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Yeh J, Ga YJ. Role of cervids in the epidemiology of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection in the Republic of Korea: A cross-sectional retrospective study. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:301-306. [PMID: 36205583 PMCID: PMC9857107 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a viral disease in cattle and buffaloes, with subclinical involvement in various ruminant species. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) transmission in deer in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the potential risk factors associated with seropositivity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional serological survey of neutralising antibodies against BEFV in cervid sera collected from the ROK. RESULTS The seroprevalence of BEFV was estimated to be 10.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.5-14.1), demonstrating that exposure to this virus is prevalent among farmed and free-ranging cervids in the ROK. The results revealed that age class and geographic location affected seroprevalence. Older age and the presence of neighbouring ruminant farms were significant risk factors (odds ratio [OR] = 2.394, 95% CI = 1.195-4.796) and (OR = 1.533, 95% CI = 1.026-2.288), respectively. We also observed that the individual likelihood of positivity in the southern provinces was significantly higher than that in the northern provinces (OR = 1.744, 95% CI = 1.001-3.037). There were also significant differences in the seroprevalence of cervids between the western and eastern provinces (OR = 2.021, 95% CI = 1.047-3.900). Factors that were not significantly associated with BEFV antibody prevalence included herd size and species (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cervid species may serve as important reservoirs for the transmission of BEFV, highlighting the need for closer monitoring of BEFV infections in cervids in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Yong Yeh
- Department of Life SciencesCollege of Life Sciences and BioengineeringIncheon National UniversityYeonsu‐guIncheonRepublic of Korea,Research Institute for New Drug DevelopmentIncheon National UniversityYeonsu‐guIncheonRepublic of Korea,KU Center for Animal Blood Medical ScienceCollege of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yun Ji Ga
- Department of Life SciencesCollege of Life Sciences and BioengineeringIncheon National UniversityYeonsu‐guIncheonRepublic of Korea
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Wu Q, Yang Z, Lu Z, Mi S, Feng Y, He B, Zhu G, Gong W, Tu C. Identification of two novel ephemeroviruses in pigs infected by classical swine fever virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 100:105273. [PMID: 35321840 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeroviruses are arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses within Ephemerovirus genus and have been isolated exclusively from cattle and haematophagous arthropods (mosquitoes and biting midges) without any member detected or isolated up to date from pigs, although some serological surveys have indicated that pigs may be a silent host for ephemerovirus infection. Here, many viral reads annotated to, but genetically distinct from, the existing members within the Ephemerovirus genus have been identified in the meta-transcriptomic data of two clinical classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-infected samples (HeN10 and GDMM7). The nearly complete genome sequences of the two novel ephemeroviruses have been obtained through contig assembly, specific RT-PCR and sequencing, therefore named as porcine ephemeroviruses (PoEVs). Genome nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PoEV strains HeN10 and GDMM7 have similar genome organization and 66.5% genomic identity to each other, but both are genetically distant from all members of the Ephemerovirus genus with identity being only 51.1-59.6%. Furthermore, comparison of the most conserved ephemeroviral proteins N and L indicated that PoEV strains HeN10 and GDMM7 share a high sequence identity to each other (N: 78.1%; L: 70.7%), but are diverged from the known ephemeroviruses (N: 43.4-60.7%; L: 47.6-58.5%). The genetic distance is significantly beyond the criteria for demarcation of viruses assigned to different ephemerovirus species. Thereby, two novel viruses named as PoEV1 (strain HeN10) and PoEV2 (strain GDMM7) are identified and these appear to represent two new species within the Ephemerovirus genus. The present study showed the first genome evidence of pig ephemeroviruses, likely expanding the known host range of ephemerovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zongji Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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3
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Douglass N, Omar R, Munyanduki H, Suzuki A, de Moor W, Mutowembwa P, Pretorius A, Nefefe T, van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Heath L, Williamson AL. The Development of Dual Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111215. [PMID: 34835146 PMCID: PMC8621795 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual vaccines (n = 6) against both lumpy skin disease (LSD) and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) were constructed, based on the BEFV glycoprotein (G) gene, with or without the BEFV matrix (M) protein gene, inserted into one of two different LSDV backbones, nLSDV∆SOD-UCT or nLSDVSODis-UCT. The inserted gene cassettes were confirmed by PCR; and BEFV protein was shown to be expressed by immunofluorescence. The candidate dual vaccines were initially tested in a rabbit model; neutralization assays using the South African BEFV vaccine (B-Phemeral) strain showed an African consensus G protein gene (Gb) to give superior neutralization compared to the Australian (Ga) gene. The two LSDV backbones expressing both Gb and M BEFV genes were tested in cattle and shown to elicit neutralizing responses to LSDV as well as BEFV after two inoculations 4 weeks apart. The vaccines were safe in cattle and all vaccinated animals were protected against virulent LSDV challenge, unlike a group of control naïve animals, which developed clinical LSD. Both neutralizing and T cell responses to LSDV were stimulated upon challenge. After two inoculations, all vaccinated animals produced BEFV neutralizing antibodies ≥ 1/20, which is considered protective for BEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Douglass
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-832-310-553
| | - Ruzaiq Omar
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Henry Munyanduki
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Warren de Moor
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Alri Pretorius
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Tshifhiwa Nefefe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Gortázar C, Barroso P, Nova R, Cáceres G. The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot-and-mouth-disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2462-2473. [PMID: 34268873 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are notifiable diseases which are highly transmissible and have the potential for rapid spread regardless of national borders. Many TADs are shared between domestic animals and wildlife, with the potential to affect both livestock sector and wildlife conservation and eventually, public health in the case of zoonosis. The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), a commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has grouped six TADs as 'Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) And Similar Transboundary animal diseases' (FAST diseases). FAST diseases are ruminant infections caused by viruses, for which vaccination is a control option. The EuFMD hold-FAST strategy aims primarily at addressing the threat represented by FAST diseases for Europe. Prevention and control of FAST diseases might benefit from assessing the role of wildlife. We reviewed the role of wildlife as indicators, victims, bridge hosts or maintenance hosts for the six TADs included in the EuFMD hold-FAST strategy: FMD, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, sheep and goatpox, Rift Valley fever and bovine ephemeral fever. We observed that wildlife can act as indicator species. In addition, they are occasionally victims of disease outbreaks, and they are often relevant for disease management as either bridge or maintenance hosts. Wildlife deserves to become a key component of future integrated surveillance and disease control strategies in an ever-changing world. It is advisable to increase our knowledge on wildlife roles in relevant TADs to improve our preparedness in case of an outbreak in previously disease-free regions, where wildlife may be significant for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Barroso
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Nova
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Germán Cáceres
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
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Stokes JE, Darpel KE, Gubbins S, Carpenter S, Fernández de Marco MDM, Hernández-Triana LM, Fooks AR, Johnson N, Sanders C. Investigation of bovine ephemeral fever virus transmission by putative dipteran vectors under experimental conditions. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:597. [PMID: 33243283 PMCID: PMC7690080 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine ephemeral fever virus (Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus) (BEFV) causes bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), an economically important disease of cattle and water buffalo. Outbreaks of BEF in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Middle East are characterized by high rates of morbidity and highly efficient transmission between cattle hosts. Despite this, the vectors of BEFV remain poorly defined. METHODS Colony lines of biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus) were infected with a strain of BEFV originating from Israel by feeding on blood-virus suspensions and by intrathoracic inoculation. In addition, in vivo transmission of BEFV was also assessed by allowing C. sonorensis inoculated by the intrathoracic route to feed on male 6 month-old Holstein-Friesian calves. RESULTS There was no evidence of BEFV replication within mosquitoes fed on blood/virus suspensions for mosquitoes of any species tested for each of the three colony lines. In 170 C. sonorensis fed on the blood/virus suspension, BEFV RNA was detected in the bodies of 13 individuals and in the heads of two individuals, indicative of fully disseminated infections and an oral susceptibility rate of 1.2%. BEFV RNA replication was further demonstrated in all C. sonorensis that were inoculated by the intrathoracic route with virus after 5, 6 or 7 days post-infection. Despite this, transmission of BEFV could not be demonstrated when infected C. sonorensis were allowed to feed on calves. CONCLUSIONS No evidence for infection or dissemination of BEFV (bovine/Israel/2005-6) in mosquitoes of three different species was found. Evidence was found for infection of C. sonorensis by the oral route. However, attempts to transmit BEFV to calves from infected C. sonorensis failed. These results highlight the challenge of defining the natural vector of BEFV and of establishing an in vivo transmission model. The results are discussed with reference to the translation of laboratory-based studies to inference of vector competence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin E Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | | | - Anthony R Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7YH, UK
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Lee F. Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050412. [PMID: 31058837 PMCID: PMC6563278 DOI: 10.3390/v11050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting mainly domestic cattle and water buffalo. The etiological agent of this disease is bovine ephemeral fever virus, a member of the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Bovine ephemeral fever causes economic losses by a sudden drop in milk production in dairy cattle and loss of condition in beef cattle. Although mortality resulting from this disease is usually lower than 1%, it can reach 20% or even higher. Bovine ephemeral fever is distributed across many countries in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Prevention and control of the disease mainly relies on regular vaccination. The impact of bovine ephemeral fever on the cattle industry may be underestimated, and the introduction of bovine ephemeral fever into European countries is possible, similar to the spread of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Research on bovine ephemeral fever remains limited and priority of investigation should be given to defining the biological vectors of this disease and identifying virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lee
- Epidemiology Division, Animal Health Research Institute; New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, China.
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Cripps JK, Pacioni C, Scroggie MP, Woolnough AP, Ramsey DSL. Introduced deer and their potential role in disease transmission to livestock in Australia. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma K. Cripps
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Carlo Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Michael P. Scroggie
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew P. Woolnough
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; 475 Mickleham Road Attwood Vic. 3049 Australia
| | - David S. L. Ramsey
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
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Hou P, Zhao G, He C, Wang H, He H. Biopanning of polypeptides binding to bovine ephemeral fever virus G 1 protein from phage display peptide library. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:3. [PMID: 29301517 PMCID: PMC5753476 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) glycoprotein neutralization site 1 (also referred as G1 protein), is a critical protein responsible for virus infectivity and eliciting immune-protection, however, binding peptides of BEFV G1 protein are still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to screen specific polypeptides, which bind BEFV G1 protein with high-affinity and inhibit BEFV replication. Methods The purified BEFV G1 was coated and then reacted with the M13-based Ph.D.-7 phage random display library. The peptides for target binding were automated sequenced after four rounds of enrichment biopanning. The amino acid sequences of polypeptide displayed on positive clones were deduced and the affinity of positive polypeptides with BEFV G1 was assayed by ELISA. Then the roles of specific G1-binding peptides in the context of BEFV infection were analyzed. Results The results showed that 27 specific peptide ligands displaying 11 different amino acid sequences were obtained, and the T18 and T25 clone had a higher affinity to G1 protein than the other clones. Then their antiviral roles of two phage clones (T25 and T18) showed that both phage polypeptide T25 and T18 exerted inhibition on BEFV replication compared to control group. Moreover, synthetic peptide based on T18 (HSIRYDF) and T25 (YSLRSDY) alone or combined use on BEFV replication showed that the synthetic peptides could effectively inhibit the formation of cytopathic plaque and significantly inhibit BEFV RNA replication in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Two antiviral peptide ligands binding to bovine ephemeral fever virus G1 protein from phage display peptide library were identified, which may provide a potential research tool for diagnostic reagents and novel antiviral agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1315-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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Hayama Y, Moriguchi S, Yanase T, Suzuki M, Niwa T, Ikemiyagi K, Nitta Y, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi S, Murai K, Tsutsui T. Epidemiological analysis of bovine ephemeral fever in 2012-2013 in the subtropical islands of Japan. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:47. [PMID: 26956227 PMCID: PMC4784302 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a febrile disease of cattle that is transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges. An outbreak of BEF recently occurred in Ishigaki Island and surrounding islands that are located southwest of Japan. In this study, an epidemiological analysis was conducted to understand the temporal and spatial characteristics of the outbreak. Factors associated with the disease spread within Ishigaki Island were investigated by hierarchical Bayesian models. The possibility of between-island transmission by windborne vectors and transmission by long-distance migration of infected vectors were examined using atmospheric dispersion models. Results In September 2012, the first case of the disease was detected in the western part of Ishigaki Island. In 1 month, it had rapidly spread to the southern part of the island and to surrounding islands, and led to 225 suspected cases of BEF during the outbreak. The dispersion model demonstrated the high possibility of between-island transmission by wind. Spatial analysis showed that paddy fields, farmlands, and slope gradients had a significant impact on the 1-km cell-level incidence risk. These factors may have influenced the habitats and movements of the vectors with regard to the spread of BEF. A plausible incursion event of infected vectors from Southeast Asia to Ishigaki Island was estimated to have occurred at the end of August. Conclusion This study revealed that the condition of a terrain and land use significantly influenced disease transmission. These factors are important in assessing favorable environments for related vectors. The results of the dispersion model indicated the likely transmission of the infected vectors by wind on the local scale and on the long-distance scale. These findings would be helpful for developing a surveillance program and developing preventive measures against BEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Moriguchi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan. .,Department of Environmental Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Moemi Suzuki
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Okinawa Prefectural Government, Okinawa, Japan. .,Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Niwa
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Okinawa, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshiki Nitta
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Okinawa Prefectural Government, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Kiyokazu Murai
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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10
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New genetic mechanism, origin and population dynamic of bovine ephemeral fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:50-6. [PMID: 26711028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is a typical species of the genusEphemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Today, prevailing BEFV can be divided into three phylogeographic lineages, East Asia, Mideast, and Australia. In this study, we provide evidence that the whole East Asia lineage originates from a homologous recombination (HR) between the Mideast and Australia lineages that probably occurred in the 1940s. To our knowledge, HR has not been proposed before as the genetic mechanism of BEFV. According to the HR event and Bayesian estimation, the three BEFV lineages might originate from Africa, and may have spread to Asia and Australia through the Mideast. In addition, the population of the virus may have augmented significantly in the 2000s, suggesting that the risk for outbreaks of BEFV may be high at present.
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Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae has a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA and its genome ranges in size from approximately 11 kb to almost 16 kb. It is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms. The five structural protein genes are arranged in the same linear order (3'-N-P-M-G-L-5') and may be interspersed with one more additional accessory gene. For many years, a full of knowledge of the rhabdoviridae has been established on extensive studies of two kinds of prototype viruses; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Among them, the genus Lyssavirus includes RABV and rabies-related viruses naturally infect mammals and chiropterans via bite-exposure by rabid animals and finally cause fatal encephalitis. In this review, we describe the sketch of the various virological features of the Rhabdoviridae, especially focusing on VSV and RABV.
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Yeruham I, Van Ham M, Stram Y, Friedgut O, Yadin H, Mumcuoglu KY, Braverman Y. Epidemiological investigation of bovine ephemeral Fever outbreaks in Israel. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20814543 PMCID: PMC2931382 DOI: 10.4061/2010/290541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) occurred in Israel in 1990, 1999, and 2004. The main patterns of BEF spread were similar in the 1990 and in 1999 epidemics, and the BEF virus was probably carried in vectors transported by air streams across the Rift Valley and the Red Sea. In the 2004 outbreak, the primary focus of the disease was the southern Mediterranean coastal plain and the disease agent was apparently brought by infected mosquitoes carried from their breeding site in the Nile Delta by the south-western winds. The disease broke out under optimal ecological conditions, among a vulnerable cattle population and spread rapidly; it showed essentially a spring-summer herd incidence and terminated soon after the night average ambient temperature fell below 16°C in late autumn. The herd incidence of the disease reached 78.4%, 97.7%, and 100% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. The highest herd incidence, morbidity, and case fatality rates were noted in dairy cattle herds in the Jordan Valley, with morbidity of 20%, 38.6%, and 22.2%, and case fatality rate among affected animals of 2%, 8.6%, and 5.4% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. The average sero-positivity to BEF in 1999 was 39.5%, which matched the morbidity rate. Comparison among the various age groups showed that the lowest morbidity rates were observed in the youngest age group, that is, heifers up to 1 year, with 3.2%, 3.6%, and 4.2% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. In heifers from 1 year to calving, the morbidity rates were 13.8%, 14.9%, and 28%, respectively, in first calvers 30.8%, 31.6%, and 28.3%, respectively, and in cows 34.3%, 35.7%, and 27.2%, respectively. All affected cattle were over the age of 3 months. It is hypothesized that mosquitoes and not Culicoides spp. are the vectors of the BEF virus in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Yeruham
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Phylogenetic relationships of the G gene sequence of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Japan, Taiwan and Australia. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yeruham I, Gur Y, Braverman Y. Retrospective epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in 1991 affecting dairy cattle herds on the Mediterranean coastal plain. Vet J 2007; 173:190-3. [PMID: 16314127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
From August to October 1991 bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) occurred sporadically in two localities in Israel. The morbidity and mortality rates reached 2.6% and 0.1%, respectively. Only 12/50 dairy cattle herds were clinically infected with BEF in the dairy community. The total morbidity rate reached 0.8%. The lowest morbidity rate was recorded in young heifers (5.5%) and the highest in adult cows (75%). Only heifers over the age of three months were clinically affected. The spread of the disease apparently followed the local prevailing night winds, which blow from east to west, i.e., from the land toward the sea. The morbidity period lasted 61 days. The low incidence and morbidity rates were possibly due to the low virulence of the virus strain involved in the 1991 epidemic. Retrospective analysis indicates that vectors - apparently mosquitoes - infected with BEF virus could have been overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yeruham
- Hachaklait Gedera, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a disabling viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes. It can cause significant economic impact through reduced milk production in dairy herds, loss of condition in beef cattle and loss of draught animals at the time of harvest. Available evidence indicates clinical signs of BEF, which include bi-phasic fever, anorexia, muscle stiffness, ocular and nasal discharge, ruminal stasis and recumbency, are due primarily to a vascular inflammatory response. In Australia, between 1936 and 1976, BEF occurred in sweeping epizootics that commenced in the tropical far north and spread over vast cattle grazing areas of the continent. In the late 1970s, following several epizootics in rapid succession, the disease became enzootic in most of northern and eastern Australia. In Africa, the Middle East and Asia, BEF occurs as also epizootics which originate in enzootic tropical areas and sweep north or south to sub-tropical and temperate zones. The causative virus is transmitted by haematophagous insects that appear to be borne on the wind, allowing rapid spread of the disease. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been classified as the type species of the genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae. It has a complex genome organization which includes two glycoprotein genes that appear to have arisen by gene duplication. The virion surface glycoprotein (G protein) contains four major antigenic sites that are targets for neutralizing antibody. An analysis of a large number of BEFV isolates collected in Australia between 1956 and 1992 has indicated remarkable stability in most neutralization sites. However, epitope shifts have occurred in the major conformational site G3 and these have been traced to specific mutations in the amino acid sequence. BEFV isolates from mainland China and Taiwan are closely related to Australian isolates, but some variations have been detected. Natural BEFV infection induces a strong neutralizing antibody response and infection usually induces durable immunity. Several forms of live-attenuated, inactivated and recombinant vaccines have been reported but with variable efficacy and durability of protection. The BEFV G protein is a highly effective vaccine antigen, either as a purified subunit or expressed from recombinant viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, 3220 Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Yeruham I, Van Ham M, Bar D, Yadin H, Tiomkin D. Economic aspects of the 1999 outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in dairy cattle herds in the Jordan Valley in Israel. Vet Rec 2003; 153:180-2. [PMID: 12934730 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.6.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Yeruham
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Yeruham I, Braverman Y, Yadin H, Van Ham M, Chai D, Tiomkin D, Frank D. Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever in Israel. Vet Rec 2002; 151:117-21. [PMID: 12180660 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.4.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In two epidemics of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in Israel, one in 1990 and one in 1999, the virus was probably carried by vectors transported by air currents across the Rift Valley and through the Red Sea trough. The disease broke out under optimal ecological conditions among vulnerable cattle populations and spread rapidly; it developed in the spring and summer and ended soon after the daily average ambient temperature fell below 16 degrees C in late autumn. The proportion of herds affected reached 78.4 and 97.7 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively. The highest rates of incidence, morbidity and mortality were recorded in dairy cattle herds in the Jordan Valley, the initial focus of the outbreaks, with a morbidity of 20 and 38.6 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively, and mortality among the affected animals of 2 and 8.6 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively. In 1991, the disease recurred sporadically in the central and southern regions of Israel in only three herds, but in 2000 the disease returned on an epidemic scale, and 85 per cent of herds were affected, with morbidity and mortality rates of 4-3 and 0-3 per cent, respectively. In the 1999 epidemic, the morbidity rate decreased from 38-6 per cent on average in the Jordan Valley to 12.8 per cent in the inner valleys and 5.3 per cent on the Mediterranean coastal plain, but the mortality rate increased from 8-6 per cent in the Jordan Valley to 14-3 per cent in the inner valleys, and to 28 per cent on the Mediterranean coastal plain, where the outbreak declined. An average of 2-7 per cent of the animals experienced a second attack of the disease two to six weeks later. The epidemic in 2000 was milder and shorter than that in 1999. All the cattle affected in both outbreaks were more than three months old. The vector(s) is not known for certain but the available evidence indicates that mosquitoes, and not Culicoides species, are the natural vectors of BEF virus in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yeruham
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is a viral disease of cattle and buffaloes besides subclinical involvement of a variety of ruminant species. The subtropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia and Australia have experienced the major epidemic of the bovine ephemeral fever but the occurrence in the tropics can not be overlooked. Although the substantial role played by the vectors viz., mosquitoes and culicoides in bovine ephemeral fever perpetuation and dissemination, other vector involvement if any should be extensively studied. The clinical severity of the disease is not apparent and the mortality is low. However, high morbidity, enormous economic losses in terms of significant reduction in production, disruption of national and international trade and finally a variety of complications resulting from the disease have drawn appreciable attention from the researchers around the world to resolve the unsolved questions in this area. In this review, detailed informations of all the aspects of the disease has been provided in a simple, lucid and easily understandable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nandi
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Dist-Nainital, India
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Zakrzewski H, Cybinski DH, Walker PJ. A blocking ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus. J Immunol Methods 1992; 151:289-97. [PMID: 1629617 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90129-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A blocking ELISA (B/ELISA) for detecting antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) in cattle is described. In this test, the binding capacity of a monoclonal antibody specific for an epitope on antigenic site G1 of the BEF virus glycoprotein is blocked in the presence of positive serum. The sensitivity of the B/ELISA was compared with the virus neutralisation (VN) test using a total of 380 sera from cattle. Of these, 118 were from an area known to be free of bovine ephemeral fever, 181 from naturally and experimentally BEFV-infected cattle, 33 sequential serum samples from a sentinel steer from which Berrimah virus (BERV) had been isolated, 9 from a sentinel cow from which Kimberley virus (KIMV) was isolated and a panel of 39 sera supplied as a blind trial. The B/ELISA results overall compared favourably with those of the VN tests. The monospecificity of the test was demonstrated using hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid to other BEF serogroup viruses, namely KIM and BER viruses and the results showed no significant cross-reaction. The greater simplicity and sensitivity of the test when compared with the VN test makes it the preferred test for the diagnosis and monitoring of clinical bovine ephemeral fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zakrzewski
- CSIRO Division of Tropical Animal Production, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Walker
- CSIRO, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Long Pocket Laboratories, Indooroopilly, Queensland
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