induced colitis in rats? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 61:339-45. [PMID: 10718105 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the protective role of fish oil (FO-source of n-3 FA) enriched diet (in the first protocol) in 20 rats and FO administration intrarectally (in the second protocol) in 40 rats with trinitrobenzene (TNB) colitis. All colonic specimens were pathologically evaluated, myeloperoxidase enzyme activities were measured, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and LTC4 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the first protocol 10 rats (group A1) were fed with 8% sunflower and cotton oil enriched diet and (group A2) with 8% FO enriched diet for 6 weeks. At the end of this period, TNB (30 mg in 0.25 ml of 30% ethanol) were intrarectally administered. After 2 weeks, rats were sacrificed. MPO activities (2.47 versus 30.17), LTB4 (34.5 versus 903.3) and LTC4 (77.7 versus 456.0) levels were significantly reduced in group A2 compared with group A1 (P<0.005). There was also a significant difference in pathologic scores (1.55 versus 2.12, P<0.002) between two groups. In the first part of the second protocol, 20 male rats were randomized into two equal groups (B1 and B2) and TNB colitis was induced. After 1 day, 1 ml of saline (group B1) or n-3 FA enemas (group B2) were administered every day for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, rats were sacrificed and evaluated as done for previous groups. Although there was no significant difference between the two groups in comparison with MPO enzyme activities and pathologic scores, the LTB4 (130.1 versus 971.0) and LTC4 (126.0 versus 532.0) levels of FO group were significantly reduced (P<0.005). In the second part of the second protocol, 20 male rats were randomized into two groups. One millilitre of saline (group B3) or FO enemas (group B4) were administered to rats every day for 3 days. At the fourth day, TNB-colitis was induced and after 24 h rats were sacrificed. We could not find any significant difference in MPO activities, pathologic scores, LTB4 and LTC4 levels between groups B3 and B4. In conclusion, FO enriched diet decreased both pathologic damage and tissue LT levels. The second protocol of our study revealed that the long-term FO enemas decreased the LTB4 and LTC4 levels; however, did not have any beneficial effect on the tissue lesions. Short periods of FO enemas did not have a protective role in the occurrence of experimental colitis. The present study showed that FO enemas significantly decreased LT levels. The protective effect of FO (oral and enema) in TNB colitis may open a new insight into the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yuceyar
- Celal Bayar University, Department of Gastroenterology, Manisa, Turkey
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Abstract
CD and UC represent a spectrum of chronic IBD that present in protean ways and are accompanied by a variety of systemic sequelae. Sulfasalazine and the newer 5-aminosalicylates are important in the management of mild-to-moderate disease, whereas corticosteroids remain the primary therapy for most patients with moderate-to-severe disease (Tables 2-5). The toxicities associated with long-term steroid therapy, combined with their ineffectiveness as maintenance medications, have led to increased use of immunomodulators, such as azathioprine and 6-MP, for the treatment of steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant IBD. Infliximab is a novel therapeutic adjunct for chronically active and fistulizing CD that will herald a new era of biologic therapy for IBD. Meanwhile, CSA remains an alternative to urgent colectomy in severe UC unresponsive to corticosteroids and also for CD patients with severe disease or refractory fistulas. Finally, continued insights into the etiopathogenic pathways in IBD will provide evolving and innovative approaches until the eventual causes and cures are elucidated. In the meantime, clinicians should remain optimistic regarding current ability to reduce the morbidity and maintain the quality of life for patients suffering with these frustrating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
In the absence of a single initiating aetiological factor, most workers envisage Crohn's disease as the manifestation of poorly regulated immune and inflammatory processes within the gut wall. Initially these responses may arise as a response to common antigens associated with the gut--bacterial products being amongst the most obvious candidates. In genetically predisposed individuals there is overexpression both of local immune response mechanisms in the gut wall (T-cells, B-cells and macrophages) and of systemic inflammatory cells (predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes), which are attracted into the inflamed gut through activation of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium. As a consequence a large number of pro-inflammatory processes are expressed in the gut wall, inadequately checked by the normal counter-inflammatory processes that should serve to limit inflammation. Defining the relative importance of the individual processes, and identifying critical steps that could be inhibited or enhanced for therapeutic purposes, is a major challenge of Crohn's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Hodgson
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Division of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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van Pelt JP, de Jong EM, van Erp PE, Mitchell MI, Marder P, Spaethe SM, van Hooijdonk CA, Kuijpers AL, van de Kerkhof PC. The regulation of CD11b integrin levels on human blood leukocytes and leukotriene B4-stimulated skin by a specific leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist (LY293111). Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1005-12. [PMID: 9174114 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD11b is part of the beta2-integrin Mac-1 and plays an important role in neutrophil adhesion. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is an active upregulator of neutrophil CD11b-expression, acts as a potent chemoattractant to neutrophils and is also known to upmodulate epidermal proliferation. We performed a placebo-controlled study on LY293111, an oral LTB4 receptor antagonist. Twenty healthy male volunteers were randomised over three treatment groups that received placebo, 48 mg, or 200 mg drug twice daily for 10 days. Before and after treatment, flow cytometrical CD11b assessment was performed on in vitro LTB4-stimulated peripheral blood neutrophils. Additionally, skin biopsies were taken at 24 and 72 h after epicutaneous LTB4 application, before and after treatment. The effects on skin were assessed immunohistochemically using various markers. All observed effects were dose related. CD11b upregulation on blood neutrophils was significantly suppressed in both treatment groups compared to placebo. In skin, a significant suppression of inflammation and hyperproliferation occurred. Pronounced inhibition was observed on neutrophil migration into the epidermis and the inflammatory infiltrate was decreased. A similar but weaker response was seen in the dermis. The number of cycling cells as well as suprabasal keratin-16 expression were decreased in both treatment groups. LY293111 proved to be a potent inhibitor of LTB4-induced cutaneous inflammation and hyperproliferation. The potent antiinflammatory effect in vivo and the fact that in the present study the compound showed no clinically significant side effects make it an interesting drug in the future treatment of inflammatory conditions predominated by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P van Pelt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Harris RR, Carter GW, Bell RL, Moore JL, Brooks DW. Clinical activity of leukotriene inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:147-56. [PMID: 7657406 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Data from the emerging clinical trials with compounds such as zileuton, ICI 204,219, Bay X1005, MK571, MK679, and MK591 are demonstrating the importance of the leukotrienes as mediators of asthma and possibly other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. One of the major questions facing the asthma community is how much improvement in the FEV1 is needed to improve the quality of life of the asthmatic patient. Comparing the various approaches to asthma treatment, there is typically 15-20% improvement in the lung function with inhaled steroids. Leukotriene interventions apparently will improve lung function to similar levels as with inhaled steroids, and thus may offer an alternative to steroids. Like the steroids, zileuton appears to also reduce the inflammatory cell influx into the antigen-challenged site, which may have the long-term effect of reversing some of the tissue alterations that occur as a result of the inflammation seen with asthma. Importantly, the reported experience to date has shown that the leukotriene modulators do not have the same side-effects as the current therapies, and thus offer the hope that both safe and effective treatment may be derived from this approach. The clinical data reported do not yet define a preferred approach to the modulation of leukotriene pathology. As more studies are published in other diseases the broad spectrum use of these inhibitors will become known.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Harris
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
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VAUGHN DANAM, REINHART GREGORYA, SWAIM STEVENF, LAUTEN SUSAND, GARNER CARLA, BOUDREAUX MARYK, SPANO JOES, HOFFMAN CHARLESE, CONNER BRENDA. Evaluation of Effects of Dietary n-6 to n-3 Fatty Acid Ratios on Leukotriene B Synthesis in Dog Skin and Neutrophils. Vet Dermatol 1994; 5:163-173. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1994.tb00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thérien M, Fitzsimmons B, Scheigets J, Macdonald D, Choo L, Guay J, Falgueyret J, Riendeau D. Justicidin E: A new leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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