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Babi A, Menlibayeva K, Bex T, Doskaliev A, Akshulakov S, Shevtsov M. Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Malignant Brain Tumors: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5435. [PMID: 36358853 PMCID: PMC9659111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conservative and ubiquitous proteins that are expressed both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and play an important role in cellular homeostasis, including the regulation of proteostasis, apoptosis, autophagy, maintenance of signal pathways, protection from various stresses (e.g., hypoxia, ionizing radiation, etc.). Therefore, HSPs are highly expressed in tumor cells, including malignant brain tumors, where they also associate with cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and resistance to radiochemotherapy. In the current review, we aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of HSPs expression in CNS malignancies as well as the novel treatment approaches to modulate the chaperone levels through the application of inhibitors (as monotherapy or in combination with other treatment modalities). Indeed, for several proteins (i.e., HSP10, HSPB1, DNAJC10, HSPA7, HSP90), a direct correlation between the protein level expression and poor overall survival prognosis for patients was demonstrated that provides a possibility to employ them as prognostic markers in neuro-oncology. Although small molecular inhibitors for HSPs, particularly for HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 families, were studied in various solid and hematological malignancies demonstrating therapeutic potential, still their potential was not yet fully explored in CNS tumors. Some newly synthesized agents (e.g., HSP40/DNAJ inhibitors) have not yet been evaluated in GBM. Nevertheless, reported preclinical studies provide evidence and rationale for the application of HSPs inhibitors for targeting brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Babi
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Torekhan Bex
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidos Doskaliev
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Akshulakov
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Brain Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Disease Markers: Molecular Chaperones and MicroRNAs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary and metastatic brain tumors are usually serious conditions with poor prognosis, which reveal the urgent need of developing rapid diagnostic tools and efficacious treatments. To achieve these objectives, progress must be made in the understanding of brain tumor biology, for example, how they resist natural defenses and therapeutic intervention. One resistance mechanism involves extracellular vesicles that are released by tumors to meet target cells nearby or distant via circulation and reprogram them by introducing their cargo. This consists of different molecules among which are microRNAs (miRNAs) and molecular chaperones, the focus of this article. miRNAs modify target cells in the immune system to avoid antitumor reaction and chaperones are key survival molecules for the tumor cell. Extracellular vesicles cargo reflects the composition and metabolism of the original tumor cell; therefore, it is a source of markers, including the miRNAs and chaperones discussed in this article, with potential diagnostic and prognostic value. This and their relatively easy availability by minimally invasive procedures (e.g., drawing venous blood) illustrate the potential of extracellular vesicles as useful materials to manage brain tumor patients. Furthermore, understanding extracellular vesicles circulation and interaction with target cells will provide the basis for using this vesicle for delivering therapeutic compounds to selected tumor cells.
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Wang S, Yang S, Vlantis AC, Liu SY, Ng EK, Chan AB, Wu J, Du J, Wei W, Liu X, Liu Z, Ng SK, van Hasselt CA, Tong MC, Chen GG. Expression of Antioxidant Molecules and Heat Shock Protein 27 in Thyroid Tumors. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2473-81. [PMID: 26970173 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Shucui Yang
- Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Alexander C. Vlantis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Shirley Y.W. Liu
- Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Enders K.W. Ng
- Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Amy B.W. Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Juekun Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - Jing Du
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 40016 China
| | - Siu Kwan Ng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - C. Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Michael C.F. Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - George G. Chen
- Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
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Zeng X, Han I, Abd-El-Barr M, Aljuboori Z, Anderson JE, Chi JH, Zafonte RD, Teng YD. The Effects of Thermal Preconditioning on Oncogenic and Intraspinal Cord Growth Features of Human Glioma Cells. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2099-2109. [PMID: 27151267 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult rodent spinal cord presents an inhibitory environment for donor cell survival, impeding efficiency for xenograft-based modeling of gliomas. We postulated that mild thermal preconditioning may influence the fate of the implanted tumor cells. To test this hypothesis, high-grade human astrocytoma G55 and U87 cells were cultured under 37C and 38.5C to mimic regular experimental or core body temperatures of rodents, respectively. In vitro, the 38.5C-conditioned cells, relative to 37C, grew slightly faster. Compared to U87 cells, G55 cells demonstrated a greater response to the temperature difference. Hyperthermal culture markedly increased production of Hsp27 in most G55 cells, but only promoted transient expression of cancer stem cell marker CD133 in a small cell subpopulation. We subsequently transplanted G55 cells following 37C or 38.5C culture into the C2 or T10 spinal cord of adult female immunodeficient rats (3 rats/each locus/per temperature; total: 12 rats). Systematic analyses revealed that 38.5C-preconditioned G55 cells grew more malignantly at either C2 or T10 as determined by tumor size, outgrowth profile, resistance to bolus intratumor administration of 5-fluorouracil (0.1 mol), and posttumor survival (p0.05; n=6/group). Therefore, thermal preconditioning of glioma cells may be an effective way to influence the in vitro and in vivo oncological contour of glioma cells. Future studies are needed for assessing the potential oncogenic modifying effect of hyperthermia regimens on glioma cells.
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He X, Li L, Tan H, Chen J, Zhou Y. Atorvastatin attenuates contrast-induced nephropathy by modulating inflammatory responses through the regulation of JNK/p38/Hsp27 expression. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:18-27. [PMID: 27156929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether atorvastatin reduce the contrast-induced nephropathy inflammatory response and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells and the relationship with MAPK signaling pathway. We utilized the iopamidol-induced contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) rat model which was induced by a single dose of iopamidol (2.9 g iodine/kg) and a cell model in which human embryonic proximal tubular (HK2) cells were treated with iopamidol. The rats were divided into five groups: (1) control rats (CR); (2) atorvastatin (CA); (3) iopamidol (CM); (4) iopamidol and atorvastatin (20 mg/kg d) (CMA2); (5) iopamidol and atorvastatin (40 mg/kg d) (CMA4). On days 1, 2 and 6 after iopamidol injection, the urea nitrogen and cystatin C increased in CM compared with CR but decreased in CMA compared with CM. Inflammatory parameters and the percentage of apoptotic cells were increased in CM compared with CR and CA, but they were decreased in CMA compared with CM. We also found that atorvastatin ameliorated the renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and the deterioration of renal function in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in vivo, both of SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) could decrease the expression of Bax and caspase-3, but increase Bcl-2 levels in HK2 cells treated with iopamidol. Our study demonstrates that high-dosage atorvastatin treatment attenuates both the inflammatory processes and apoptosis in contrast-induced acute kidney injury, and that the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway participates in the contrast-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells. Finally, atorvastatin reduces CIN by suppression of apoptosis, which may be through inhibition of JNK/p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Bądziul D, Jakubowicz-Gil J, Langner E, Rzeski W, Głowniak K, Gawron A. The effect of quercetin and imperatorin on programmed cell death induction in T98G cells in vitro. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:292-300. [PMID: 24911084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of HSP27 and HSP72 in glioma cells has been closely associated with chemoresistance and decreased sensitivity to programmed cell death induction. Therefore, it is important to devise therapies that effectively target invasive cancer cells by inducing cell death. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of quercetin and imperatorin applied separately and in combinations on the apoptosis and autophagy induction in human T98G cells cultured in vitro. METHODS Cell death induction was analyzed by the staining method. The Western blotting technique and fluorimetric measurements of activity were used to assess the expression of marker proteins of apoptosis and autophagy. The specific siRNA transfected method was used for blocking of the expression of HSP27 and HSP72 genes. RESULTS The experiments revealed the highest percentage of apoptotic cells after using a 50?M concentration of both compounds. Simultaneous quercetin and imperatorin administration induced apoptosis more effectively than incubation with single drugs. These results were accompanied with decreased HSP27 and HSP72 expression, and a high level of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Autophagy was not observed. Additional experiments were performed on a cell line with blocked Hsp27 and Hsp72 expression and significant increase the sensitivity to apoptosis induction upon quercetin and imperatorin treatment was noticed. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that quercetin and imperatorin are potent apoptosis inducers, especially when they act synergistically, which may be a promising combination useful in glioma therapy. Our results also demonstrated that blocking the HSP27 and HSP72 gene expression might serve as a therapeutic target for the human brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bądziul
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Langner
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland; Department of Immunology and Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Głowniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plant Unit, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Antoni Gawron
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Romanucci M, Berardi I, Ciccarelli A, Bongiovanni L, Malatesta D, Oevermann A, Della Salda L. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Heat Shock Protein Expression in Normal Canine Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shen G, Liang S, Xu Z, Zhou L, Xiao S, Xia X, Li R, Liao Y, You C, Wei Y. Downregulated expression of HSP27 in human low-grade glioma tissues discovered by a quantitative proteomic analysis. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:17. [PMID: 20346134 PMCID: PMC2858726 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSPs), including mainly HSP110, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and small HSP families, are evolutionary conserved proteins involved in various cellular processes. Abnormal expression of HSPs has been detected in several tumor types, which indicates that specific HSPs have different prognostic significance for different tumors. In the current studies, the expression profiling of HSPs in human low-grade glioma tissues (HGTs) were investigated using a sensitive, accurate SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture)-based quantitative proteomic strategy. RESULTS The five HSP family members were detected and quantified in both HGTs and autologous para-cancerous brain tissues (PBTs) by the SILAC-based mass spectrometry (MS) simultaneously. HSP90 AB1, HSP A5(70 KDa), and especially HSP27 were significantly downregulated in HGTs, whereas the expression level of HSPA9 (70 KDa) was little higher in HGTs than that in PBTs. It was noted that the downregulation ratio of HSP27 was 0.48-fold in HGTs versus PBTs, which was further validated by results from RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we detected HSP27 expression changes along with cell growth under heat shock treatment in glioma H4 cells. CONCLUSION The SILAC-MS technique is an applicable and efficient novel method, with a high-throughput manner, to quantitatively compare the relative expression level of HSPs in brain tumors. Different HSP family members have specific protein expression levels in human low-grade glioma discovered by SILAC-MS analysis. HSP27 expression was obviously downregulated in HGTs versus PBTs, and it exhibited temporal and spatial variation under heat shock treatment (43 degrees C/0-3 h) in vitro. HSP27's rapid upregulation was probably correlated with the temporary resistance to heat shock in order to maintain the survival of human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Stetler RA, Gao Y, Signore AP, Cao G, Chen J. HSP27: mechanisms of cellular protection against neuronal injury. Curr Mol Med 2010; 9:863-72. [PMID: 19860665 DOI: 10.2174/156652409789105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock protein (HSP) family has long been associated with a generalized cellular stress response, particularly in terms of recognizing and chaperoning misfolded proteins. While HSPs in general appear to be protective, HSP27 has recently emerged as a particularly potent neuroprotectant in a number of diverse neurological disorders, ranging from ALS to stroke. Although its robust protective effect on a number of insults has been recognized, the mechanisms and regulation of HSP27's protective actions are still undergoing intense investigation. On the basis of recent studies, HSP27 appears to have a dynamic and diverse range of function in cellular survival. This review provides a forum to compare and contrast recent literature exploring the protective mechanism and regulation of HSP27, focusing on neurological disorders in particular, as they represent a range from protein aggregate-associated diseases to acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Stetler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 507 South Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary central nervous system tumor. The prognosis for these malignant brain tumors is poor, with a median survival of 14 months and a 5-year survival rate below 2%. Development of novel treatments is essential to improving survival and quality of life for these patients. Endogenous heat shock proteins have been implicated in mediation of both adaptive and innate immunity, and there is a rising interest in the use of this safe and multifaceted heat shock protein vaccine therapy as a promising treatment for human cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room M779, Campus 0112, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Helmbrecht K, Zeise E, Rensing L. Chaperones in cell cycle regulation and mitogenic signal transduction: a review. Cell Prolif 2008; 33:341-65. [PMID: 11101008 PMCID: PMC6496586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2000.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperones/heat shock proteins (HSPs) of the HSP90 and HSP70 families show elevated levels in proliferating mammalian cells and a cell cycle-dependent expression. They transiently associate with key molecules of the cell cycle control system such as Cdk4, Wee-1, pRb, p53, p27/Kip1 and are involved in the nuclear localization of regulatory proteins. They also associate with viral oncoproteins such as SV40 super T, large T and small t antigen, polyoma large and middle S antigen and EpsteinBarr virus nuclear antigen. This association is based on a J-domain in the viral proteins and may assist their targeting to the pRb/E2F complex. Small HSPs and their state of phosphorylation and oligomerization also seem to be involved in proliferation and differentiation. Chaperones/HSPs thus play important roles within cell cycle processes. Their exact functioning, however, is still a matter of discussion. HSP90 in particular, but also HSP70 and other chaperones associate with proteins of the mitogen-activated signal cascade, particularly with the Src kinase, with tyrosine receptor kinases, with Raf and the MAP-kinase activating kinase (MEK). This apparently serves the folding and translocation of these proteins, but possibly also the formation of large immobilized complexes of signal transducing molecules (scaffolding function).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Helmbrecht
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Bremen, Germany
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Pozsgai E, Gomori E, Szigeti A, Boronkai A, Gallyas F, Sumegi B, Bellyei S. Correlation between the progressive cytoplasmic expression of a novel small heat shock protein (Hsp16.2) and malignancy in brain tumors. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:233. [PMID: 18154656 PMCID: PMC2234428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that protect proteins against stress-induced aggregation. They have also been found to have anti-apoptotic activity and to play a part in the development of tumors. Recently, we identified a new small heat shock protein, Hsp16.2 which displayed increased expression in neuroectodermal tumors. Our aim was to investigate the expression of Hsp16.2 in different types of brain tumors and to correlate its expression with the histological grade of the tumor. Methods Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody to Hsp16.2 was carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded sections using the streptavidin-biotin method. 91 samples were examined and their histological grade was defined. According to the intensity of Hsp16.2 immunoreactivity, low (+), moderate (++), high (+++) or none (-) scores were given. Immunoblotting was carried out on 30 samples of brain tumors using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western-blotting. Results Low grade (grades 1–2) brain tumors displayed low cytoplasmic Hsp16.2 immunoreactivity, grade 3 tumors showed moderate cytoplasmic staining, while high grade (grade 4) tumors exhibited intensive cytoplasmic Hsp16.2 staining. Immunoblotting supported the above mentioned results. Normal brain tissue acted as a negative control for the experiment, since the cytoplasm did not stain for Hsp16.2. There was a positive correlation between the level of Hsp16.2 expression and the level of anaplasia in different malignant tissue samples. Conclusion Hsp16.2 expression was directly correlated with the histological grade of brain tumors, therefore Hsp16.2 may have relevance as becoming a possible tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pozsgai
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Nomura N, Nomura M, Sugiyama K, Hamada JI. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced migration of glioblastoma cells is mediated via p38MAPK/Hsp27 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:690-701. [PMID: 17640620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced migration of glioblastoma cells focusing on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathway. PMA-induced cell migration and activation of p38MAPK in A172 glioblastoma cells. PMA-induced formation of lamellipodia and focal complexes was blocked by inhibiting p38MAPK with SB203580 or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, activation of p38MAPK resulted in phosphorylation of an F-actin polymerization regulator, Hsp27. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that upon PMA stimulation, both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated Hsp27 were translocated to the lamellipodia. SB203580 or p38MAPK siRNA blocked these phenomena, indicating that Hsp27 phosphorylation and translocation from cytosol to membrane were mediated by p38MAPK. To address the question of whether endogenous Hsp27 participates in PMA-induced migration, we inhibited the expression of Hsp27 using Hsp27 siRNA. Although knockdown of Hsp27 by siRNA had little effect on p38MAPK activation, lamellipodia and focal complex formation was markedly inhibited. Migration was also abolished in Hsp27 siRNA-transfected cells. In conclusion, p38MAPK activation followed by Hsp27 phosphorylation was required for PMA-induced migration. Furthermore, Hsp27 itself played critical roles in PMA-induced migration. Our data provide substantial evidence for a model elucidating the molecular mechanisms of regulation of actin dynamics and migration by PMA-activated protein kinase C in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-0935, Japan
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Hauser P, Hanzély Z, Jakab Z, Oláh L, Szabó E, Jeney A, Schuler D, Fekete G, Bognár L, Garami M. Expression and prognostic examination of heat shock proteins (HSP 27, HSP 70, and HSP 90) in medulloblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006; 28:461-6. [PMID: 16825994 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000212954.35727.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is of prognostic significance in several tumor types. HSP expression levels were determined in medulloblastomas and tested whether HSPs expression was associated with prognostic parameters. Expression of antiapoptotic HSP 27, HSP 70, and HSP 90 was investigated by immunohistochemistry, on paraffin-embedded sections from 65 patients. Expression of HSPs was validated on internal vascular controls and by Western blotting analysis. Sample evaluation was based on the estimated percentage of HSP positive tumor cells. For survival analysis Kaplan-Meier method, for statistical analysis chi2 test, univariate analysis, and log rank test were applied. Expression of HSPs varied in medulloblastomas. On the basis of the average expression rate of HSPs, at HSP 27 and HSP 90 with a 10% cut off, and at HSP 70 with a 70% cut off 2 groups were created. The amount of expression of any of the HSP types was not significantly associated with known prognostic factors (age of patient, extent of resection, presence of metastasis) and histologic subtype. After an average follow-up period of 4.30 years, no significant difference was observed in survival depending on the expression of HSP 27 or HSP 70 or HSP 90. The high expression of HSPs indicates that these proteins are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ciocca DR, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins in cancer: diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and treatment implications. Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 10:86-103. [PMID: 16038406 PMCID: PMC1176476 DOI: 10.1379/csc-99r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are overexpressed in a wide range of human cancers and are implicated in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, death, and recognition by the immune system. We review the current status of the role of Hsp expression in cancer with special emphasis on the clinical setting. Although Hsp levels are not informative at the diagnostic level, they are useful biomarkers for carcinogenesis in some tissues and signal the degree of differentiation and the aggressiveness of some cancers. In addition, the circulating levels of Hsp and anti-Hsp antibodies in cancer patients may be useful in tumor diagnosis. Furthermore, several Hsp are implicated with the prognosis of specific cancers, most notably Hsp27, whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric, liver, and prostate carcinoma, and osteosarcomas, and Hsp70, which is correlated with poor prognosis in breast, endometrial, uterine cervical, and bladder carcinomas. Increased Hsp expression may also predict the response to some anticancer treatments. For example, Hsp27 and Hsp70 are implicated in resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer, Hsp27 predicts a poor response to chemotherapy in leukemia patients, whereas Hsp70 expression predicts a better response to chemotherapy in osteosarcomas. Implication of Hsp in tumor progression and response to therapy has led to its successful targeting in therapy by 2 main strategies, including: (1) pharmacological modification of Hsp expression or molecular chaperone activity and (2) use of Hsps in anticancer vaccines, exploiting their ability to act as immunological adjuvants. In conclusion, the present times are of importance for the field of Hsps in cancer, with great contributions to both basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (CRICYT-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
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16
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Chen H, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Chang YZ, Qian ZM, Shen X. Heat shock protein 27 downregulates the transferrin receptor 1-mediated iron uptake. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1402-16. [PMID: 16546437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that over-expression of human heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) in murine cells decreased the intracellular iron level [Arrigo, A. P., Virot, S., Chaufour, S., Firdaus, W., Kretz-Remy, C., & Diaz-Latoud, C. (2005). Hsp27 consolidates intracellular redox homeostasis by upholding glutathione in its reduced form and by decreasing iron intracellular levels. Antioxidants & Redox Signalling, 7, 412-422]. However, the mechanism involved is unknown. In this study, the regulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)-mediated iron uptake by human hsp27 was investigated in CCL39 cells by overexpression of human hsp27 and its dominant-negative mutant (hsp27-3G). The results showed that overexpression of hsp27 diminished intracellular labile iron pool, increased the binding activity of iron regulatory protein (IRP) to iron responsive element (IRE) and the cell surface-expressed TfR1s. However, the increased surface-expressed TfR1s resulted in decrease rather than increase of iron uptake. Further study revealed that overexpression of hsp27 decelerated transferrin endocytosis and recycling, while overexpressed hsp27-3G had a reversal effect. Moreover, flowcytometric analysis showed an enhanced actin polymerization in the cells overexpressing hsp27. In particular, fluorescence imaging of cytoskeleton displayed highly stabilized microfilaments and preferential localization of hsp27 in cortical area of the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, disruption of actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin B resulted in acceleration of the endocytosis and recycling of Tf, as well as increase of iron uptake. Meanwhile, the possible involvement of ferroportin 1 in down-regulation of intracellular iron level by overexpression of hsp27 was checked. However, the outcome was negative. Our findings indicate that hsp27 down-regulates TfR1-mediated iron uptake via stabilization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton rather than the classical IRP/IRE mode. The study may also imply that hsp27 protects cells from oxidative stress by reducing cellular iron uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyong Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Park KJ, Gaynor RB, Kwak YT. Heat shock protein 27 association with the I kappa B kinase complex regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35272-8. [PMID: 12829720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the heat shock protein family that has been implicated in various biological functions including the response to heat shock, oxidative stress, and cytokine treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that heat shock proteins are involved in regulating signal transduction pathways including the NF-kappa B pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that Hsp27 associates with the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex and that this interaction was stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment. Phosphorylation of Hsp27 by the kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2, a downstream substrate of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, enhanced the association of Hsp27 with IKK beta to result in decreased IKK activity. Consistent with these observations, treatment of cells with a p38 inhibitor reduced the association of Hsp27 with IKK beta and thus resulted in increased IKK activity. These studies indicate that Hsp27 plays a negative role in down-regulating IKK signaling by reducing its activity following tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Jin Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8594, USA
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18
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Ciocca DR, Vargas-Roig LM. Hsp27 as a prognostic and predictive factor in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 28:205-18. [PMID: 11908061 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56348-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Lactation (LARLAC), Regional Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CRICYT), Casilla de Correo 855, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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19
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Krueger-Naug AMR, Plumier JCL, Hopkins DA, Currie RW. Hsp27 in the nervous system: expression in pathophysiology and in the aging brain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 28:235-51. [PMID: 11908063 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56348-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M R Krueger-Naug
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
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20
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King KL, Li AF, Chau GY, Chi CW, Wu CW, Huang CL, Lui WY. Prognostic significance of heat shock protein-27 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and its relation to histologic grading and survival. Cancer 2000. [PMID: 10861421 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000601)88:11%3c2464::aid-cncr6%3e3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27) has been detected in some human tumors. In this study the authors investigated HSP-27 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and examined its prognostic significance. METHODS Expression of HSP-27 was studied in 58 HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissues by immunohistochemical stain. The relation between its expression and eight known prognostic factors was evaluated. RESULTS Of the 58 HCC tissues studied, the presence of HSP-27 was demonstrated in 45 tissues (77.6%); low expression (</= 25%) was demonstrated in 17 tissues and high expression (> 25%) was demonstrated in 28 tissues. A significantly higher distribution of HSP-27 expression in HCC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous liver tissues was obtained (P < 0.0001). Patients with high HSP-27 expression had a significantly higher histologic tumor grade than those with low HSP-27 expression (P = 0.001). The 5-year disease free survival rate of patients with high HSP-27 expression was 21.4% versus 59.3% for patients with low HSP-27 expression (P < 0.001). A similar relation was observed with overall survival (33.3% vs. 64. 8%; P = 0.009). HSP-27 expression was also identified to be a significant and powerful prognostic indicator for disease free survival (odds ratio = 2.25; P = 0.034) and for overall survival (odds ratio = 2.72; P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The current study data suggest that HSP-27 expression is a powerful prognostic indicator and is related to histologic grade and survival of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L King
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Erdamar S, Zhu ZQ, Hamilton WJ, Armstrong DL, Grossman RG. Corpora amylacea and heat shock protein 27 in Ammon's horn sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:698-706. [PMID: 10952060 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.8.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased numbers of corpora amylacea have been observed in the resected mesial temporal lobe of many patients with complex partial seizures (CPS) and Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS). Several heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced by seizures and have been suggested as an etiologic factor in the formation corpora amylacea. We quantified corpora amylacea and HSP27-immunoreactive astrocytes in temporal lobe specimens from patients with CPS (28 AHS; 10 non-AHS) and in 5 autopsy controls. Corpora amylacea were increased in each sector of Ammon's horn in the AHS group, significantly so in CA1 and CA3 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0097, respectively), compared with the non-AHS group, although there was considerable variability among the specimens. We found HSP27 to be significantly but nonspecifically increased in the resected temporal lobe specimens from all patients with CPS, regardless of the underlying pathology. HSP27 was not, however, expressed within the corpora amylacea, and did not correlate with the number of corpora amylacea in any of the 9 mesial and lateral temporal lobe areas examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erdamar
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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King KL, Li AF, Chau GY, Chi CW, Wu CW, Huang CL, Lui WY. Prognostic significance of heat shock protein-27 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and its relation to histologic grading and survival. Cancer 2000; 88:2464-70. [PMID: 10861421 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2464::aid-cncr6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27) has been detected in some human tumors. In this study the authors investigated HSP-27 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and examined its prognostic significance. METHODS Expression of HSP-27 was studied in 58 HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissues by immunohistochemical stain. The relation between its expression and eight known prognostic factors was evaluated. RESULTS Of the 58 HCC tissues studied, the presence of HSP-27 was demonstrated in 45 tissues (77.6%); low expression (</= 25%) was demonstrated in 17 tissues and high expression (> 25%) was demonstrated in 28 tissues. A significantly higher distribution of HSP-27 expression in HCC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous liver tissues was obtained (P < 0.0001). Patients with high HSP-27 expression had a significantly higher histologic tumor grade than those with low HSP-27 expression (P = 0.001). The 5-year disease free survival rate of patients with high HSP-27 expression was 21.4% versus 59.3% for patients with low HSP-27 expression (P < 0.001). A similar relation was observed with overall survival (33.3% vs. 64. 8%; P = 0.009). HSP-27 expression was also identified to be a significant and powerful prognostic indicator for disease free survival (odds ratio = 2.25; P = 0.034) and for overall survival (odds ratio = 2.72; P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The current study data suggest that HSP-27 expression is a powerful prognostic indicator and is related to histologic grade and survival of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L King
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Vegh GL, Fulop V, Liu Y, Ng SW, Tuncer ZS, Genest DR, Paldi-Haris P, Foldi J, Mok SC, Berkowitz RS. Differential gene expression pattern between normal human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines: downregulation of heat shock protein-27 in choriocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 75:391-6. [PMID: 10600295 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to identify potential differences in gene expression between normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. METHODS The Atlas human cDNA expression array hybridization technique was used to study the gene expression pattern in normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, to confirm heat shock protein-27 (Hsp-27) expression data, reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses were used in vitro with cell lines and in vivo with paraffin sections. RESULTS The expression of nine genes was strongly different comparing a normal trophoblast cell line with choriocarcinoma cells on the Atlas membranes. Compared to normal trophoblast cells, six genes were upregulated and three were downregulated in choriocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of Hsp-27 in choriocarcinoma cells was confirmed both in vitro with cell lines and in vivo with paraffin sections using RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical techniques. CONCLUSION cDNA expression array is a useful technique for identifying differentially expressed gene patterns in normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. The strong expression of Hsp-27 in placental villous trophoblast cells may play a role in trophoblast differentiation. The downregulation of Hsp-27 in choriocarcinoma may contribute to the extreme sensitivity of trophoblastic tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Vegh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Defects in apoptosis signaling pathways are common in cancer cells. Such defects may play an important role in tumor initiation because apoptosis normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA or dysregulated cell cycle, i.e., cells with increased malignant potential. Moreover, impaired apoptosis may enhance tumor progression and promote metastasis by enabling tumor cells to survive the transit in the bloodstream and to grow in ectopic tissue sites lacking the otherwise required survival factors. Finally, raised apoptosis threshold may have deleterious consequences by rendering cancer cells resistant to various forms of therapy. The intensive apoptosis research during the past decade has resulted in the identification of several proteins which may promote tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. Of special relevance in human cancer are those commonly expressed in primary tumors and functioning at the common part of the signaling pathway leading to apoptosis. Proteins fulfilling these criteria include antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, heat shock proteins, Hsp70 and Hsp27, as well as survivin, the novel cancer-associated member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of action of these proteins may offer novel modes of rationally and selectively manipulating the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jäättelä
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
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25
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Khalid H, Shibata S, Kishikawa M, Yasunaga A, Iseki M, Hiura T. Immunohistochemical analysis of progesterone receptor and Ki-67 labeling index in astrocytic tumors. Cancer 1997; 80:2133-40. [PMID: 9392336 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19971201)80:11<2133::aid-cncr13>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial tumors such as meningiomas express steroid hormone receptors but little is known regarding progesterone receptor (PR) in astrocytic tumors. The authors evaluated expression of PR in 86 astrocytic tumors in relation to tumor proliferative potential. METHODS Paraffin embedded tumor sections were stained with polyclonal antiprogesterone antibody by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and with monoclonal MIB-1-Ki-67 antibody by avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sixty-three of the 86 astrocytic tumors (73%) showed positive PR immunoreactivity. PR expression was observed in 4 of 9 pilocytic astrocytomas, 13 of 24 Grade 2 astrocytomas, 15 of 20 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 31 of 33 glioblastomas. In addition to the tumor cells, cells of microvascular endothelial proliferation and the smooth muscle of tumor vessel walls were frequently PR positive. Glioblastomas had a significantly higher percentage of PR positive cells compared with anaplastic (P < 0.0008) and low grade (P < 0.0001) astrocytomas. Patients with PR positive astrocytomas were of an older age than patients with PR negative astrocytomas (48.71 +/- 21.95 years vs. 37.09 +/- 24.69 years; P < 0.04). The mean Ki-67 labeling index (LI) was significantly higher in the high grade (3-4) astrocytomas compared with low grade (1-2) astrocytomas (P < 0.0001). PR positive astrocytic tumors had higher Ki-67 LI than PR negative tumors. PR expression was not correlated with tumor recurrence and patient survival. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that PR in the astrocytic tumors correlates with histologic grade and PR may participate in the growth of these tumors and tumor angiogenesis. The measurement of PR in these tumors may indirectly represent tumor growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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26
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Planas AM, Soriano MA, Estrada A, Sanz O, Martin F, Ferrer I. The heat shock stress response after brain lesions: induction of 72 kDa heat shock protein (cell types involved, axonal transport, transcriptional regulation) and protein synthesis inhibition. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 51:607-36. [PMID: 9175159 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral stress response is examined following a variety of pathological conditions such as focal and global ischemia, administration of excitotoxins, and hyperthermia. Expression of 72 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) and hsp70 mRNA, the mechanism underlying induction of hsp70 mRNA involving activation of heat shock factor 1, and inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis are different aspects of the stress response considered here. The results are compared with those in the literature on induction, transcriptional regulation, expression, and cellular location of Hsp70, with a view to getting more insight into the function of the stress response in the injured brain. The present results illustrate that Hsp70 can be expressed in cells affected at various degrees following an insult that will either survive or dic as the brain lesion develops, depending on the severity of cell injury. This indicates that, under certain circumstances, synthesized Hsp70 might be necessary but not sufficient to ensure cell survival. Other situations involve uncoupling between synthesis of hsp70 mRNA and protein, probably due to very strict protein synthesis blockade, and often result in cell loss. Cells eventually will die if protein synthesis rates do not go back to normal after a period of protein synthesis inhibition. The stress response is a dynamic event that is switched on in neural cells sensitive to a brain insult. The stress response is, however, tricky, as affected cells seem to need it, have to deal transiently with it, but eventually be able to get rid of it, in order to survive. Putative therapeutic treatments can act either selectively, potentiating the synthesis of Hsp70 protein and recovery of protein synthesis, or preventing the stress response by deadening the insult severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Planas
- Department of Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Institut d Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, Spain
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