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Prasad P, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez-Lopez N, Lo A, Galaz J, Taran AB, Jung E, Gotsch F, Than NG, Tarca AL. Further Evidence that an Episode of Premature Labor Is a Pathologic State: Involvement of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System. Fetal Diagn Ther 2023; 50:236-247. [PMID: 37231893 PMCID: PMC10591834 DOI: 10.1159/000530862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 47% of women with an episode of preterm labor deliver at term; however, their infants are at greater risk of being small for gestational age and for neurodevelopmental disorders. In these cases, a pathologic insult may disrupt the homeostatic responses sustaining pregnancy. We tested the hypothesis of an involvement of components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in which maternal plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protease (PAPP)-A, PAPP-A2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-4 were determined in the following groups of women: (1) no episodes of preterm labor, term delivery (controls, n = 100); (2) episode of preterm labor, term delivery (n = 50); (3) episode of preterm labor, preterm delivery (n = 100); (4) pregnant women at term not in labor (n = 61); and (5) pregnant women at term in labor (n = 61). Pairwise differences in maternal plasma concentrations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-4 among study groups were assessed by fitting linear models on log-transformed data and included adjustment for relevant covariates. Significance of the group coefficient in the linear models was assessed via t-scores, with p < 0.05 deemed a significant result. RESULTS Compared to controls, (1) women with an episode of premature labor, regardless of a preterm or a term delivery, had higher mean plasma concentrations of PAPP-A2 and IGFBP-1 (each p < 0.05); (2) women with an episode of premature labor who delivered at term also had a higher mean concentration of PAPP-A (p < 0.05); and (3) acute histologic chorioamnionitis and spontaneous labor at term were not associated with significant changes in these analytes. CONCLUSION An episode of preterm labor involves the IGF system, supporting the view that the premature activation of parturition is a pathologic state, even in those women who delivered at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anderson Lo
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andreea B. Taran
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
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2
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Chawanpaiboon S, Titapant V, Pooliam J. Placental α-microglobulin-1 in cervicovaginal fluid and cervical length to predict preterm birth by Thai women with symptoms of labor. ASIAN BIOMED 2021; 15:119-127. [PMID: 37551369 PMCID: PMC10388770 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Presence of placental α microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) in cervicovaginal fluid is a bedside test to predict preterm delivery. Objective To determine whether the accuracy of a positive PAMG-1 test result to predict preterm birth within 7 days and 14 days in our hospital setting can be improved by adding cervical length. Methods We recruited 180 pregnant women who attended the labor ward of Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, from 2016 to 2018 for this prospective observational study of diagnostic accuracy. We used data from 161 women who met inclusion criteria including symptoms of preterm labor between 200/7 and 366/7 weeks' gestation without ruptured membranes and with cervical dilatation <3 cm and effacement <80%. Presence of PAMG-1 in cervicovaginal fluid was tested using a PartoSure kit, cervical length was measured by transvaginal ultrasound, and the time to spontaneous delivery was calculated. Results Pregnant women with labor pain who had cervical length <30 mm (45/161; 28%) went into delivery within 7 days, and women with a cervical length <15 mm (11/14; 79%) went into delivery within 7 days. When the PAMG-1 test result was positive and cervical length was ≤15 mm, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 83%; and when cervical length was ≤30 mm the PPV was 69%. The optimal cut off from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a cervical length <25 mm and PAMG-1 positive result has a PPV of 80% to predict preterm birth within 7 days and 90% within 14 days. The area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for a positive PAMG-1 result and cervical length ≤25 mm to predict preterm birth <7 days was 0.61 (0.50, 0.73) and <14 days was 0.60 (0.49, 0.70). Conclusions Cervical length ranging 15-30 mm combined with a positive PAMG-1 test result has a high accuracy to predict imminent spontaneous delivery within 7 days by women with preterm labor and cervical dilatation <3 cm in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifon Chawanpaiboon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok10700, Thailand
| | - Vitaya Titapant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok10700, Thailand
| | - Julaporn Pooliam
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok10700, Thailand
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3
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Sirota I, Zarek SM, Segars JH. Potential influence of the microbiome on infertility and assisted reproductive technology. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32:35-42. [PMID: 24390919 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1361821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although an altered vaginal microbiota has been demonstrated to affect parturition, its role in assisted reproductive technologies is uncertain. Nevertheless, the effect of known pathogens such as Mycoplasma tuberculosis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is clear, causing subclinical changes thought to be risk factors in subfertility. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has allowed for metagenomic studies to aid in characterizing normal vaginal flora. Recent findings from the HMP demonstrate that many different species of Lactobacillus are present in the vaginal tract, with a few that predominate. Studies that characterize the vaginal microbiome in assisted reproductive technology support the hypothesis that colonizing the transfer-catheter tip with Lactobacillus crispatus at the time of embryo transfer may increase the rates of implantation and live birth rate while decreasing the rate of infection. In addition, there is some evidence that a progesterone-resistant endometrium might increase the risk of an abnormal vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Sirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York
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4
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Graham ME, Kilby DM, Firth SM, Robinson PJ, Baxter RC. The in vivo phosphorylation and glycosylation of human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1392-405. [PMID: 17496250 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700027-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is often used to determine post-translational modifications by analysis of tryptic digests of proteins. Here we demonstrate that the analysis of tryptic peptides together with analysis of the full-length protein provided optimal characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) phosphorylation and glycosylation. IGFBP-5 binds insulin-like growth factors with high affinity and has important roles in cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. Until now, the primary structure of IGFBP-5 has been incompletely defined. We analyzed human IGFBP-5 from T47D cells by mass spectrometry to determine all of the in vivo post-translational modifications. In full-length IGFBP-5, 31% of the protein was unmodified, 37% was monophosphorylated, and 4% was diphosphorylated with no other modification. The remaining 27% was glycosylated, more than half of which was also monophosphorylated. The major phosphorylation site was Ser(96) in the central domain, and a minor phosphorylation site was Ser(248) near the C terminus. Neither site was phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase 2, ruling it out as the in vivo kinase. An in vivo phosphorylation site was also found in IGFBP-2 at an analogous position, Ser(106). IGFBP-5 was heterogeneously O-glycosylated mainly by sialylated core 1 type glycans. The most abundant structure contained N-acetylhexosamine, hexose, and two N-acetylneuraminic acid carbohydrates. A small amount of sialylated core 2 type glycan was also present. Phosphorylation and O-glycosylation both affected IGFBP-5 binding to heparin but not insulin-like growth factor binding or ternary complex formation with the acid-labile subunit. The results reveal the first description of the in vivo phosphorylation of IGFBP-5 and its glycan composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Graham
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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5
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Angelucci S, Ciavardelli D, Di Giuseppe F, Eleuterio E, Sulpizio M, Tiboni GM, Giampietro F, Palumbo P, Di Ilio C. Proteome analysis of human follicular fluid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1775-85. [PMID: 17067859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We used proteomic approach to analyze the protein profile of human follicular fluid (HFF) obtained from 25 normo-ovulatory women undergoing assisted reproduction techniques due to a male infertility factor. In all HFF samples analyzed we found 695 common spots distributed in the 3 to 10 pH range and in the 10-200 kDa range. Only 625 of these spots were also present in the plasma. We used MALDI-TOF-MS analysis to unequivocally assign 183 HFF/plasma matched spots and 27 HFF/plasma unmatched spots. A large number of acute-phase proteins, including transferrin, ceruloplasmin, afamin, hemopexin, haptoglobin and plasma amyloid protein, were identified in HFF in relatively high concentration supporting the hypothesis that mammalian ovulation can be compared to an inflammatory event. We also identified several important antioxidant enzymes; i.e., catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, paraoxonase, heat shock protein 27 and protein disulfide isomerase. This indicates that during maturation the human follicle is well protected against toxic injury due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Biomedical Science, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara Italy and Center of Excellence on Aging-G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.
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6
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Abstract
In addition to their roles in IGF transport, the six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate cell activity in various ways. By sequestering IGFs away from the type I IGF receptor, they may inhibit mitogenesis, differentiation, survival, and other IGF-stimulated events. IGFBP proteolysis can reverse this inhibition or generate IGFBP fragments with novel bioactivity. Alternatively, IGFBP interaction with cell or matrix components may concentrate IGFs near their receptor, enhancing IGF activity. IGF receptor-independent IGFBP actions are also increasingly recognized. IGFBP-1 interacts with alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, influencing cell adhesion and migration. IGFBP-2, -3, -5, and -6 have heparin-binding domains and can bind glycosaminoglycans. IGFBP-3 and -5 have carboxyl-terminal basic motifs incorporating heparin-binding and additional basic residues that interact with the cell surface and matrix, the nuclear transporter importin-beta, and other proteins. Serine/threonine kinase receptors are proposed for IGFBP-3 and -5, but their signaling functions are poorly understood. Other cell surface IGFBP-interacting proteins are uncharacterized as functional receptors. However, IGFBP-3 binds and modulates the retinoid X receptor-alpha, interacts with TGFbeta signaling through Smad proteins, and influences other signaling pathways. These interactions can modulate cell cycle and apoptosis. Because IGFBPs regulate cell functions by diverse mechanisms, manipulation of IGFBP-regulated pathways is speculated to offer therapeutic opportunities in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue M Firth
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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7
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Zumkeller W. Current topic: the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors for placental growth and development. Placenta 2000; 21:451-67. [PMID: 10940195 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2000.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Zumkeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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8
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Crissey MA, Leu JI, DeAngelis RA, Greenbaum LE, Scearce LM, Kovalovich K, Taub R. Liver-specific and proliferation-induced deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitive sites in the mouse insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 gene. Hepatology 1999; 30:1187-97. [PMID: 10534340 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) gene is highly expressed in fetal, perinatal, and regenerating liver. Up-regulation is transcriptionally mediated in regenerating liver and occurs in the first few minutes to hours after partial hepatectomy. In transgenic mice a 970-bp region from -776 to +151 of the IGFBP-1 promoter was sufficient for tissue-specific and induced expression of the gene in fetal and hepatectomized livers. However weak and/or poorly regulated expression in some transgenic lines suggested the existence of other regulatory regions. Here, genomic clones containing large regions 5' of the mouse IGFBP-1 gene sequence were isolated, subcloned, and sequenced. Deoxyribonuclease I (DNaseI) hypersensitivity analyses identified clusters of tissue-specific nuclease-sensitive sites in the promoter region, -100 to -300, -2,300, -3,100, and -5,000 along with other weak sites. After partial hepatectomy, enhanced sensitivity and/or novel sites were detected in the -100/-300, -5,000, and -3,100 regions, the promoter region remaining the most hypersensitive. A subset of these sites was present in fetal and perinatal livers. Novel tissue-specific sites that interacted with C/EBP and hepatic nuclear factor 3 (HNF3) transcription factors were identified in the -3,100 region. A hepatectomy-induced DNA binding complex containing the transcription factor USF1 was identified within the -100 to -300 region of the promoter. These results suggested that a complex array of tissue-specific and hepatic proliferation-induced transcription factors combine to regulate both the proximal promoter and more distal regulatory elements of the IGFBP-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Crissey
- Department of Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Giudice LC, Mark SP, Irwin JC. Paracrine actions of insulin-like growth factors and IGF binding protein-1 in non-pregnant human endometrium and at the decidual-trophoblast interface. J Reprod Immunol 1998; 39:133-48. [PMID: 9786458 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP-1) appear to play major roles in endometrial development during the menstrual cycle and in the process of implantation. The mitogenic, differentiative, and anti-apoptotic properties of these growth factors, as well as their spatial and temporal expression in cycling endometrium, suggest that they may participate in endometrial growth, differentiation, inhibition of apoptosis, and perhaps angiogenesis. IGFBP-1 is a major protein product of non-pregnant endometrium during the mid-late secretory phase and occurs in abundance in decidua. Its roles as an IGF-binding protein and as a trophoblast integrin ligand suggest that it may have multiple roles in endometrial development and in interactions between the decidua and the invading trophoblast. Precise elucidation of the mechanisms underlying IGF and IGFBP-1 action at the decidual-trophoblast interface in early pregnancy awaits further investigation. The future also awaits elucidation of the potential predictive utility of IGFBP-1 in serum and in decidua in, for example, pre-eclampsia and perhaps implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giudice
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305-5317, USA
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10
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Rosenfeld RG, Oh Y. The blind men and the elephant--a parable for the study of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Endocrinology 1998; 139:5-7. [PMID: 9421391 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.1.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Tseng L, Gao J, Mazella J, Zhu HH, Lane B. Differentiation-dependent and cell-specific regulation of the hIGFBP-1 gene in human endometrium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 828:27-37. [PMID: 9329821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed IGFBP-1 gene promoter activity by transient transfection during the progressive decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. A time study over a 13-day culture period showed that the promoter activity increased exponentially to > 10(4) fold in cells treated with MPA and RLX correlating with the secretion rate and steady-state mRNA levels of the endogenous gene. Deletion analysis showed that two regions in the IGFBP-1 gene promoter are responsible for the activation of the IGFBP-1 gene. The basal promoter region between -1 and -300 bp contains multiple sections of functional elements homologous either to CRE, PRE, or CCAAT. The major difference of IGFBP-1 gene activation in endometrium and the hepatic system lies in the distal promoter region, between -2.6 and -3.4 kb, which mediates 95% of the total promoter activity derived from -3.3 kb to +68 bp. Functional and binding analysis in the distal promoter region showed that multiple Sp1 elements interacting with a novel Sp3 transcription factor activates the hIGFBP-1 gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tseng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794, USA.
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12
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Abstract
IGFBP-1 is a major protein product of nonpregnant endometrium during the mid-late secretory phase and occurs in abundance in decidua. Its roles as an IGF-binding protein and as a trophoblast integrin ligand suggest that it may have multiple roles in endometrial development and in interactions between the decidua and the invading trophoblast. IGFBP-1 in vaginal/cervical secretions has already had clinical application as a predictor of premature rupture of fetal membranes. The future awaits elucidation of the potential utility of IGFBP-1 in serum and in decidua in predicting fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia and perhaps implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giudice
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5317, USA
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13
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14
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Donaghy AJ, Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor bioactivity and its modification in growth hormone resistant states. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1996; 10:421-46. [PMID: 8853449 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(96)80560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acquired growth hormone (GH) resistance is an increasingly recognized feature of catabolic states. Low circulating levels of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and II) have been shown to be associated with changes in the IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) that may significantly impact on IGF bioactivity. IGFBP-3 binds IGF and a third glycoprotein, the acid labile subunit (ALS), to form a stable 150 kDa ternary complex that serves as an intravascular store for IGFs and prolongs IGF half-life. IGFBP-1 is present at much lower concentration in serum but levels fluctuate acutely, suggesting regulation of IGF bioactivity in response to short-term metabolic changes. The function of IGFBP-2 remains unclear, but studies suggest that this protein may act as an alternative carrier for IGF when IGFBP-3 levels are low. Multiple regulatory influences on circulating IGFBP levels have been identified but three appear prominent. Nutritional influences, in particular substrate availability, appear to be a central regulatory influence on IGFBP levels in catabolic states. Low substrate availability increases IGFBP-1 levels acutely and decreases IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 levels in the intermediate term, with each of these changes likely to further limit IGF bioactivity. End organ failure, particularly of liver and kidney significantly affects production and clearance rates of the circulating IGFBPs and may contribute to the catabolism frequently seen in these states. Severe protein catabolism often accompanies malignancy and chronic sepsis and it is likely that additional ill-defined factors influence IGF bioactivity in this setting. Recent studies have identified post-translational modifications to the IGFBPs such as proteolysis and phosphorylation, which appear to further impact on IGF bioactivity. The relative contributions of these changes to the overall impairment of IGF bioactivity in GH-resistant states remains to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Donaghy
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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15
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Beier-Hellwig K, Sterzik K, Bonn B, Hilmes U, Bygdeman M, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Beier HM. Hormone regulation and hormone antagonist effects on protein patterns of human endometrial secretion during receptivity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 734:143-56. [PMID: 7978911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity is a particular stage of maturation during the luteal phase to permit implantation. We have studied endometrial protein secretion and its patterns evaluated by SDS-PAGE, laser densitometry and Western blots. Uterine secretion electrophoresis (USE) permits highly sophisticated analyses of the intrauterine milieu and allows clinical determination of the receptive stage of the endometrium. This technique reveals direct parameters by patterns of numerous individual protein bands, mainly resolved between 68.0 and 6.5 kD. Characteristic bands appear during the typical functional states of the menstrual cycle presenting evidence on the diagnostic capacity of this method to identify stages of adequate (= normal) or inadequate (= defective) luteal phase maturation. Several individual protein bands appear as characteristic markers for the receptive stage of the luteal phase. We have isolated and molecularly identified several of these proteins: histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. In order to identify the endocrine dependency of the protein bands, which significantly contribute to the "receptive stage pattern," patients were treated with the progesterone antagonist RU 486 at day LH +2. The assessment 4 days later revealed deficient USE patterns, particularly diminished and missing bands of the H2A-, H2B-, and H3-histones. These results demonstrate progesterone-dependent components of the endometrium at the receptive stage, which can be used as useful markers for an improved precision in luteal phase diagnostics. On the other hand, essential parts of the protein pattern may serve as new targets for successful contraceptive interventions ("endometrial contraception").
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beier-Hellwig
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, RWTH University of Aachem, Germany
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16
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Berkovsky AL, Potapov PP. Use of metal-chelate affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography for purification of placental protein 12. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 656:432-5. [PMID: 7987498 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Placental protein 12 was isolated from amniotic fluid. Albumin was removed by means of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and chromatography on Blue-Sepharose. Complete purification was obtained by metal-chelate affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography under mild conditions for desorption. Using this procedure large quantities of a highly purified preparation can be obtained in one run.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Berkovsky
- Hematological Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow
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17
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Hokken-Koelega AC, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL. Effects of alternate-day or daily prednisone treatment on GH and cortisol levels in growth-retarded children after renal transplantation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1994; 7:119-25. [PMID: 7520318 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.1994.7.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation after renal transplantation (RTx) is generally attributed to prednisone (PDN) administration, although the exact mechanism is poorly understood. In a group of 19 growth-retarded patients after RTx, we studied the effect of alternate-day (group AD, n = 12) and daily (group D, n = 7) PDN treatment on the spontaneous plasma growth hormone (GH) and cortisol profiles, for 48 h in group AD and for 24 h in group D. The maximal plasma GH response to arginine provocation (ATT) and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-2 and serum IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) were also determined. For both groups the PDN doses were recalculated as daily doses for comparison. The median PDN dose in both groups was similar, 0.15 mg/kg/day, with a range of 0.10-0.25 mg/kg/day. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was above 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 in all patients. We hypothesized that alternate-day PDN therapy and even more so daily PDN therapy would have a deleterious effect on GH and cortisol secretion and would result in lower GH-dependent growth factors as compared to control data of healthy children. Our findings revealed that growth-retarded renal allograft patients, receiving either alternate-day or daily PDN therapy, have significantly lower mean plasma GH levels than controls, but normal diurnal rhythm of GH and cortisol secretion as well as normal immunoreactive IGF-1 and -2 levels. Mean serum IGFBP-1 levels were normal, but mean serum IGFBP-3 levels were significantly increased, while a significant negative correlation was found between the GFR and serum IGFBP-3 levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Hofmann J, Wegmann B, Hackenberg R, Kunzmann R, Schulz KD, Havemann K. Production of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins by human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:137-42. [PMID: 7505272 DOI: 10.1007/bf01202191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the human ovarian carcinoma lines EFO-21, EFO-27, MFO-35 and MFO-36 secrete binding proteins for insulin-like growth factors (IGFBPs) into their culture media. By sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and ligand blotting, seven groups of IGFBPs with molecular masses of 25, 30 (doublet), 34, 37, 40, 45, and 50 kDa were observed, depending on the cell line under investigation. By Northern blot analyses using cDNAs or oligonucleotides specific for the six types of IGFBP (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), mRNA for all IGFBPs tested except for IGFBP-1 could be detected in the ovarian carcinoma cell extracts. In detail, analysis of EFO-21 protein products by SDS-PAGE yielded IGFBPs of 25, 34, and 50 kDa; extracts of EFO-21 cells contained mRNAs for IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -6. EFO-27 cells produced IGFBPs of 40 kDa and 45 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE, and mRNAs for IGFBP-3, -4, and -6 were detected. In the conditioned medium of MFO-35 cells, IGFBPs of 25, 30 (doublet), 34, 37, 40, and 45 kDa were observed by SDS-PAGE, while mRNAs for the five proteins IGFBP-2 to IGFBP-6 were found. MFO-36 cells produced IGFBPs of 34 kDa and 50 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE, and the cells expressed mRNAs for IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -6. In relation to published molecular mass data of the known IGFBPs, the size of the secreted proteins could be correlated to the mRNA patterns expressed by the ovarian carcinoma cells. It is concluded that ovarian carcinoma cells frequently express IGFBP-3, -4, and -6 and, to a lesser extent, IGFBP-2; the expression of IGFBP-5 appears as a rather rare event, while IGFBP-1 was not found to be expressed in ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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19
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Immunohistochemical localization of new placental proteins (PP20, PP25, PP26) in normal pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease. Placenta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are thought to be important regulators of adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis. IGFs are usually complexed with a family of specific IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in serum, other body fluids, and in conditioned media of a variety of cell types. IGFBPs may either inhibit or potentiate the effects of IGFs. In the present study we have investigated the gene expression of the IGFBPs and IGF receptors in human fetal (HFA) and adult (HAA) adrenals. Northern blotting and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods were used. IGFBP secretion into the cell culture medium was studied in primary cell cultures by Western ligand blotting and by radioimmunoassays. IGFBP-1 mRNA expression was low in adrenals: Northern blots were negative, but RT-PCR revealed IGFBP-1 mRNA in HFA. IGFBP-2 mRNA was equally expressed in both HFA and HAA with no differences in signal intensities by Northern blotting. IGFBP-3 mRNA was detected in HFA but not in HAA by Northern blotting. IGFBP-4 mRNA was expressed equally in both HFA and HAA. IGFBP-5 and -6 mRNA expression was more abundant in HAA than in HFA. IGF-I and type I and type II IGF receptor mRNAs were equally expressed in both HFA and HAA. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase regulator, upregulated IGFBP-1 in HFA cultures as determined by RIA, but ACTH was without effect. IGFBP-2 was not regulated by TPA or ACTH neither at protein nor at mRNA level. IGFBP-3 was downregulated by TPA both at protein and mRNA levels, but it was not affected by ACTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ilvesmäki
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Blood serum content of PAMG-1 protein binding insulinlike growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) in patients with diabetes mellitus. Bull Exp Biol Med 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00820243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Koistinen R, Angervo M, Leinonen P, Hakala T, Seppälä M. Phosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 increases in human amniotic fluid and decidua from early to late pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 1993; 215:189-99. [PMID: 7691447 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(93)90125-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different fractions of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) from anion exchange chromatography represent differently phosphorylated forms as demonstrated by protein kinase and alkaline phosphatase treatments. The major fraction is non-phosphorylated. Three minor fractions are more phosphorylated and, in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), they migrate faster than the major fractions. We studied the changes in phosphorylation of decidual and amniotic fluid IGFBP-1 during pregnancy. Both in decidua and in amniotic fluid the degree of phosphorylation increased from early to late pregnancy, as indicated by faster mobility of IGFBP-1 in native PAGE and increased relative amount of the phosphorylated forms in anion exchange chromatography. The more phosphorylated forms had higher IGF-binding affinity than the less phosphorylated forms. As the degree of phosphorylation of IGFBP-1 is highest in full term decidua it is likely that the inhibitory role of IGFBP-1 is accentuated in the end of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koistinen
- Department I of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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23
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Ilesanmi AO, Hawkins DA, Lessey BA. Immunohistochemical markers of uterine receptivity in the human endometrium. Microsc Res Tech 1993; 25:208-22. [PMID: 8400422 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070250304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The factors responsible for the initial interaction between maternal and fetal epithelium leading to the establishment of pregnancy remain poorly understood. Temporal and spatial expression of specific endometrial peptides in response to ovarian steroids is thought to contribute to the development of a period of uterine receptivity, whereby the endometrium becomes hospitable to the implanting blastocyst. The failure to establish receptivity may account for a significant percentage of the cases of infertility in the female, especially affecting women with luteal phase deficiency, leiomyomata uteri, endometriosis, habitual abortion, and unexplained infertility. In addition, despite increasing global experience with advanced reproductive technologies, the majority of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) attempts remain unsuccessful, most likely on the basis of implantation failure. In this article, we review the concepts involved in the study of uterine receptivity in the human, highlight potential immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that have recently been discovered, and discuss how IHC assessment of the endometrium is a potentially valuable method for the evaluation of the receptive endometrial state. Using this approach we have examined several new potential markers of uterine receptivity. Endometrial progesterone receptors and one of the integrin cell adhesion molecules appear to undergo changes in expression around the time of implantation, and may be sensitive indicators of the receptive state. Further, these markers are delayed in women with infertility and luteal phase deficiency. These studies illustrate the utility of IHC diagnosis for the evaluation of endometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Ilesanmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rechler
- Growth and Development Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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25
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Campbell PG, Novak JF. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) inhibits IGF action on human osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1991; 149:293-300. [PMID: 1721071 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041490216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a human insulin-like growth factor binding protein, hIGFBP-1, on the action of IGFs on human osteosarcoma cells was examined. hIGFBP-1 was found to block binding of IGFs to their receptors on MG-63 cells and subsequent IGF stimulation of DNA synthesis. Concurrent incubation of hIGFBP-1 with either 125I-IGF-I or 125I-IGF-II prevented the binding of both 125I-IGFs to cells in a dose-dependent manner. hIGFBP-1 inhibition of IGF binding occurred similarly under both 4 degrees and 37 degrees C conditions. Additionally, hIGFBP-1 facilitated the dissociation of IGFs bound to cells. The inhibitory effect of hIGFBP-1 on IGF-1 mediated 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was dose dependent. hIGFBP-1 did not inhibit binding to or stimulation of growth in MG-63 cells by des3-IGF-1, an IGF-I analog with a 100-fold less affinity for hIGFBP-I. This confirmed that hIGFBP-1 competed for IGF receptor binding sites on MG-63. Since hIGFBP-1 did not bind to cells, inhibition of IGF action was indirect, presumably through the formation of extracellular soluble bioinactive IGF-BP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Campbell
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212
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26
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Histochemical and clinical-diagnostic study of placental ?1-microglobulin using monoclonal antibodies. Bull Exp Biol Med 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00841371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Bohn H, Winckler W, Grundmann U. Immunochemically detected placental proteins and their biological functions. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1991; 249:107-18. [PMID: 1772263 DOI: 10.1007/bf02391577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last 20 years a systematic search for proteins occurring in human term placenta (afterbirth) has been performed in our laboratory. As a result more than 30 soluble placental proteins and at least 20 different solubilized antigens apparently derived from the placental membranes have been identified by immunochemical methods in extracts from human term placentas. Most of these proteins have already been isolated to purity and characterized by their physicochemical parameters. Specific antisera to these proteins were obtained by immunizing animals with the corresponding purified proteins. They were used detect and localize these antigens by immunochemical methods in the placenta and in other human tissues. Sensitive immunochemical assays have been developed to exactly quantitate the new proteins in body fluids and to find out the diagnostic significance of measurement of these proteins in pregnant women and in patients with tumors and other diseases. Another aim was to elucidate the biological functions of our immunochemically detected proteins. The results obtained thus far are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bohn
- Forschungslaboratorien, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, FRG
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28
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Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Wit JM, Wolff ED, de Jong MC, Donckerwolcke RA, Abbad NC, Bot A, Blum WF. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with chronic renal failure. Lancet 1991; 338:585-90. [PMID: 1715501 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90604-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stunted growth is a serious problem for children with chronic renal failure (CRF) despite normal endogenous growth hormone secretion and normal or elevated plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II. Biosynthetic growth hormone (GH) was given to 20 prepubertal children (eleven boys, nine girls; mean age 9.5 years, range 4-16) with CRF and severe growth retardation in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. 6 months of subcutaneous injection of GH (4 IU/m2 per day) was either preceded or followed by 6 months of placebo injection. The patients had a full examination every 3 months. Sixteen children completed the study. Height velocity improved significantly with GH therapy (p less than 0.0001) and placebo (p less than 0.04), but the GH-induced height-velocity increase exceeded that of placebo by 2.9 cm per 6 months. There was a positive relationship between prestudy height velocity and height-velocity increase. Bone maturation was not affected. GH caused a significant increase in IGF-I and a moderate increase in IGF-II plasma concentrations. The pretreatment elevation of IGF-binding protein-1 decreased by almost 50% during GH therapy, while IGF-binding protein-3 increased significantly in concentration, although this increase was significantly smaller than the GH-induced increase in IGF-I. Fructosamine, lipid, and parathyroid concentrations remained constant. Renal function deterioration did not accelerate. Impressive height-velocity increase can be achieved with GH therapy in children with CRF and growth retardation without changes in renal function. Bone maturation appears unaffected suggesting improved final height. Treatment is best started before growth retardation becomes considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hokken-Koelega
- Division of Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Rutanen EM, Gonzalez E, Said J, Braunstein GD. Immunohistochemical localization of the insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 in female reproductive tissues by monoclonal antibodies. Endocr Pathol 1991; 2:132-138. [PMID: 32357641 DOI: 10.1007/bf02915453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 (hlGFBP-1) is a secretory protein that modulates the receptor-binding and biological actions of the insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I). Human endometrium expresses the mRNA for IGFBP-1, and this protein is secreted by the secretory phase and pregnancy endometrium as well as by ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. In this study, we examined the cellular localization of IGFBP-1 in female reproductive tissues by using a purified monoclonal antibody Mab 6303 with an immunoperoxidase technique. Proliferative- and early secretory-phase endometrium as well as all extrauterine tissues except decidualized cells at the implantation site on the ovaries of ovarian pregnancies were negative for IGFBP-1. In midsecretory-phase endometrium, focal staining was first observed in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells, with weaker staining in the stromal cells. In late secretoryphase endometrium, strong immunostaining was observed in predecidualized stromal cells, with weak focal staining remaining in some of the glandular epithelial cells. In early pregnancy, intense staining was detected in the cytoplasm of decidualized stromal cells of zona compacta in each sample, whereas the nondecidualized stromal cells remained unstained. Strong to medium staining was detected simultaneously in the glandular epithelial cells in 70% of the early pregnancy specimens. In term pregnancy, IGFBP-1 was localized in decidual cells of placental bed and decidua parietalis. Immunolocalization of IGFBP-1 to both endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, although only stromal cells express the gene of IGFBP-1 [14], supports the hypothesis of paracrine actions between these cells. The localization of IGFBP-1 to decidualized cells at the extrauterine implantation sites implies its association with decidual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Marja Rutanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Gonzalez
- Departments of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan Said
- Department of Pathology UCLA Medical Center, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Glenn D Braunstein
- Departments of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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30
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Lewitt MS, Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: a role in glucose counterregulation? Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 79:C147-52. [PMID: 1718795 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Lewitt
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Lewitt MS, Baxter RC. Cytochalasin B stimulates insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 production by Hep G2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 77:149-57. [PMID: 1726153 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hep G2 cells were used to study the early sequence of events regulating production of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). Cytochalasin B (100 microM) specifically inhibited 2-deoxyglucose uptake by Hep G2 cells and stimulated IGFBP-1 production 2-fold. Insulin (300 nM) did not stimulate hexose uptake but inhibited IGFBP-1 production more than 50%. A change in IGFBP-1 secretion was observed as early as 2 h after a 15-min or 2-h pulse exposure to either effector. In contrast to IGFBP-1, albumin production was diminished in the presence of cytochalasin B and increased by insulin. From these results we conclude that IGFBP-1 synthesis is (i) stimulated by transient inhibition of cellular glucose uptake and further stimulated by long-term glucose deprivation, and (ii) inhibited by transient exposure to insulin with further inhibition on long-term exposure. These effects are consistent with the dynamic regulation of IGFBP-1 by nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lewitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Shimasaki S, Ling N. Identification and molecular characterization of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -6). PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1991; 3:243-66. [PMID: 1725860 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(91)90003-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Six different insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been identified by molecular cloning of their cDNAs from rat and human tissues and designated as IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -6. The total number of amino acid residues for the mature rat BPs ranges from 201 for IGFBP-6 to 270 for IGFBP-2, while the human homologs range from 216 for IGFBP-6 to 289 for IGFBP-2. Except for IGFBP-6, all rat and human IGFBPs contain 18 homologous cysteines; twelve are located at the N-terminal and span approximately one-third of the total amino acid sequence, while the remaining six are distributed at the C-terminal and span the last one-third of the protein sequence. Both rat and human IGFBP-4 possess two extra cysteines at the mid-region of the molecule. By contrast, rat and human IGFBP-6 contain only 14 and 16 cysteines, respectively. Absence of the two and four cysteines in the N-terminal region in the human and rat IGFBP-6 resulted in the deletion of the invariant Gly-Cys-Gly-Cys-Cys sequence which is present in all the other five IGFBPs. Both rat and human IGFBP-3 possess multiple N-linked glycosylation sites at the mid-region of the molecule, which accounts for their apparent molecular size being larger than the calculated molecular weight, based on the amino acid sequence. One potential N-linked glycosylation site is located at the mid-region of rat and human IGFBP-4, whereas only human but not rat IGFBP-6 possesses one N-linked glycosylation site at the extreme C-terminal of the molecule. An RGD sequence is found in the C-terminal of IGFBP-1 and -2. In this short review, updated information on the structural identification and molecular cloning of the six IGFBPs will be presented. In addition, the potential regulation of the BPs at the transcriptional and translational levels will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimasaki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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33
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Lamson G, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: structural and molecular relationships. Growth Factors 1991; 5:19-28. [PMID: 1722987 DOI: 10.3109/08977199109000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Lamson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical Center, California 94305
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34
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Koistinen R, Suikkari AM, Tiitinen A, Kontula K, Seppälä M. Human granulosa cells contain insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGF BP-1) mRNA. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990; 32:635-40. [PMID: 1694748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGF BP-1) in secretory and decidualized endometrium, in adult and fetal liver, and in HepG2 liver cancer cells. We have studied the expression of IGF BP-1 in various types of ovarian neoplasias, normal ovary, and granulosa cells from hyperstimulated human ovarian follicles by RNA blot hybridization. A single 1.6 kb mRNA species, similar to that present in human decidua, was identified in poly(A)RNA-containing preparations of granulosa cells and of a borderline malignant ovarian cystadenoma. This finding verifies the postulated production of IGF BP-1 by the human ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koistinen
- Department I of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Blum WF, Ranke MB. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) with special reference to IGFBP-3. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENT 1990; 367:55-62. [PMID: 1699391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W F Blum
- University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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36
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Rosenfeld RG, Lamson G, Pham H, Oh Y, Conover C, De Leon DD, Donovan SM, Ocrant I, Giudice L. Insulinlike growth factor-binding proteins. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1990; 46:99-159; discussion 159-63. [PMID: 1704143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571146-3.50009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305
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37
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Pekonen F, Kärkkäinen T, Tanner P, Weber T, Rutanen EM. A monoclonal antibody-based immunoradiometric assay for low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein/placental protein 12. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1989; 10:325-37. [PMID: 2481687 DOI: 10.1080/01971528908053245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a sensitive immunoradiometric assay for insulin-like growth factor binding protein/Placental Protein12 (IGF-BP/PP12) using monoclonal antibodies. This assay has a detection limit of 0.25 micrograms/l IGF-BP/PP12. Parallel dose response curves were obtained with purified IGF-BP/PP12, amniotic fluid, decidual cytosol extract, and serum. The assay is reproducible (intra-assay variation 4.3-8.2% and interassay variation 9.7-11.1%) and fast (less than 5 hours). A crossreactivity of less than 0.01% for all other proteins tested reflects high specificity. Using this method the mean serum IGF-BP/PP12 concentration in healthy women was 5.2 micrograms/l. During pregnancy, the mean IGF-BP/PP12 at 7-11 weeks was 43.3 micrograms/l, and at 36-40 weeks 121 micrograms/l. After early pregnancy termination the serum IGF-BP/PP12 decreased rapidly reaching a mean level of 8 micrograms/l within 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pekonen
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Kauniainen, Finland
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38
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Bell SC, Drife JO. Secretory proteins of the endometrium--potential markers for endometrial dysfunction. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1989; 3:271-91. [PMID: 2482150 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(89)80022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to our detailed knowledge of endometrial structure, the study of endometrial function is still in its infancy. It seems likely that most of the changes that occur in the endometrium during the cycle are directed towards the promotion of implantation, and that the proteins secreted by the tissue have a role to play in the maintenance of pregnancy. One approach to the study of these proteins has been the incubation of endometrium in vitro with labelled amino acid precursors, and this method has revealed that in early pregnancy two proteins are quantitatively more important than the others synthesized and secreted by the endometrium. One of these proteins is a homologue of beta-lactoglobulin, also known as alpha 2-PEG, PP14 or PEP. It is synthesized by endometrial glands and no other source has been identified. Its synthesis is induced in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, rises to a peak in the early weeks of pregnancy and then rapidly declines as the decidua spongiosa is replaced by decidua compacta. The direction of its secretion appears to be into the amniotic fluid, and its function may be to transport a vitamin or other essential substance to the early conceptus: another possible function is immunosuppression. The protein can be measured in peripheral blood and may be useful as a marker of the effect of progesterone-or its lack of effect, as in the inadequate luteal phase. The other quantitatively important endometrial protein is IGF binding protein, which is produced mainly by stromal fibroblasts in the late luteal phase of the cycle. During the cycle the contribution of the endometrium to serum levels of IGF-BP is slight, but in pregnancy, as the amount of decidua compacta increases, levels in peripheral blood rise, with peaks at 18-24 weeks and at 36-40 weeks. The function of the protein may be to protect the mother by inhibiting IGF, or to enable IGF to stimulate the growth of endometrial stroma. Links between this protein and disorders of fetal growth have been suggested. The diversity of the possible functions of these proteins, and the continuing uncertainty over their roles, underline the complexity of endometrial functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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39
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Baxter RC, Martin JL. Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors: structure, regulation and function. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1989; 1:49-68. [PMID: 2485012 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(89)90041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are increasingly being recognized as modulators of IGF actions in both inhibitory and stimulatory ways. At least three distinct classes of binding protein are thought to exist, differing in their primary structures and binding characteristics, although all are able to bind both IGF-I and IGF-II. This review outlines the purification and characterization of the binding proteins that have been identified to date, and describes the regulation of their production and of their levels in the circulation. Current views on their potential biological roles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Baxter
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia
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Briese V, Glöckner E, Than GN, Szabo DG, Strache RR. Placental protein 12 (PP 12), a decidual protein, in pregnancy complicated by diabetes with retinopathy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1989; 246:35-8. [PMID: 2774678 DOI: 10.1007/bf00933075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Placental protein 12 (IGF-bp/PP 12) is a soluble tissue antigen produced in the decidua. PP 12 was measured in the 3rd trimester of diabetic pregnancy complicated by retinopathy. The mean values of the healthy control group between 28 and 34 and between 35 and 39 weeks gestation were 108 +/- 39 micrograms/l and 124 +/- 47 micrograms/l, respectively. The equivalent values in diabetic pregnancies complicated by retinopathy were 200 +/- 80 micrograms/l and 204 +/- 81 micrograms/l, respectively; both these PP 12 values were significantly (P less than 0.05) above the values in the control group. There was no significant difference between benign and proliferative retinopathy. The increased PP 12 levels in the presence of diabetic retinopathy are probably caused by decidual degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Briese
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Institute of Diabetes Gerhardt Katsch, Karlsburg, German Democratic Republic
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41
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Seppälä M, Julkunen M, Koskimies A, Laatikainen T, Stenman UH, Huhtala ML. Proteins of the human endometrium. Basic and clinical studies toward a blood test for endometrial function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 541:432-44. [PMID: 3195927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb22280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Seppälä
- Department I of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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42
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Grundmann U, Nerlich C, Bohn H, Rein T. Cloning of cDNA encoding human placental protein 12 (PP12): binding protein for IGF I and somatomedin. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:8711. [PMID: 3419931 PMCID: PMC338590 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.17.8711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U Grundmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, FRG
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43
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Julkunen M, Koistinen R, Aalto-Setälä K, Seppälä M, Jänne OA, Kontula K. Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein/placental protein 12 and tissue-specific expression of its mRNA. FEBS Lett 1988; 236:295-302. [PMID: 2457513 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The low-molecular-mass insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGF-BP) and placental protein 12 (PP12) are identical proteins that are present in human serum, amniotic fluid, secretory endometrium and decidua. IGF-BP/PP12 is believed to act as an autocrine or paracrine regulator of cell growth. A cDNA clone encompassing the entire protein coding region of this protein was isolated from a human decidual cDNA library. The authenticity of the cDNA was verified by in vitro transcription/translation experiments and by the identity of the 10 N-terminal amino acids deduced for the mature peptide with those obtained by direct protein sequencing. The amino acid sequence indicates that pre-IGF-BP/PP12 consists of 259 amino acid residues. The putative signal peptide is 25 residues long, and the mature protein thus contains 234 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 25293 Da. The sequence is very cysteine-rich at the N-terminus after which there are regions of clustered Pro, Glu, Ser and Thr residues (so-called PEST regions), which exist in proteins with short half-lives. The amino acid sequence also includes an Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide that may function as a cell recognition signal. The IGF-BP/PP12 gene encodes a single 1.6 kb mRNA species that is expressed in decidua, secretory endometrium, liver and a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Southern blot analysis suggests that there is a single IGF-BP/PP12 gene in the human genome.
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44
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Lee PD, Powell DR, Li CH, Bohn H, Liu F, Hintz RL. High molecular weight forms of insulin-like growth factor II and its binding protein identified by protein immunoblotting. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:1131-7. [PMID: 2967697 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)II is a mitogenic polypeptide which circulates in association with a binding protein(s). Immunoblotting studies were performed in human serum and indicate that:(1)a approximately 200 kDa covalently-linked IGF-II/binding protein complex is antigenically related to the 30 kDa binding protein, (2)IGF-II prohormone is associated with this complex, and (3)a major portion of the IGF-II prohormone immunoreactivity in human serum is present in fractions which would not be detected by standard radioimmunoassay methods. Our data provide insight regarding the inter-relationships of IGF-II and its binding protein, and direct evidence for the presence of IGF-II prohormone in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Lee
- Children's Hospital Kempe Research Center, Denver, CO 80218
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45
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Rutanen EM, Kärkkäinen T, Lundqvist C, Pekonen F, Ritvos O, Tanner P, Welin M, Weber T. Monoclonal antibodies to the 27-34K insulin-like growth factor binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:208-15. [PMID: 2451912 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the 27-34K insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein purified from human placenta/decidua and designated placental protein 12 (PP12). Four different antibodies were characterized. Each recognized the major band at 32K on immunoblots of the purified PP12 preparation and amniotic fluid. In liquid phase RIA, IGF-I did not affect the binding of [125I] PP12 to one antibody (Mab 6303), it slightly increased the binding to two antibodies (Mab 6301 and 6304), and it slightly decreased the binding to one antibody (Mab 6302). All antibodies immunoprecipitated the cross-linked PP12-[125I] IGF-I complex, but Mab 6302 considerably less effectively than the others. Preincubation of PP12 with Mab 6302 completely inhibited the binding of [125I] IGF-I to PP12, whereas preincubation with Mab 6303 had no effect, and Mab 6301 as well as Mab 6304 increased it. These results suggest that Mab 6302 binds to an epitope at or near to the IGF-binding site, whereas the other antibodies react at other sites of the PP12 molecule. Conformational changes in PP12 probably account for the IGF-I-induced increase in the binding of Mabs 6301 and 6304 to [125I] PP12, and vice versa, for Mabs 6301- and 6304-induced increase in the binding of [125I] IGF-I to PP12.
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Than GN, Tatra G, Arnold L, Szabó DG, Csaba IF, Bohn H. Serum PP12, PP14, SP1 and hCG values in the 28 days after the LH-surge in patients who do and do not conceive after artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1988; 243:139-44. [PMID: 3262331 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of PP12 (somatomedin binding protein), PP14 (beta lactoglobulin homologue), Schwangerschaftsprotein 1 (SP1) and of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were simultaneously measured in patients being treated for infertility in the 28 days after the LH-surge. PP14 levels were similar in the 14 days after the LH-surge in the patients who conceived when compared with those who did not and a high PP14 level was only indicative of pregnancy at 21 days after the LH-surge. hCG and SP1 levels behaved similarly in pregnant subjects. PP12 levels did not change significantly in the 28-days after the LH-surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Than
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Koistinen R, Huhtala ML, Stenman UH, Seppälä M. Purification of placental protein PP12 from human amniotic fluid and its comparison with PP12 from placenta by immunological, physicochemical and somatomedin-binding properties. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 164:293-303. [PMID: 3109787 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid was found to contain a protein which is immunochemically indistinguishable from placental protein PP12. This protein was purified by gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction high performance liquid chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The relative molecular mass as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 34,000, and the isoelectric point was 4.9. Tryptic peptides of amniotic fluid PP12 as determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography were similar to those of placental PP12. Both had the N-terminal amino acid sequence Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-, which is the same as previously reported for a somatomedin-binding protein. Both placental PP12 and amniotic fluid PP12 were found to bind somatomedin C (IGF-I) with high affinity, Ka = 1 X 10(9) l/mol). Amniotic fluid is an ideal source of this somatomedin-binding protein, and the purification method described allows rapid isolation of PP12 under mild conditions which are essential for studies on its biological function.
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48
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Rutanen EM, Koistinen R, Seppälä M, Julkunen M, Suikkari AM, Huhtala ML. Progesterone-associated proteins PP12 and PP14 in the human endometrium. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 27:25-31. [PMID: 3320533 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two proteins, designated as PP12 and PP14 were originally isolated from soluble extracts of the human placenta and its adjacent membranes. We have shown that they are synthesized by decidualized/secretory endometrium and not by placenta. Both proteins occur at high concentrations in human amniotic fluid, which is therefore an excellent source for purification. PP12 is a 34-kDa glycoprotein, which has an N-terminal amino acid sequence of Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-Cys-Ala-Pro-Cys-Ser-Ala. This is identical with that of somatomedin-binding protein purified from the amniotic fluid. PP12 too binds somatomedin-C, or IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I). Human secretory endometrium synthesizes and secretes PP12, and progesterone stimulates its secretion. PP14 is a 28-kDa glycoprotein. Its N-terminal sequence shows homology to that of beta-lactoglobulins from various species. We have found PP14 in the human endometrium, serum and milk. Immunologically, PP14 is related to progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PEP), alpha-2 pregnancy-associated endometrial protein (alpha-2, PEG), endometrial protein 15 (EP15), alpha-uterine protein (AUP) and chorionic alpha-2 microglobulin (CAG-2). In ovulatory menstrual cycles, the concentration of PP14 increases in endometrial tissue as the secretory changes advance. In serum, the PP14 concentration begins to rise later than the progesterone levels, and high serum PP14 levels are maintained for the first days of the next cycle. By contrast, no elevation of serum PP14 level is seen in anovulatory cycles. Our results show that progesterone-associated proteins are synthesized by the human endometrium and appear in the peripheral circulation, where they can be quantitatively measured using immunochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rutanen
- Department I of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Huhtala ML, Koistinen R, Palomäki P, Partanen P, Bohn H, Seppälä M. Biologically active domain in somatomedin-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:263-70. [PMID: 2432892 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have found that human decidua synthesizes a 34K somatomedin-binding protein PP12. Purification of PP12 by immunochemical techniques from human placenta and adjacent membranes has also yielded lower-molecular weight immunoreactive polypeptides designated as PP12B. An individual 21K fragment of somatomedin-binding protein, and a mixture of fragments with molecular weight from 17K to 20K were isolated from this material using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These fragments reacted with antibodies to native PP12 as shown by Western blotting. They all shared the same N-terminal amino acid sequence: Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-, which is identical with that obtained for PP12. The 21K fragment was shown to bind somatomedin-C, or IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I). Since the N-terminal end of the 21K fragment is identical with that of the 34K somatomedin-binding protein, our results suggest that the 21K fragment is the N-terminal part of somatomedin-binding protein, and the somatomedin-binding domain resides in this N-terminal portion.
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Abstract
The circulating levels of placental protein 12 (PP12), a somatomedin-binding protein, were measured by radioimmunoassay in 37 postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors. Elevated levels (above 47 micrograms/l) were observed in 16 of 25 patients (64%) with malignant and 2 of 12 patients (17%) with benign tumors. Elevated levels were more frequent and higher in patients with advanced disease. Within 1 week of surgery, the levels fell in 13 of 17 cases (77%). In addition to clinical interest, these results contribute to our knowledge of carrier proteins of growth factors in patients bearing malignant ovarian neoplasms.
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