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Li M, Tang H, Li Z, Tang W. Emerging Treatment Strategies for Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2022; 507:112-124. [PMID: 36341725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) injury is a common feature of ischemic stroke which occurs when the blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia in the brain. Reduced blood-flow to the brain during CI/RI compromises neuronal cell health as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytokine production, inflammation and tissue damage. Reperfusion therapy during CI/RI can restore the blood flow to ischemic regions of brain which are not yet infarcted. The long-term goal of CI/RI therapy is to reduce stroke-related neuronal cell death, disability and mortality. A range of drug and interventional therapies have emerged that can alleviate CI/RI mediated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Herein, we review recent studies on CI/RI interventions for which a mechanism of action has been described and the potential of these therapeutic modalities for future use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Heyong Tang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (School of Life Sciences), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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2
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Li W, Cao F, Takase H, Arai K, Lo EH, Lok J. Blood-Brain Barrier Mechanisms in Stroke and Trauma. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:267-293. [PMID: 33580391 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, plays an important role in maintaining the brain homeostasis by regulating the transport of both beneficial and detrimental substances between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. After brain injury and disease, BBB tightness becomes dysregulated, thus leading to inflammation and secondary brain damage. In this chapter, we overview the fundamental mechanisms of BBB damage and repair after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding these mechanisms may lead to therapeutic opportunities for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Wang S, Head BP. Caveolin-1 in Stroke Neuropathology and Neuroprotection: A Novel Molecular Therapeutic Target for Ischemic-Related Injury. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:41-49. [PMID: 29412114 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180206112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and associated cerebral stroke are a global epidemic attributed to genetic and epigenetic factors, such as diet, life style and an increasingly sedentary existence due to technological advances in both the developing and developed world. There are approximately 5.9 million stroke-related deaths worldwide annually. Current epidemiological data indicate that nearly 16.9 million people worldwide suffer a new or recurrent stroke yearly. In 2014 alone, 2.4% of adults in the United States (US) were estimated to experience stroke, which is the leading cause of adult disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the US There are 2 main types of stroke: Hemorrhagic (HS) and ischemic stroke (IS), with IS occurring more frequently. HS is caused by intra-cerebral hemorrhage mainly due to high blood pressure, while IS is caused by either embolic or thrombotic stroke. Both result in motor impairments, numbness or abnormal sensations, cognitive deficits, and mood disorders (e.g. depression). This review focuses on the 1) pathophysiology of stroke (neuronal cell loss, defective blood brain barrier, microglia activation, and inflammation), 2) the role of the membrane protein caveolin- 1 (Cav-1) in normal brain physiology and stroke-induced changes, and, 3) we briefly discussed the potential therapeutic role of Cav-1 in recovery following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Brian P Head
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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4
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Huang Q, Zhong W, Hu Z, Tang X. A review of the role of cav-1 in neuropathology and neural recovery after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:348. [PMID: 30572925 PMCID: PMC6302517 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke starts a series of pathophysiological processes that cause brain injury. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is an integrated protein and locates at the caveolar membrane. It has been demonstrated that cav-1 can protect blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) which degrade tight junction proteins. This article reviews recent developments in understanding the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke, and focuses on how cav-1 modulates a series of activities after ischemic stroke. In general, cav-1 reduces BBB permeability mainly by downregulating MMP9, reduces neuroinflammation through influencing cytokines and inflammatory cells, promotes nerve regeneration and angiogenesis via cav-1/VEGF pathway, reduces apoptosis, and reduces the damage mediated by oxidative stress. In addition, we also summarize some experimental results that are contrary to the above and explore possible reasons for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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5
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Otmakhov N, Gorbacheva EV, Regmi S, Yasuda R, Hudmon A, Lisman J. Excitotoxic insult results in a long-lasting activation of CaMKIIα and mitochondrial damage in living hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120881. [PMID: 25793533 PMCID: PMC4368532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-activation of excitatory NMDA receptors and the resulting Ca2+ overload is the main cause of neuronal toxicity during stroke. CaMKII becomes misregulated during such events. Biochemical studies show either a dramatic loss of CaMKII activity or its persistent autonomous activation after stroke, with both of these processes being implicated in cell toxicity. To complement the biochemical data, we monitored CaMKII activation in living hippocampal neurons in slice cultures using high spatial/temporal resolution two-photon imaging of the CaMKIIα FRET sensor, Camui. CaMKII activation state was estimated by measuring Camui fluorescence lifetime. Short NMDA insult resulted in Camui activation followed by a redistribution of its protein localization: an increase in spines, a decrease in dendritic shafts, and concentration into numerous clusters in the cell soma. Camui activation was either persistent (> 1-3 hours) or transient (~20 min) and, in general, correlated with its protein redistribution. After longer NMDA insult, however, Camui redistribution persisted longer than its activation, suggesting distinct regulation/phases of these processes. Mutational and pharmacological analysis suggested that persistent Camui activation was due to prolonged Ca2+ elevation, with little impact of autonomous states produced by T286 autophosphorylation and/or by C280/M281 oxidation. Cell injury was monitored using expressible mitochondrial marker mito-dsRed. Shortly after Camui activation and clustering, NMDA treatment resulted in mitochondrial swelling, with persistence of the swelling temporarily linked to the persistence of Camui activation. The results suggest that in living neurons excitotoxic insult produces long-lasting Ca2+-dependent active state of CaMKII temporarily linked to cell injury. CaMKII function, however, is to be restricted due to strong clustering. The study provides the first characterization of CaMKII activation dynamics in living neurons during excitotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Otmakhov
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 02454, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena V. Gorbacheva
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 02454, United States of America
| | - Shaurav Regmi
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 02454, United States of America
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States of America
| | - Andy Hudmon
- STARK Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Research Building II, Room 480, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
| | - John Lisman
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 02454, United States of America
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Kocsis K, Knapp L, Mészáros J, Kis Z, Farkas T, Vécsei L, Toldi J. Acetyl-L-carnitine and oxaloacetate in post-treatment against LTP impairment in a rat ischemia model. An in vitro electrophysiological study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:867-72. [PMID: 25432433 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A high proportion of research relating to cerebral ischemia focuses on neuroprotection. The application of compounds normally present in the organism is popular, because they do not greatly influence the synaptic activity by receptor modulation, and can be administered without serious side effects. Oxaloacetate (OxAc) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) are such favorable endogenous molecules. ALC can exert a protective effect by improving the energy state of the neurons under ischemic conditions. A promising neuroprotective strategy is glutamate scavenging, which can be achieved by the intravenous administration of OxAc. This study involved the possible protective effects of ALC and OxAc in different post-treatment protocols against long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. Ischemia was induced in rats by 2-vessel occlusion, which led to a decreased LTP relative to the control group. High-dose (200 mg/kg) ALC or OxAc post-treatment resulted in a higher potentiation relative to the 2VO group, but it did not reach the control level, whereas low-dose ALC (100 mg/kg) in combination with OxAc completely restored the LTP function. Many previous studies have concluded that ALC can be protective only as pretreatment. The strategy described here reveals that ALC can also be neuroprotective when utilized as post-treatment against ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kocsis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Ahmed MAE, El Morsy EM, Ahmed AAE. Pomegranate extract protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and preserves brain DNA integrity in rats. Life Sci 2014; 110:61-9. [PMID: 25010842 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interruption to blood flow causes ischemia and infarction of brain tissues with consequent neuronal damage and brain dysfunction. Pomegranate extract is well tolerated, and safely consumed all over the world. Interestingly, pomegranate extract has shown remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models. Many investigators consider natural extracts as novel therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of standardized pomegranate extract against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in rats. MAIN METHODS Adult male albino rats were randomly divided into sham-operated control group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, and two other groups that received standardized pomegranate extract at two dose levels (250, 500 mg/kg) for 15 days prior to ischemia/reperfusion (PMG250+I/R, and PMG500+I/R groups). After I/R or sham operation, all rats were sacrificed and brains were harvested for subsequent biochemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS Results showed reduction in brain contents of MDA (malondialdehyde), and NO (nitric oxide), in addition to enhancement of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPX (glutathione peroxidase), and GRD (glutathione reductase) activities in rats treated with pomegranate extract prior to cerebral I/R. Moreover, pomegranate extract decreased brain levels of NF-κB p65 (nuclear factor kappa B p65), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), caspase-3 and increased brain levels of IL-10 (interleukin-10), and cerebral ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. Comet assay showed less brain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage in rats protected with pomegranate extract. SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed, for the first time, that pre-administration of pomegranate extract to rats, can offer a significant dose-dependent neuroprotective activity against cerebral I/R brain injury and DNA damage via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and ATP-replenishing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Engy M El Morsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Helwan, Egypt
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8
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Chalkias A, Xanthos T. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury: pathophysiology and treatment. J Neurol Sci 2012; 315:1-8. [PMID: 22251931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death that affects more than a million individuals worldwide every year. Despite the recent advancement in the field of cardiac arrest and resuscitation, the management and prognosis of post-cardiac arrest brain injury remain suboptimal. The pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury involves a complex cascade of molecular events, most of which remain unknown. Considering that a potentially broad therapeutic window for neuroprotective drug therapy is offered in most successfully resuscitated patient after cardiac arrest, the need for further research is imperative. The aim of this article is to present the major pathophysiological disturbances leading to post-cardiac arrest brain injury, as well as to review the available pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Chalkias
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Anatomy, Greece.
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9
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Zakharova EI, Dudchenko AM, Svinov MM, Fedorova MM, Germanova EL. Cholinergic systems of the rat brain and neuronal reorganization under conditions of acute hypoxia. NEUROCHEM J+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712410040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Zakharova EI, Storozheva ZI, Dudchenko AM, Kubatiev AA. Chronic cerebral ischaemia forms new cholinergic mechanisms of learning and memory. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010:954589. [PMID: 21197444 PMCID: PMC3010649 DOI: 10.4061/2010/954589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of cholinergic synaptic organization following learning and memory in normal and chronic cerebral ischaemic rats in the Morris water maze model. Choline acetyltransferase and protein content were determined in subpopulations of presynapses of “light” and “heavy” synaptosomal fractions of the cortex and the hippocampus, and the cholinergic projective and intrinsic systems of the brain structures were taken into consideration. We found a strong involvement of cholinergic systems, both projective and intrinsic, in all forms of cognition. Each form of cognition had an individual cholinergic molecular profile and the cholinergic synaptic compositions in the ischaemic rat brains differed significantly from normal ones. Our data demonstrated that under ischaemic conditions, instead of damaged connections new key synaptic relationships, which were stable against pathological influences and able to restore damaged cognitive functions, arose. The plasticity of neurochemical links in the individual organization of certain types of cognition gave a new input into brain pathology and can be used in the future for alternative corrections of vascular and other degenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Zakharova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, Baltic street 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
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11
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Yeung CK, Chiang SWY, Chan KP, Pang CP, Lam DSC. Potassium Channel Openers Reduce the Caspase-3 Expression of Triamcinolone-Treated Retinal Pigment Epithelial (ARPE19) Cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569520500371636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Henrich M, Buckler KJ. Effects of anoxia and aglycemia on cytosolic calcium regulation in rat sensory neurons. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:456-73. [PMID: 18417627 PMCID: PMC2493471 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01380.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive neurons play an important role in ischemia by sensing and transmitting information to the CNS and by secreting peptides and nitric oxide, which can have local effects. While these responses are probably primarily mediated by acid sensing channels, other events occurring in ischemia may also influence neuron function. In this study, we have investigated the effects of anoxia and anoxic aglycemia on Ca2+ regulation in sensory neurons from rat dorsal root ganglia. Anoxia increased [Ca2+]i by evoking Ca2+ release from two distinct internal stores one sensitive to carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and one sensitive to caffeine, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ryanodine [assumed to be the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)]. Anoxia also promoted progressive decline in ER Ca2+ content. Despite partially depolarizing mitochondria, anoxia had relatively little effect on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake when neurons were depolarized but substantially delayed mitochondrial Ca2+ release and subsequent Ca2+ clearance from the cytosol on repolarization. Anoxia also reduced both sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity and Ca2+ extrusion [probably via plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA)]. Thus anoxia has multiple effects on [Ca2+]i homeostasis in sensory neurons involving internal stores, mitochondrial buffering, and Ca2+ pumps. Under conditions of anoxic aglycemia, there was a biphasic and more profound elevation of [Ca2+]i, which was associated with complete ER Ca2+ store emptying and progressive, and eventually complete, inhibition of Ca2+ clearance by PMCA and SERCA. These data clearly show that loss of oxygen, and exhaustion of glycolytic substrates, can profoundly affect many aspects of cell Ca2+ regulation, and this may play an important role in modulating neuronal responses to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Henrich
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Martin E, Rosenthal RE, Fiskum G. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: metabolic link to ischemic brain injury and target of oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:240-7. [PMID: 15562436 PMCID: PMC2570320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme complex (greater than 7 million Daltons) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the reduced form, NADH), and CO(2). This reaction constitutes the bridge between anaerobic and aerobic cerebral energy metabolism. PDHC enzyme activity and immunoreactivity are lost in selectively vulnerable neurons after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Evidence from experiments carried out in vitro suggests that reperfusion-dependent loss of activity is caused by oxidative protein modifications. Impaired enzyme activity may explain the reduced cerebral glucose and oxygen consumption that occurs after cerebral ischemia. This hypothesis is supported by the hyperoxidation of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and NAD(H) that occurs during reperfusion, indicating that NADH production, rather than utilization, is rate limiting. Additional support comes from the findings that immediate postischemic administration of acetyl-L-carnitine both reduces brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and improves neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in animals. As acetyl-L-carnitine is converted to acetyl CoA, the product of the PDHC reaction, it follows that impaired production of NADH is due to reduced activity of either PDHC or one or more steps in glycolysis. Impaired cerebral energy metabolism and PDHC activity are associated also with neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, suggesting that this enzyme is an important link in the pathophysiology of both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 684 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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14
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Bartha R, Lee TY, Hogan MJ, Hughes S, Barberi E, Rajakumar N, Menon RS. Sodium T2*-weighted MR imaging of acute focal cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:983-91. [PMID: 15288139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in T2*-weighted tissue sodium (23Na) signal following acute ischemia may help to identify necrotic tissue and estimate the duration of ischemia. Sodium signal was monitored in a rabbit model of acute (0-4 h) focal cerebral ischemia, using gradient echo 23Na MR images (echo time = 3.2 ms) acquired continuously in 20-min intervals on a 4-Tesla MRI. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining was used to identify regions of necrosis. In necrotic tissue, average 23Na image signal intensity decreased by 11% +/- 8% during the first 40 min of ischemia followed by a linear increase (0.19%/min) to 25% +/- 14% greater than baseline after 4 h of ischemia. The time course of 23Na signal change observed in necrotic tissue following focal ischemia in this rabbit model is consistent with an initial decrease in 23Na T2* relaxation time followed by an increase in tissue sodium concentration and provides further evidence that tissue 23Na signal may offer unique information regarding tissue viability that is complementary to other MR imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bartha
- Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Research, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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15
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Decoding calcium wave signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)31030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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16
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Günther A, Manaenko A, Franke H, Dickel T, Berrouschot J, Wagner A, Illes P, Reinhardt R. Early biochemical and histological changes during hyperbaric or normobaric reoxygenation after in vitro ischaemia in primary corticoencephalic cell cultures of rats. Brain Res 2002; 946:130-8. [PMID: 12133602 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In a first series of experiments, the morphological changes of corticoencephalic cells by ischaemia were determined by staining with celestine blue-acid fuchsin in order to classify cells as intact, dark basophilic (supposedly reversibly injured) and preacidophilic or acidophilic (profoundly injured). Hypoxia and glucose-deprivation (in vitro ischaemia) markedly decreased the number of intact cells and correspondingly increased the number of both reversibly and profoundly damaged cells. The morphological characteristics indicated a partial recovery during reoxygenation either in the absence or presence of glucose and irrespective of whether normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen was used. In a second series of experiments, nucleoside triphosphate and diphosphate levels were determined in corticoencephalic cultures by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hypoxia in combination with glucose-deficiency markedly decreased the ATP:ADP, GTP:GDP and UTP:UDP ratios. A still larger fall of these ratios was observed both after normobaric and hyperbaric reoxygenation. In contrast, both normobaric and hyperbaric reoxygenation in the presence of glucose led to an almost complete recovery near the control normoxic values. In conclusion, the histological changes were not adequately reflected by changes in the nucleoside triphosphate:diphosphate ratios and, in addition, hyperbaric oxygen had neither favourable nor unfavourable effects on the early morphological and functional restitution of ischaemically damaged cells under the conditions of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Günther
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Recovery of normal brain energetic conditions during and after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is critical for survival and good neurologic outcome. This review emphasizes the glucose-driven metabolic processes during and after ischemia and on the post-resuscitation development of secondary energy derangements. It also explores some potential therapeutic interventions designed to attenuate these energy derangements. The article summarizes some bench research and is not intended to provide treatment strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ebmeyer
- University of Magdeburg, School of Medicine, Germany
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18
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Vannucci RC, Brucklacher RM, Vannucci SJ. Intracellular calcium accumulation during the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 126:117-20. [PMID: 11172893 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An excessive intracellular accumulation of calcium (Ca2+) in neurons and glia has been proposed to represent a major 'final common pathway' for cell death arising from hypoxia-ischemia. To clarify the role of altered calcium flux into the perinatal brain undergoing hypoxic-ischemic damage, 7-day postnatal rats underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by systemic hypoxia with 8% oxygen. This insult is known to produce brain damage in the form of selective neuronal death or infarction largely limited to the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the arterial occlusion. Either prior to or following hypoxia-ischemia, the rat pups received a s.c. injection of 45CaCl2, and specimens of blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain were obtained for isotopic measurements and the calculation of the extent of brain intracellular radioactivity. During hypoxia-ischemia, there was a modest increase in intracellular Ca2+ radioactivity (+28-47%) in both cerebral hemispheres only after 2 h of hypoxia-ischemia. During recovery from 2 h of hypoxia-ischemia, intracellular Ca2+ accumulated progressively only in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere for up to 24 h, during which interval intracellular Ca2+ decreased in the contralateral hemisphere. No such progressive accumulation was noted during recovery in animals previously exposed to only 1 h of hypoxia-ischemia. The results suggest that a disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is a major contributing factor in the evolution of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Ca2+ accumulation is a relatively modest and late event during the hypoxic-ischemic phase, and a progressive overload occurs during the recovery phase only if infarction occurs. The question remains as to whether or not the intracellular Ca2+ overload occurring during recovery is a contributor to or a consequence of the ultimate brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vannucci
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Neurology), MC-H085, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Bahar S, Fayuk D, Somjen GG, Aitken PG, Turner DA. Mitochondrial and intrinsic optical signals imaged during hypoxia and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84:311-24. [PMID: 10899206 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus, spreading-depression-like depolarization (hypoxic spreading depression or HSD) is accompanied by both a negative shift of the extracellular DC potential (DeltaV(o)), and a sharp decrease in light transmittance (intrinsic optical signal or IOS). To investigate alterations in mitochondrial function during HSD and normoxic spreading depression (SD), we simultaneously imaged mitochondrial depolarization, using rhodamine-123 (R123) fluorescence, and IOS while monitoring extracellular voltage. Three major phases of the R123 signal were observed during hypoxia: a gradual, diffuse fluorescence increase, a sharp increase in fluorescence coincident with the HSD-related DeltaV(o), primarily in the CA1 region, and a plateau-like phase if reoxygenation is delayed after HSD onset, persisting until reoxygenation occurs. Two phases occurred following re-oxygenation: an abrupt and then slow decrease in fluorescence to near baseline and a slow secondary increase to slightly above baseline and a late recovery. Parallel phases of the IOS response during hypoxia were also observed though delayed compared with the R123 responses: an initial increase, a large decrease coincident with the HSD-related DeltaV(o), and a trough following HSD. After reoxygenation, there occurred a delayed increase in transmittance and then a slow decrease, returning to near baseline. When Ca(2+) was removed from the external medium, resulting in complete synaptic blockade, the mitochondrial response to hypoxia did not significantly differ from control (normal Ca(2+)) conditions. In slices maintained in low-chloride (2.4 mM) medium, a dramatic reversal in the direction of the IOS signal associated with HSD occurred, and the R123 signal during HSD was severely attenuated. Normoxic SD induced by micro-injection of KCl was also associated with a decrease in light transmittance and a sharp increase in R123 fluorescence but both responses were less pronounced than during HSD. Our results show two mitochondrial responses to hypoxia: an initial depolarization that appears to be caused by depressed electron transport due to lack of oxygen and a later, sudden, sharp depolarization linked to HSD. The depression of the second, sharp depolarization and the inversion of the IOS in low-chloride media suggest a role of Cl(-)-dependent mitochondrial swelling. Lack of effect of Ca(2+)-free medium on the R123 and IOS responses suggests that the protection against hypoxic damage by low Ca(2+) is not due to the prevention of mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahar
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Palmi M, Youmbi GT, Fusi F, Sgaragli GP, Dixon HB, Frosini M, Tipton KF. Potentiation of mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration by taurine. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1123-31. [PMID: 10484070 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of taurine (2-aminoethanesulphonic acid) and its analogues, 2-aminoethylarsonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulphonic (isethionic) acid, 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, and N,N-dimethyltaurine, were studied on the transport of Ca2+ by mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Taurine enhanced Ca2+ uptake in an apparently saturable process, with a Km value of about 2.63 mM. Taurine behaved as an uncompetitive activator of Ca2+ uptake, increasing both the apparent Km and Vmax values of the process. This effect was not modified in the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA). N,N-Dimethyltaurine also stimulated Ca2+ uptake at higher concentrations, but there was no evidence that the process was saturable over the concentration range used (1-10 mM). Aminoethylarsonate was a weak inhibitor of basal Ca2+ uptake, but inhibited that stimulated by taurine in an apparently competitive fashion (Ki = 0.05 mM). The other analogues had no significant effects on this process. Taurine either in the presence or the absence of CsA had no effect on Ca2+ release induced by 200 nM ruthenium red. Thus, the mechanism of taurine-enhanced Ca2+ accumulation appears to involve stimulation of Ca2+ uptake via the uniport system rather than inhibition of Ca2+ release via the ion (Na+/Ca2+ and/or H+/Ca2+) exchangers or by taurine modulating the permeability transition of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Overall, these findings indicate an interaction of taurine with an as yet unidentified mitochondrial site which might regulate the activity of the uniporter. The unique role of taurine in modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis might be of particular importance under pathological conditions that are characterised by cell Ca2+ overload, such as ischaemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmi
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Universitá di Siena, Italy.
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Boitier E, Rea R, Duchen MR. Mitochondria exert a negative feedback on the propagation of intracellular Ca2+ waves in rat cortical astrocytes. J Cell Biol 1999; 145:795-808. [PMID: 10330407 PMCID: PMC2133193 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.4.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1998] [Revised: 03/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used digital fluorescence imaging techniques to explore the interplay between mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and physiological Ca2+ signaling in rat cortical astrocytes. A rise in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt), resulting from mobilization of ER Ca2+ stores was followed by a rise in mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m, monitored using rhod-2). Whereas [Ca2+]cyt recovered within approximately 1 min, the time to recovery for [Ca2+]m was approximately 30 min. Dissipating the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim, using the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl-hydrazone [FCCP] with oligomycin) prevented mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and slowed the rate of decay of [Ca2+]cyt transients, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a significant role in the clearance of physiological [Ca2+]cyt loads in astrocytes. Ca2+ signals in these cells initiated either by receptor-mediated ER Ca2+ release or mechanical stimulation often consisted of propagating waves (measured using fluo-3). In response to either stimulus, the wave traveled at a mean speed of 22.9 +/- 11.2 micrometer/s (n = 262). This was followed by a wave of mitochondrial depolarization (measured using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester [TMRE]), consistent with Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria as the Ca2+ wave traveled across the cell. Collapse of Deltapsim to prevent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake significantly increased the rate of propagation of the Ca2+ waves by 50%. Taken together, these data suggest that cytosolic Ca2+ buffering by mitochondria provides a potent mechanism to regulate the localized spread of astrocytic Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boitier
- Department of Physiology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Jamme I, Barbey O, Trouvé P, Charlemagne D, Maixent JM, MacKenzie ET, Pellerin L, Nouvelot A. Focal cerebral ischaemia induces a decrease in activity and a shift in ouabain affinity of Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms without modifications in mRNA and protein expression. Brain Res 1999; 819:132-42. [PMID: 10082868 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of focal cerebral ischaemia, we observed after 1 h of ischaemia, that the total Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased by 39.4%, and then did not vary significantly up to 6 h post-occlusion. In the sham group, the dose-response curves for ouabain disclosed three inhibitory sites of low (LA), high (HA) and very high (VHA) affinity. In ischaemic animals, we detected the presence of only two inhibitory sites for ouabain. After 1 h of permanent occlusion, the first site exhibited a low affinity while the second site presented an affinity intermediate between those of HA and VHA sites, which evolved after 3 h and 6 h of occlusion towards that of the VHA site. The presence of only two ouabain sites for Na+, K+-ATPase after ischaemia could result from a change in ouabain affinity of both HA and VHA sites (alpha2 and alpha3 isoforms, respectively) to form a unique component. Irrespective of the duration of ischaemia, the smaller activity of this second site accounted entirely for the loss in total activity. Surprisingly, no modifications in protein and mRNA expression of any alpha or beta isoforms of the enzyme were observed, thus suggesting that ischaemia could induce intrinsic modifications of the Na+, K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jamme
- University of Caen, UMR 6551-CNRS, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Bd H. Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen Cedex, France.
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Cassarino DS, Bennett JP. An evaluation of the role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases: mitochondrial mutations and oxidative pathology, protective nuclear responses, and cell death in neurodegeneration. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 29:1-25. [PMID: 9974149 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence for mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, whether inherited or acquired, lead to impaired electron transport chain (ETC) functioning. Impaired electron transport, in turn, leads to decreased ATP production, formation of damaging free-radicals, and altered calcium handling. These toxic consequences of ETC dysfunction lead to further mitochondrial damage including oxidation of mitochondrial DNA, proteins, and lipids, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, an event linked to cell death in numerous model systems. Although protective nuclear responses such as antioxidant enzymes and bcl-2 may be induced to combat these pathological changes, such a vicious cycle of increasing oxidative damage may insidiously damage neurons over a period of years, eventually leading to neuronal cell death. This hypothesis, a synthesis of the mitochondrial mutations and oxidative stress hypotheses of neurodegeneration, is readily tested experimentally, and clearly points out many potential therapeutic targets for preventing or ameliorating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Cassarino
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Manahan-Vaughan D, Behnisch G, Vieweg S, Reymann KG, Behnisch T. Semi-automated analysis of NMDA-mediated toxicity in digitised colour images from rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Methods 1998; 82:85-95. [PMID: 10223518 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of neuronal cell survival after, for example, mechanical, hypoxic or drug-mediated injury requires the analysis of a high number of histological specimens. Since this is a time-consuming occupation, we have developed a semi-automated analysis routine for the determination of the distribution of live and dead cells. After digitalization of the histological preparations, 8-bit colour bitmaps were assessed using a compiled image-analysis programme of the software package Khoros. In the current study a detailed example of the application of this image-processing approach is described for the investigation of the cell survival after intraventricular application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The samples were prepared as fuchsin acid/toluidine blue stained hippocampal thin slices. The calculated areas of the live and dead cells were highly correlated with manual counts of live and dead cells in the 100 samples examined in this study. Twenty-four hours following NMDA-treatment animals (n = 5) were found to have significantly fewer live and more dead hippocampal cells than the saline-treated animals (n = 5), using either automated or manual examination techniques. The automated technique also revealed that NMDA treatment resulted in a reduction in the density of live cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Manahan-Vaughan
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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