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Wang PW, Wu TH, Lin TY, Chen MH, Yeh CT, Pan TL. Characterization of the Roles of Vimentin in Regulating the Proliferation and Migration of HSCs during Hepatic Fibrogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101184. [PMID: 31581522 PMCID: PMC6830351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) manifested as proliferation and migration is the pivotal event involved in liver fibrogenesis. The vimentin network, an intermediate filament (IF) system, is one of the critical cascades by which the cell morphology, growth, and motility are modulated. However, the vimentin-mediated cytoskeletal cross talk, as well as the signaling transduction, which further coordinates the cellular responses during hepatic fibrogenesis, is poorly understood. In the current study, both messenger RNA (mRNA) and the vimentin protein were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner in the dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-exposed liver. In particular, vimentin was highly expressed in the activated HSCs. Again, the overexpressed vimentin was observed in the plasma samples derived from patients with hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, suggesting that vimentin may be a key factor in regulating the progression of liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, vimentin knockdown suppressed the migratory propensity, provoked morphological changes, and disturbed the focal adhesions in the HSCs due to the breakdown of associated cytoskeletal proteins. Western blotting showed that vimentin deletion inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and arrested the Rho GTPase family, thereby impairing the HSCs’ growth as well as motility. The phosphorylated extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT signals were also notably reduced in response to the silence of vimentin. Inhibitors of selected signaling pathways suppressed the migration and differentiation of activated HSCs by regulating specific serine phosphorylated sites on vimentin. Taken together, these findings revealed a novel mechanism of vimentin through which various signaling pathways controlled the proliferation, differentiation, and movement of the HSCs via the ERK/AKT and Rho cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Ho Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
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Wang PW, Hung YC, Wu TH, Chen MH, Yeh CT, Pan TL. Proteome-based identification of apolipoprotein A-IV as an early diagnostic biomarker in liver fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88951-88964. [PMID: 29179490 PMCID: PMC5687660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis may ultimately result in organ failure and death, a reality compounded by the fact that most drugs for liver fibrosis appear to be effective only if given as a prophylactic or early treatment. In a dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrotic model, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase levels could not precisely distinguish the differences between the initial stage of liver fibrosis and normal control, whereas histological examination indicated that dimethylnitrosamine treatment for two weeks has resulted in hepatic fibrogenesis. Comprehensive proteomics identified 12 proteins mainly associated with the interleukin 6-stimulated inflammatory pathway. Coordinately, cytokine profiles showed that dimethylnitrosamine administration would stimulate various signaling pathways leading to liver fibrosis. Of note, apolipoprotein A4 in serum samples obtained from patients in the early stage of liver fibrosis were significantly increased compared to the healthy controls (p<0.001) while the area under curve was 0.966. Moreover, increased apolipoprotein A4 significantly enhanced transforming growth factor beta 1-induced alpha smooth muscle actin expression. In this regard, overexpression of apolipoprotein A4 in early stage of liver fibrosis might magnify and imply the progression of hepatic fibrosis. These findings suggest that apolipoprotein A4 upregulation may correlate with hepatic fibrosis staging and that apolipoprotein A4 together with current biomarker can increase the sensitivity and specificity for the early detection of liver fibrosis in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Hung
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ho Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Huang SC, Kuo PC, Hung HY, Pan TL, Chen FA, Wu TS. Ionone Derivatives from the Mycelium of Phellinus linteus and the Inhibitory Effect on Activated Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050681. [PMID: 27164091 PMCID: PMC4881507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new γ-ionylideneacetic acid derivatives, phellinulins A-C (1-3), were characterized from the mycelium extract of Phellinus linteus. The chemical structures were established based on the spectroscopic analysis. In addition, phellinulin A (1) was subjected to the examination of effects on activated rat hepatic stellate cells and exhibited significant inhibition of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiow-Chyn Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan.
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Weerawatanakorn M, Lee YL, Tsai CY, Lai CS, Wan X, Ho CT, Li S, Pan MH. Protective effect of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Food Funct 2016; 6:1832-40. [PMID: 25927469 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is responsible for hepatic fibrosis resulting in high mortality and is also a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the fifth most common cancer in men and the seventh in women globally. Several studies have found effective anti-cancer activities of theaflavins, the major black tea polyphenols. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts (TF-BTE) on hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Treatment of SD rats with DMN (10 mg per kg bw) for 4 weeks produced inflammation and remarkable liver fibrosis assessed by serum biochemistry and histopathological examination. Fibrotic status and the activation of hepatic stellate cells were improved by oral administration of 40% theaflavins in black tea extracts (40% TF-BTE) as evidenced by histopathological examination. Oral administration of 40% TF-BTE at a low dose of 50 mg per kg bw per day and a high dose of 100 mg per kg bw per day attenuated the DMN-induced elevation of serum GOT (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) and GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase) levels and reduced necrosis, bile duct proliferation, and inflammation. Western blot analyses revealed that TF-BTE inhibited the expression of liver alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein. The histochemical examination showed the inhibitory effect of TF-BTE on the p-Smad3 expression. Overall, these data demonstrated that TF-BTE exhibited hepatoprotective effects on experimental fibrosis, potentially by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monthana Weerawatanakorn
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Herbal formula, Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizoma attenuate dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in a rat model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11734. [PMID: 26133262 PMCID: PMC4488958 DOI: 10.1038/srep11734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive components extracted from Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizoma (SR) have been commonly used to treat liver diseases. The aim of this study was to verify the underlying mechanisms and antifibrotic effects of ethanol extract from the herbal combinatorial formula (SRE) in a dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-administered rat model, with functional proteome tools. Our results indicated that the hepatic collagen content and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression were obviously alleviated by treatment with SRE. Comprehensive proteomics revealed global protein changes, and the network analysis implied that SRE application would attenuate oxidative stress and cytoskeleton dysregulation caused by DMN exposure. Next, marked downregulation of antioxidant enzymes mediated by DMN treatment was restored in the presence of SRE, while SRE treatment contributed to decreased MDA content. Moreover, protein carbonylation and DNA adduction induced by oxidative stress finally leading to liver injury were also reduced under SRE administration. These findings demonstrate that SRE could effectively prevent hepatic fibrosis mainly through regulating the redox status, and subsequently modulating the modification of intracellular molecules. Our experiments might help in developing novel therapeutic strategies against oxidation-caused liver diseases.
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Margaritelis NV, Veskoukis AS, Paschalis V, Vrabas IS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress: a systematic review. Biomarkers 2015; 20:97-108. [PMID: 25582635 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.1002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers measured in blood reflect the tissue redox status. Data from studies that measured redox biomarkers in blood, heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were analyzed. In seven out of nine investigated redox biomarkers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C and E) there was generally good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the blood and tissues. In contrast, oxidized glutathione and the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio showed poor agreement between the blood and tissues. This study suggests that most redox biomarkers measured in blood adequately reflect tissue redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Serres , Greece
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LI XIA, HE CAN, WU WANGYANG, HUANG HUAN, LI WEIZU, YIN YANYAN. Anti-fibrotic effects of Acremoniumterricola milleretal mycelium on immunological hepatic fibrosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3327-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Platycodi Radix attenuates dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inducing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:231-9. [PMID: 23485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the aqueous extract of the Platycodi Radix root (Changkil: CK) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. DMN treatment for 4 weeks led to marked liver fibrosis as assessed by serum biochemistry, histopathological examination, and hepatic lipid peroxidation and collagen content. CK significantly inhibited DMN-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, fibrosis score, and hepatic malondialdehyde and collagen content. CK also inhibited DMN-induced reductions in rat body and liver weights. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses revealed that CK inhibited DMN-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, and collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin protein. DMN-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation was reduced by CK treatment. Furthermore, CK induced activation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrated that CK attenuates DMN-induced liver fibrosis through the activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes.
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E Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu W, Zuo J. Over-expression of GRP75 inhibits liver injury induced by oxidative damage. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:129-34. [PMID: 23287070 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that over-expression of GRP75 can protect cells under different types of stress. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of GRP75 on the liver both in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate the effect of GRP75 over-expression on oxidative damage in the liver in vitro, cell viability and the mitochondrial function of GRP75-overexpressing HL-7702 cells and control transfected cells were monitored during H(2)O(2) treatment. In vivo, liver fibrosis was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) injection for 8 weeks. The GRP75-overexpressing vector was randomly injected into rats before fibrosis was established to study the inhibitory effect of GRP75 on hepatic fibrosis. Liver injury and mitochondrial function were assessed. On H(2)O(2) treatment, GRP75-overexpressing HL-7702 cells exhibited more moderate cell damage than control HL-7702 cells. Both groups of cells showed a decrease in ATP following an early increase on H(2)O(2) treatment, and the mitochondrial membrane potential also decreased similarly in these two groups of cells. Control HL-7702 cells showed an immediate and rapid increase in reactive oxygen species accumulation after the onset of H(2)O(2) treatment, and this accumulation was slowed and reduced in GRP75-overexpressing cells. Western blotting revealed that cytochrome c was greater in control HL-7702 cells than in GRP75-overexpressing HL-7702 cells. Compared with the CCl(4)-only rats, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly lower in CCl(4)-treated rats transfected with the GRP75 vector (P < 0.01). ATP concentrations decreased in both groups of rats treated with CCl(4), but were higher in the GRP75-overexpressing CCl(4)-treated group than in CCl(4)-only rats. Cytochrome c expression was lower in GRP75-overexpressing rats than in CCl(4)-only rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiukai E
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Lipson KE, Wong C, Teng Y, Spong S. CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:S24. [PMID: 23259531 PMCID: PMC3368796 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-s1-s24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CTGF is a secreted matricellular protein with very complex biology. It has been shown to modulate many signaling pathways leading to cell adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, myofibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling, which together lead to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. It has been reported in the literature that inhibition of CTGF expression by siRNA prevents CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and can reverse fibrosis when administered after significant collagen deposition is observed. A monoclonal antibody to CTGF that is currently in clinical development (FG-3019) has demonstrated the ability to reverse vascular stiffening and improve cardiac function in a rat model of diabetic complications. FG-3019 has also exhibited activity in a murine radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. When FG-3019 was administered to mice after a significant radiation-induced increase in lung density could be observed by CT imaging, the density of the lungs was observed to decrease over the period during which the antibody was administered and to remain stable after therapy had ceased. When considered together, these data indicate that inhibition of CTGF can prevent and reverse the process of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Wong
- FibroGen, Inc., 409 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuchin Teng
- FibroGen, Inc., 409 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Suzanne Spong
- FibroGen, Inc., 409 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Syed I, Rathod J, Parmar M, Corcoran GB, Ray SD. Matrix metalloproteinase-9, -10, and -12, MDM2 and p53 expression in mouse liver during dimethylnitrosamine-induced oxidative stress and genomic injury. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:351-61. [PMID: 22441882 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment during early tumor development has greater success because tissue growth remains largely confined to its original locus. At later stages, malignant cells migrate from their original location, invade surrounding normal areas, and can disseminate widely throughout the body. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a key facilitator of this dissemination. Proteolytic enzymes including plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an integral role in degrading the surrounding ECM proteins and clearing a path for tumor cell migration. Specific MMPs are highly expressed late during malignant tumor invasion. It is not understood whether early changes in MMPs influence apoptotic and necrotic cell death, processes known to govern the early stages of carcinogenesis. Similarly, the interaction between MDM2 and p53 is tightly controlled by a complex array of post-translational modifications, which in turn dictates the stability and activity of both p53 and MDM2. The present studies examine the hypothesis that model hepatotoxin dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), which is also a model carcinogen, will induce the MMP family of proteins after administration in hepatotoxic doses. Doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg DMN were administered i.p. to male C3H mice. Changes in parameters associated with apoptotic and necrotic cell death, DNA damage, cell proliferation, and extracellular proteinases were examined in liver at 24 h. Serum ALT activity, oxidative stress [malondialdehyde], and caspase-activated DNAse mediated DNA laddering increased in a dose-dependent manner, as did the level of MDM2 protein. MMP-9, -10 and -12 (gelatinase-B, stromelysin-2, macrophage elastase), and p53 protein levels increased following 25 mg/kg DMN, but were successively decreased after higher DMN doses. The results of this study demonstrate changes in MDM2 and MMPs during DMN-induced acute liver injury and provide a plausible linkage between DMN-induced oxidative stress-mediated genomic injury and its likely involvement in setting the stage for initiating subsequent metastatic disease at later circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-0747, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Pan TL, Wang PW, Leu YL, Wu TH, Wu TS. Inhibitory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis extract on hepatic stellate cells through inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and activating ERK-dependent apoptosis via Bax and caspase pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:829-837. [PMID: 22210104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The bioactive components extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB) have been widely used for anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and modulating the immune response. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to verify the inhibitory effect and the underlying mechanisms of Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extract (SBEE) on activated hepatic stellate cells which play a central role in liver fibrogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-administrated rat model was applied to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effect of SBEE in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis and immunoblotting were then used to further investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Scutellaria baicalensis extract induces HSC-T6 cell death. RESULTS Hepatic collagen contents and alpha-smooth muscle actin levels were remarkably reduced by treating with SBEE. 100 μg/mL SBEE-induced apoptosis of HSC-T6 cell was characterized with elevated levels of activated caspase-3, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in a time-dependent manner. A 24h treatment of SBEE induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest with increased expression of p21 and downregulation of cdc2 and cyclin B1 protein levels. Again, SBEE induced bax expression with concomitant decrease of bcl-2 and upregulated the p53 and MAPK signaling in HSC-T6 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that SBEE could prevent hepatic fibrosis by promoting ERK-p53 pathways which may in turn cause G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and activate caspase system resulting in final apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chang Gung University; Liver Research Center,Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Taoyuan,Taiwan.
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Brown AC, Rowe JA, Barker TH. Guiding epithelial cell phenotypes with engineered integrin-specific recombinant fibronectin fragments. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:139-50. [PMID: 20695776 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides important cues for directing cell phenotype. Cells interact with underlying ECM through cell-surface receptors known as integrins, which bind to specific sequences on their ligands. During tissue development, repair, and regeneration of epithelial tissues, cells must interact with an interstitial fibronectin (Fn)-rich matrix, which has been shown to direct a more migratory/repair phenotype, presumably through interaction with Fn's cell binding domain comprised of both synergy Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences. We hypothesized that the Fn synergy site is critical to the regulation of epithelial cell phenotype by directing integrin specificity. Epithelial cells were cultured on Fn fragments displaying stabilized synergy and RGD (FnIII9'10), or RGD alone (FnIII10) and cell phenotype analyzed by cytoskeleton changes, epithelial cell-cell contacts, changes in gene expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and wound healing assay. Data indicate that epithelial cells engage RGD only with αv integrins and display a significant shift toward a mesenchymal phenotype due, in part, to enhanced transforming growth factor-β activation and/or signaling compared with cells on the synergy containing FnIII9'10. These studies demonstrate the importance of synergy in regulating epithelial cell phenotype relevant to tissue engineering as well as the utility of engineered integrin-specific ECM fragments in guiding cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Brown
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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Chor JSY, Yu J, Chan KK, Go YY, Sung JJY. Stephania tetrandra prevents and regresses liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:853-9. [PMID: 19220659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is currently no safe and effective treatment for liver fibrosis. We have previously shown that Stephania tetrandra (ST) and Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) suppress cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of these two herbs in vivo. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) injection in rats for 5 weeks. SM, ST or SM + ST was gavaged on day 1 of CCl(4) administration to study the preventive effects of herbs on hepatic fibrosis. In a separate study designed to assess possible fibrosis regression, rats were randomly allocated to be treated with SM, ST or SM + ST when fibrosis was established. Liver injury and collagen content were assessed. HSC activation and apoptosis were determined. RESULTS As compared with the CCL(4)-only rats, serum ALT was significantly lower in CCl(4)-treated rats that received either SM (P < 0.01) or ST (P < 0.01). Administration of ST significantly prevented (P < 0.01) or reversed the hepatic fibrosis (P < 0.01) induced by CCL(4). Moreover, rats treated with ST had reduced protein expression of alpha-SMA both in prevention (P < 0.05) and in regression (P < 0.01) experiments. The double-color staining of alpha-SMA and TUNEL showed that ST increased HSC apoptosis. However, co-treatment of SM + ST did not increase the antifibrotic effect of ST. CONCLUSIONS Stephania tetrandra safely and effectively prevents and reverses hepatic fibrosis through activating HSC apoptosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette S Y Chor
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Lin YL, Hsu YC, Chiu YT, Huang YT. Antifibrotic effects of a herbal combination regimen on hepatic fibrotic rats. Phytother Res 2008; 22:69-76. [PMID: 17724770 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis has been characterized as chronic inflammatory processes involving multiple molecular pathogenetic pathways. This therapeutic study investigated whether a combination regimen of Salvia miltiorrhiza (S), Ligusticum chuanxiong (L) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (G) exerted in vivo antifibrotic effects on rats with hepatic fibrosis. Fibrosis was induced in rats by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration for 4 weeks. Fibrotic rats were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: control, SLG (50 mg/kg) or silymarin (50 mg/kg), each given by gavage twice daily for 3 weeks starting 1 week after DMN injection. The results showed that fibrosis scores of livers from DMN-treated rats with SLG (1.13 +/- 0.13) were significantly reduced in comparison with DMN-treated rats receiving vehicle (1.63 +/- 0.18). Moreover, the hepatic collagen content of DMN rats was significantly reduced by either SLG or silymarin treatment. The double immunohistochemical staining results also showed that alpha-SMA positive cells with NF kappa B nuclear translocation were decreased in the fibrotic livers by SLG and silymarin treatments. The mRNA expression levels of TGF-beta1, alpha-SMA, collagen1 alpha 2, iNOS and ICAM-1 genes were attenuated by SLG and silymarin treatment. The results showed that SLG exerted antifibrotic effects in rats with DMN-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li CH, Pan LH, Yang ZW, Li CY, Xu WX. Preventive effect of Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction on rat liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3569-73. [PMID: 18567088 PMCID: PMC2716622 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the preventive effects of Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction on liver fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in rats.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into hepatic fibrosis model group, control group and 3 treatment groups (12 rats in each group). Except for the normal control group, all the rats received 1% DMN (10 &mgr;L/kg body weight, i.p), 3 times a week for 4 wk. The rats in the 3 treatment groups including a high-dose DMN group (10 mL/kg), a medium-dose DMN group (7 mL/kg), and a low-dose DMN group (4 mL/kg) were daily gavaged with Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction, and the rats in the model and normal control groups were given saline vehicle. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the changes in serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), and type IV collagen levels. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured using routine laboratory methods. Pathologic changes, particularly fibrosis, were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Sirius red staining. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were examined by transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS: Compared with the model control group, the serum levels of HA, LN, type IV collagen, ALT and AST were decreased markedly in the other groups after treatment with Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction, especially in the medium-dose DMN group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the area-density percentage of collagen fibrosis was lower in the Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction treatment groups than in the model group, and a more significant drop was observed in the medium-dose DMN group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Qianggan-Rongxian Decoction can inhibit hepatic fibrosis due to chronic liver injury, delay the development of cirrhosis, and notably ameliorate liver function. It may be used as a safe and effective thera-peutic drug for patients with fibrosis.
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Yang YY, Lin HC, Huang YT, Lee TY, Hou MC, Wang YW, Lee FY, Lee SD. Effect of chronic CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonism on livers of rats with biliary cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:533-42. [PMID: 17176248 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the activated endocannabinoid system participates in the increase in IHR (intrahepatic resistance) in cirrhosis. The increased hepatic production of vasoconstrictive eicosanoids is involved in the effect of endocannabinoids on the hepatic microcirculation in cirrhosis; however, the mechanisms of these effects are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic CB(1) (cannabinoid 1) receptor blockade in the hepatic microcirculation of CBL (common bile-duct-ligated) cirrhotic rats. After 1 week of treatment with AM251, a specific CB(1) receptor antagonist, IHR, SMA (superior mesenteric artery) blood flow and hepatic production of eicosanoids [TXB(2) (thromboxane B(2)), 6-keto PGF(1alpha) (prostaglandin F(1alpha)) and Cys-LTs (cysteinyl leukotrienes)] were measured. Additionally, the protein levels of hepatic COX (cyclo-oxygenase) isoforms, 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase), CB(1) receptor, TGF-beta(1) (transforming growth factor beta(1)), cPLA(2) [cytosolic PLA(2) (phospholipase A(2))], sPLA(2) (secreted PLA(2)) and collagen deposition were also measured. In AM251-treated cirrhotic rats, a decrease in portal venous pressure was associated with the decrease in IHR and SMA blood flow. Additionally, the protein levels of hepatic CB(1) receptor, TGF-beta(1), cPLA(2) and hepatic collagen deposition, and the hepatic levels of 5-LOX and COX-2 and the corresponding production of TXB(2) and Cys-LTs in perfusates, were significantly decreased after 1 week of AM251 treatment in cirrhotic rats. Furthermore, acute infusion of AM251 resulted in a decrease in SMA blood flow and an increase in SMA resistance in CBL rats. In conclusion, the chronic effects of AM251 treatment on the intrahepatic microcirculation were, at least partly, mediated by the inhibition of hepatic TGF-beta(1) activity, which was associated with decreased hepatic collagen deposition and the activated PLA(2)/eicosanoid cascade in cirrhotic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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George J, Tsutsumi M. siRNA-mediated knockdown of connective tissue growth factor prevents N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Gene Ther 2007; 14:790-803. [PMID: 17344905 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process that involves the interplay of different cell types in the hepatic tissue. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a highly profibrogenic molecule and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. The aim of the present investigation was three-fold. First, we studied the expression of CTGF in the cultured hepatic stellate cells using immunohistochemical technique. Second, we induced hepatic fibrosis in rats through serial intraperitoneal injections of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA; dimethylnitrosamine, DMN) and studied the upregulation of CTGF and TGF-beta1 during hepatic fibrogenesis. Third, we downregulated CTGF expression using CTGF siRNA and examined the role of CTGF siRNA to prevent the progression of NDMA-induced hepatic fibrosis. The results depicted strong staining of CTGF in the transformed hepatic stellate cells in culture. Serial administrations of NDMA resulted in activation of hepatic stellate cells, upregulation of CTGF and TGF-beta1 both at mRNA and protein levels and well-developed fibrosis in the liver. Immunostaining, Western blot analysis, semiquantitative and real-time RT-PCR studies showed downregulation of CTGF and TGF-beta1 after treatment with CTGF siRNA. The results of the present study demonstrated that CTGF gene silencing through siRNA reduces activation of hepatic stellate cells, prevents the upregulation of CTGF and TGF-beta1 gene expression and inhibits accumulation of connective tissue proteins in the liver. The data further suggest that knockdown of CTGF upregulation using siRNA has potential therapeutic application to prevent hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Hsu YC, Chiu YT, Cheng CC, Wu CF, Lin YL, Huang YT. Antifibrotic effects of tetrandrine on hepatic stellate cells and rats with liver fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:99-111. [PMID: 17201889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-inflammation strategies are one of the proposed therapeutic approaches to hepatic fibrosis. Tetrandrine (C(38)H(42)O(8)N(2), molecular weight: 622; Tet), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Stephania tetrandra, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activity in pulmonary diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of Tet on hepatic fibrosis. METHODS A cell line of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) was stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The inhibitory effects of Tet on the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling cascade and molecular markers including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) secretion were assessed. Fibrosis was induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in rats for 4 weeks. Fibrotic rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: vehicle (0.7% carboxyl methyl cellulose, CMC), Tet (1 mg/kg), Tet (5 mg/kg), or silymarin (50 mg/kg), each given by gavage twice daily for 3 weeks starting after 1 week of DMN administration. At the end of the study, liver tissues were scored for fibrosis and analyzed for molecular markers of fibrosis. RESULTS Tetrandrine (0.5-5.0 micromol/L) concentration-dependently inhibited NFkappaB transcriptional activity induced by TNF-alpha, including IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and mRNA expressions of ICAM-1 in HSC-T6 cells. In addition, Tet also inhibited TGF-beta1-induced alpha-SMA secretion and collagen deposition in HSC-T6 cells. Fibrosis scores of livers from DMN-treated rats with high-dose Tet (1.3 +/- 0.3) were significantly reduced in comparison with DMN-treated rats receiving saline (2.0 +/- 0.2). Hepatic collagen content of DMN rats was significantly reduced by either Tet or silymarin treatment. Double-staining results showed that alpha-SMA- and NFkappaB-positive cells were decreased in the fibrotic livers by Tet and silymarin treatment. In addition, mRNA expression of ICAM-1, alpha-SMA, and TGF-beta1 was attenuated by Tet treatment. Moreover, levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were reduced by Tet and silymarin treatment. CONCLUSION Tetrandrine exerts antifibrotic effects in both HSC-T6 cells and in rats with DMN-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wu MJ, Wen MC, Chiu YT, Chiou YY, Shu KH, Tang MJ. Rapamycin attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2006; 69:2029-36. [PMID: 16732193 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a well-characterized hydronephrosis model exhibiting interstitial inflammatory-cell infiltration and tubular dilatation followed by tubulointerstitial fibrosis of the obstructed kidney. Our recent report indicates that rapamycin is effective for 50% of transplant recipients with chronic allograft nephropathy. In this study, we investigate the effect of rapamycin on UUO-induced renal fibrosis. UUO or sham-operated rats were randomly assigned to rapamycin or vehicle and were killed on days 7 and 14 after UUO or sham operation. Rapamycin decreased cross-sectional and gross-morphology changes in the obstructed kidney significantly. Rapamycin markedly blunted the increase in weight of the obstructed kidney, obstructed kidney length, and the obstructed/non-obstructed kidney weight ratio (by 74.6, 42.8, and 61.6% on day 14, respectively, all P<0.01). The scores for tubular dilatation, interstitial volume, interstitial collagen deposition, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) after UUO were significantly reduced by rapamycin. Rapamycin also decreased the number of infiltrative anti-ED1-positive cells and the gene expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (84.8 and 80.2% on day 7) after UUO (both P<0.01). By double immunostaining and Western analysis, rapamycin blocked the TGF-beta1-induced loss of E-cadherin expression and de novo increase of the expression of alpha-SMA in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, rapamycin significantly attenuated tubulointerstitial damage in a UUO-induced rat model of renal fibrosis, suggesting that rapamycin may have the potential to delay the progression of tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Spee B, Arends B, van den Ingh TSGAM, Brinkhof B, Nederbragt H, Ijzer J, Roskams T, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Transforming growth factor beta-1 signalling in canine hepatic diseases: new models for human fibrotic liver pathologies. Liver Int 2006; 26:716-25. [PMID: 16842329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The purpose of this study was to validate spontaneous chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in dogs as a potential large animal model for fibrotic liver disease in humans by evaluating their molecular pathophysiology. METHODS Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) signalling was analysed in liver samples of dogs with acute hepatitis (AH), chronic hepatitis (CH), cirrhosis (CIRR), and a specific form of cirrhosis, lobular dissecting hepatitis (LDH), in comparison with human cirrhotic samples from alcohol abuse (ALC) and hepatitis C (HC). RESULTS Canine samples were investigated with quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and Western blotting on TGF-beta1 signalling including Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Immunohistochemistry on collagens I and III was performed. Q-PCR showed an increase in TGF-beta1 levels and downstream effector gene products in CH, LDH, and CIRR. The same fibrotic diseases also showed an increase in phosphorylated Smad2/3 and a higher deposition of collagens I and III. In contrast, in AH neither active TGF-beta1 signalling nor collagen deposition was observed. Western blot analysis on human ALC and HC indicated a high similarity with canine samples in TGF-beta1 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that fibrosis in spontaneous dog liver diseases is highly comparable to their human counterparts and might serve as models for anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Li CH, Piao DM, Xu WX, Yin ZR, Jin JS, Shen ZS. Morphological and serum hyaluronic acid, laminin and type IV collagen changes in dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis of rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:7620-4. [PMID: 16437688 PMCID: PMC4727238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the morphological and serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), and type IV collagen changes in hepatic fibrosis of rats induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). METHODS The rat model of liver fibrosis was induced by DMN. Serum HA, type IV collagen, and LN were measured by ELISA. The liver/weight index and morphological changes were examined under electron microscope on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 by immunohistochemical alpha smooth muscle actin alpha-SMA staining as well as Sirius-red and HE staining. RESULTS The levels of serum HA, type IV collagen and LN significantly increased from d 7 to d 28 (P = 0.043). The liver/weight index increased on d 7 and decreased on d 28. In the model group, the rat liver stained with HE and Sirius-red showed evident hemorrhage and necrosis in the central vein of hepatic 10 lobules on d 7. Thin fibrotic septa were formed joining central areas of the liver on d 14. The number of alpha-SMA positive cells was markedly increased in the model group. Transitional hepatic stellate cells were observed under electron microscope. All rats in the model group showed micronodular fibrosis in the hepatic parenchyma and a network of alpha-SMA positive cells. Typical myofibroblasts were embedded in the core of a fibrous septum. Compared to the control group, the area-density percentage of collagen fibrosis and pathologic grading were significantly different in the model group (P<0.05) on different d (7, 14, and 28). The area-density percentage of collagen fibrosis in hepatic tissue had a positive correlation with the levels of serum HA, LN, and type IV collagen. CONCLUSION The morphological and serum HA, type IV collagen, and LN are changed in DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133000, Jilin Province, China
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Chong LW, Hsu YC, Chiu YT, Yang KC, Huang YT. Anti-fibrotic effects of thalidomide on hepatic stellate cells and dimethylnitrosamine-intoxicated rats. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:403-18. [PMID: 16604421 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a central role in cellular necrosis, apoptosis, organ failure, tissue damage, inflammation and fibrosis. These processes, occurring in liver injury, may lead to cirrhosis. Thalidomide, alpha-N-phthalidoglutarimide, (C(13)H(10)N(2))(4), has been shown to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, possibly mediated through its anti-TNF-alpha effect. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of thalidomide on hepatic fibrosis. A cell line of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) was stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) or TNF-alpha. The inhibitory effects of thalidomide on the NFkappaB signaling cascade and fibrosis markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and collagen, were assessed. An in vivo therapeutic study was conducted in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-treated rats, which were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: vehicle (0.7% carboxyl methyl cellulose, CMC), thalidomide (40 mg/kg), thalidomide (200 mg/kg), or silymarin (50 mg/kg), each given by gavage twice daily for 3 weeks starting after 1 week of DMN administration. Thalidomide (100-800 nM) concentration-dependently inhibited NFkappaB transcriptional activity induced by TNF-alpha, including IKKalpha expression and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in HSC-T6 cells. In addition, thalidomide also suppressed TGF-beta1-induced alpha-SMA expression and collagen deposition in HSC-T6 cells. Fibrosis scores of livers from DMN-treated rats receiving high dose of thalidomide (0.89 +/- 0.20) were significantly reduced in comparison with those of DMN-treated rats receiving vehicle (1.56 +/- 0.18). Hepatic collagen contents of DMN rats were also significantly reduced by either thalidomide or silymarin treatment. Immunohistochemical double staining results showed that alpha-SMA- and NFkappaB-positive cells were decreased in the livers from DMN rats receiving either thalidomide or silymarin treatment. In addition, real-time PCR analysis indicated that hepatic mRNA expressions of TGF-beta1, alpha-SMA, collagen 1alpha2, TNF-alpha and iNOS genes were attenuated by thalidomide treatment. In conclusion, our results showed that thalidomide inhibited activation of HSC-T6 cells by TNF-alpha and ameliorated liver fibrosis in DMN-intoxicated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Won Chong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hsu YC, Lin YL, Chiu YT, Shiao MS, Lee CY, Huang YT. Antifibrotic effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on dimethylnitrosamine-intoxicated rats. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:185-95. [PMID: 15864749 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-004-8167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress is implicated in hepatic fibrogenesis. Extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Sm) have been shown to protect cells against oxidative stress. In this study we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of Sm on hepatic fibrosis. A cell line of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) was stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). The inhibitory effects of Sm (50-400 microg/ml) on TGF-beta1-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) secretion and the mRNA expressions of fibrosis-related genes, including alpha-SMA, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), were assessed. Fibrosis was induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in rats. DMN-treated rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: saline, Sm (20 mg/kg), Sm (100 mg/kg), or silymarin (100 mg/kg), each given by gavage twice daily for 5 weeks starting from the onset of DMN administration. Sm (200 and 400 microg/ml) significantly inhibited TGF-beta1-stimulated alpha-SMA secretion and the mRNA expressions of alpha-SMA, CTGF, and TIMP-1 in HSC-T6 cells. Fibrosis scores of livers from DMN-treated rats with either a low (1.8 +/- 0.2) or high (1.8 +/- 0.1) dose of Sm, or silymarin (1.4 +/- 0.2) were significantly reduced in comparison with DMN-treated rats receiving saline (3.1 +/- 0.1). Hepatic collagen contents were also significantly reduced by either Sm or silymarin treatment. The mRNA expression levels of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, and procollagen I were all attenuated in Sm- and silymarin-treated rats. Moreover, levels of plasma aspartate transaminase activities were reduced by Sm and silymarin treatment. In conclusion, our results show that Sm exerted antifibrotic effects in both HSC-T6 cells and in rats with DMN-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2757-2761. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i11.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Jiang T, Lv SW, Zhang SW, Li H, Pang YH, He WT. Alterations of liver temperature during hepatic fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2111-2114. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the alterations of liver temperature during hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4.
METHODS: Liver fibrosis was induced in rats after administration of CCl4 twice a week for 8 weeks. The rat liver temperature in 2-, 4-, 6- and 8- wk models and control group rat was detected by computer-assisted infrared thermorgraphic technology. To observe the histological change, the liver tissue microarray in every group of animals was stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Sirius red stain and polarization microscopy method was used for I and III collagen expression. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of laminin to outline the formation of basement membrane on hepatic sinusoids.
RESULTS: The average infrared images temperature of hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4 changed with the time of the model made. In 2-wk model group, the infrared image temperature of right liver lobe was 28.6±1.1 ℃, compared with 2-wk control group (P <0.05, t = -2.518). The temperature of 4-wk model group was 27.2±1.0 ℃. In 6-wk model group, the temperature was 30.1±1.2 ℃, compared with 6 wk control group (P <0.05, t = 3.773). The temperature of 8-wk model group was 27.4±1.0 ℃, compared with 8 wk control group (P <0.01, t = 4.998). The histological changes of liver tissue were inflammation and hepatocytic degeneration and necrosis in 2-wk model group. There was a significant increase of extracellular matrix among the necrostic hepatocytes in 4-wk model group. In 6-wk model group liver tissue showed the numbers of necrostic hepatocytes increased significantly and the septa formed around central vein and portal area. In 8 wk model group, there were wide septa expansions from the portal area to the central venous and pseudo-nodular formation. Sirius red and immunohistochemical stains showed collagen types I, III and laminin expression in liver tissues increased gradually in 2-, 4-, 6-, 8- wk model group. Collagen type III was the main collagen in 2- and 4-wk model groups. Collagen type I was the main collagen in 6- and 8-wk model groups.
CONCLUSION: The liver temperature changes regularly with hepatic tissue pathology in course of rat hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4.
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02254431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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