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Koneval Z, Knox KM, Memon A, Zierath DK, White HS, Barker-Haliski M. Antiseizure drug efficacy and tolerability in established and novel drug discovery seizure models in outbred vs inbred mice. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2022-2034. [PMID: 32757210 PMCID: PMC7722177 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Initial identification of new investigational drugs for the treatment of epilepsy is commonly conducted in well-established mouse acute and chronic seizure models: for example, maximal electroshock (MES), 6 Hz, and corneal kindling. Comparison of the median effective dose (ED50) of approved antiseizure drugs (ASDs) vs investigational agents in these models provides evidence of their potential for clinical efficacy. Inbred and outbred mouse strains exhibit differential seizure susceptibility. However, few comparisons exist of the ED50 or median behaviorally impairing dose (TD50) of prototype ASDs in these models in inbred C57Bl/6 vs outbred CF-1 mice, both of which are often used for ASD discovery. METHODS We defined the strain-related ED50s and TD50s of several mechanistically distinct ASDs across established acute seizure models (MES, 6 Hz, and corneal-kindled mouse). We further quantified the strain-related effect of the MES ED50 of each ASD on gross behavior in a locomotor activity assay. Finally, we describe a novel pharmacoresistant corneal-kindling protocol that is suitable for moderate-throughput ASD screening and demonstrates highly differentiated ASD sensitivity. RESULTS We report significant strain-related differences in the MES ED50 of valproic acid (CF-1 ED50: 90 mg/kg [95% confidence interval (CI) 165-214] vs C57Bl/6: 276 mg/kg [226-366]), as well as significant differences in the ED50 of levetiracetam in the pharmacoresistant 6 Hz test (CF-1: 22.5 mg/kg [14.7-30.2] vs C57Bl/6: >500 mg/kg [CI not defined]). There were no differences in the calculated TD50 of these ASDs between strains. Furthermore, the MES ED50 of phenobarbital significantly enhanced locomotor activity of outbred CF-1, but not C57Bl/6, mice. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, this study provides strain-related information to differentiate investigational agents from ASD standards-of-care in commonly employed preclinical discovery models and describes a novel kindled seizure model to further explore the mechanisms of drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery Koneval
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington
| | - Kevin M. Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington
| | - Ali Memon
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Washington
| | | | - H. Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington
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Belknap JK, Metten P, Beckley EH, Crabbe JC. Multivariate analyses reveal common and drug-specific genetic influences on responses to four drugs of abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:537-43. [PMID: 18774184 PMCID: PMC3100800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerability to abused drugs is influenced by multiple genes unique to each drug and to risk genes for polydrug abuse. If several inbred mouse strains respond to different drugs similarly, this implies the action of a common group of genes. Simultaneous analysis of multiple responses to multiple drugs has been attempted infrequently. We performed multivariate analyses of published strain responses to four drugs. Genetic similarity in responses did not simply track pharmacological class. Withdrawal severity and preference for ethanol and diazepam were affected by many genes in common, although inversely. We focused on behavioral responses, but there is a growing archival database of physiological, pharmacological and biochemical strain traits. The genomics community is increasingly focusing on single-nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype-based gene mapping approaches, for which inbred strain data are also useful. Thus, similar analyses should be applicable to other laboratories, traits and genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Belknap
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Pamela Metten
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ethan H. Beckley
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Palmer AA, McKinnon CS, Bergstrom HC, Phillips TJ. Locomotor activity responses to ethanol, other alcohols, and GABA-A acting compounds in forward- and reverse-selected FAST and SLOW mouse lines. Behav Neurosci 2002; 116:958-67. [PMID: 12492294 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.116.6.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice selectively bred for high (FAST) or low (SLOW) locomotor stimulant response to ethanol have been found to differ in response to drugs with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic actions. Reverse selection produced lines that are similar in sensitivity to ethanol stimulation (r-FAST and r-SLOW) and provided a unique model for testing hypotheses about shared genetic influence on sensitivity to ethanol and GABAergic drugs. FAST mice were more stimulated than SLOW mice by all drugs tested: ethanol, methanol, n-propanol, t-butanol, pentobarbital, diazepam, and allopregnanolone. In contrast, r-FAST and r-SLOW mice differed in sensitivity to only a few isolated drug doses. Locomotor responses of each reverse-selected line were significantly different from the responses of their respective forward-selected line for all drugs. Results support an effect of selection for ethanol sensitivity on allosteric modulation of the GABA-A receptor.
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Palmer AA, Miller MN, McKinnon CS, Phillips TJ. Sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol and allopregnanolone is influenced by common genes. Behav Neurosci 2002; 116:126-37. [PMID: 11895174 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.116.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive steroid that, like ethanol (EtOH), has stimulant, anxiolytic, ataxic, and depressant effects. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of these drugs is influenced by a common set of genes. Sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of allopregnanolone was determined in 24 BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Strain means were positively correlated with extant means for EtOH stimulation in 20 of the same strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis provisionally identified many loci, including several known to influence sensitivity to EtOH. Sensitivity to allopregnanolone was also measured in FAST and SLOW mice, which were selectively bred for differential locomotor response to EtOH, to determine whether selection has also altered allopregnanolone sensitivity. FAST mice were more sensitive to the stimulant effects of allopregnanolone compared with SLOW mice. These data suggest that sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of these drugs is influenced by common genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham A Palmer
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
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Holdstock L, Wit H. Individual Differences in Responses to Ethanol and d-Amphetamine: A Within-Subject Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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File SE, Cheeta S, Akanezi C. Diazepam and nicotine increase social interaction in gerbils: a test for anxiolytic action. Brain Res 2001; 888:311-313. [PMID: 11150490 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two drugs with anxiolytic actions, diazepam (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) and nicotine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) were examined on the time spent in social interaction by pairs of male gerbils. In a test arena lit by high light, diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) increased social interaction, without changing locomotor activity. Diazepam (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in locomotor activity, which reached significance at the higher dose. Nicotine produced a dose-related increase in social interaction, which reached significance at 0.5 mg/kg, but was without effect on locomotor activity. The specific increases in social interaction observed with diazepam and nicotine are similar to those seen in the well-validated social interaction test of anxiety in rats and suggest that social interaction in gerbils may also be used to screen for anxiolytic action of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E File
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
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Draski LJ, Deitrich RA, Ménez JF. Phenobarbital sensitivity in HAS and LAS rats before and after chronic administration of ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 57:651-7. [PMID: 9258990 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for high alcohol sensitivity (HAS) or low alcohol sensitivity (LAS) were tested for initial sensitivity to hypnotic doses of ethanol and a locomotor-altering dose of phenobarbital. Following 6 weeks of either a pair-fed control or 33% ethanol-derived calorie diet, animals were tested again for tolerance to ethanol and cross-tolerance to phenobarbital. HAS and LAS rats did not differ in baseline open field or Rotarod activity before chronic ethanol treatment. However, HAS rats were more sensitive to 50 mg/ kg phenobarbital relative to LAS rats. Both control- and ethanol-diet rats appeared to be less sensitive to phenobarbital after the 6-week treatment period. Chronic ethanol-exposed HAS and LAS rats demonstrated tolerance to ethanol and cross-tolerance to phenobarbital, and in particular LAS rats were even more active in the open field following phenobarbital relative to controls. In summary, significant differences in response to phenobarbital were observed between HAS and LAS rats. These observations suggest that initial sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol are associated with differences in phenobarbital sensitivity and are influenced by similar genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Draski
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Alcohol Research Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Phillips TJ, Shen EH. Neurochemical bases of locomotion and ethanol stimulant effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1996; 39:243-82. [PMID: 8894850 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The locomotor stimulant effect produced by alcohol (ethanol) is one of a large number of measurable ethanol effects. Ethanol-induced euphoria in humans and locomotor stimulation in rodents, a potential animal model of human euphoria, have long been recognized and the latter has been extensively characterized. Since the euphoria produced by ethanol may influence the development of uncontrolled or excessive alcohol use, a solid understanding of the neurochemical substrates underlying such effects is important. Such an understanding for spontaneous locomotion and for ethanol's stimulant effects is beginning to emerge. Herein we review what is known about three neurochemical substrates of locomotion and of ethanol's locomotor stimulant effects. Several lines of research have implicated dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems in determining these behaviors. A large collection of work is cited, which strongly implicates the above-mentioned neurotransmitter substances in the control of spontaneous locomotion. A smaller, but persuasive, body of evidence suggests that central nervous system processes utilizing these transmitters are involved in determining the effects of ethanol on locomotion. Particular emphasis has been placed on the mesolimbic ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens dopaminergic pathway, and on the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata, where GABA and glutamate have been found to play a role in altering the activity of this dopaminergic pathway. Research on ethanol and drug locomotor sensitization, increased responsiveness to the substance with repeated administration, is also reviewed as a process that may be important in the development of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phillips
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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de Wit H, Doty P. Preference for ethanol and diazepam in light and moderate social drinkers: a within-subjects study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 115:529-38. [PMID: 7871098 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Preference for ethanol (versus placebo) and diazepam (versus placebo) was assessed in light and moderate social drinkers. The study was designed to investigate the relationship of habitual alcohol use to the subjective and behavioral effects of the two drugs. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate relationships within subjects in their responses to ethanol and diazepam. Light drinkers (n = 13) who consumed one to five drinks per week and moderate drinkers (n = 14) who consumed seven or more drinks per week participated in two seven-session choice experiments, one assessing preference for 0.5 g/kg ethanol versus placebo and the other assessing preference for 20 mg diazepam versus placebo. Drugs were administered double-blind and double-dummy, and the order of participation in the two experiments was counterbalanced. Sessions were conducted during the evenings in a comfortable laboratory environment. The primary dependent measure was the number of times each subject chose the drug (i.e., ethanol or diazepam) over placebo. Subjective and objective measures of the drugs' effects were obtained using standardized self-report questionnaires and psychomotor tests. Whereas both groups preferred the ethanol over placebo (i.e., 63% and 83% ethanol choice for light and moderate drinkers, respectively), only the moderate drinkers preferred the diazepam over placebo (i.e., 40% and 73% diazepam choice for light and moderate drinkers, respectively). Subjective responses to the drugs were generally similar across the groups, although on some measures the light drinkers reported more marked drug effects. The number of times each subject chose ethanol was positively correlated with the number of times he or she chose diazepam (r = 0.57), and on subjective measures, responses to ethanol and diazepam were positively correlated. Thus, subjective and behavioral responses to diazepam and ethanol were related to habitual alcohol consumption, and most notably, moderate drinkers were more likely than light drinkers to prefer diazepam over a placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Wolffgramm J, Mikolaiczyk C, Coper H. Acute and subchronic benzodiazepine-barbiturate-interactions on behaviour and physiological responses of the mouse. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 349:279-86. [PMID: 8208306 DOI: 10.1007/bf00169294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Female NMRI mice were pretreated for 2 weeks with diazepam (D: 20 mg/kg/day), secobarbital (S: 23 mg/kg/day), or combination (D+S: 19 mg/kg/day, each) by means of the drinking fluid. A fourth group remained untreated. One day after this period the mice received an i.p. injection of one out of 16 drug combinations (crossover design: 0, 2, 4, 6 mg/kg D combined with 0, 6, 12, 18 mg/kg S). Open field behaviour, motor performance, and rectal body temperature were measured. In non-pretreated animals, D and S induced immobility, impairment of coordination and hypothermia in a dose-dependent manner. Excitation appeared after low doses of D (2 mg/kg) and high doses of S (12-18 mg/kg). Acute interactions between D and S were studied by means of isobolographic analysis. Dose-additivity indicating a common mechanism of action was confirmed for immobility, impairment of coordination, and hypothermia whereas excitation revealed a non-additive interaction and was reduced after combined administrations. After chronic pretreatment, the mode of acute drug interaction (dose-additive and non-additive, resp.) remained unchanged. Shifts of the isoboles indicated tolerance, cross-tolerance or sensitization. There was an asymmetry concerning the pretreatment with D and S. Chronic administration of D induced a tolerance to D in regard to all responses and a sensitization to S-effected motor incordination. Chronic administration of S sensitized the sedative and hypothermic responses to acute D. Metabolic tolerance could not account for the subchronic effects since distinct functional responses were concerned in different ways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolffgramm
- Institut für Neuropsychopharmakologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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