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Giglia G, Agliani G, Munnink BBO, Sikkema RS, Mandara MT, Lepri E, Kik M, Ijzer J, Rijks JM, Fast C, Koopmans MPG, Verheije MH, Gröne A, Reusken CBEM, van den Brand JMA. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Eurasian Blackbirds ( Turdus merula) Naturally Infected with Usutu Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1481. [PMID: 34452347 PMCID: PMC8402641 DOI: 10.3390/v13081481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus. Despite its continuous circulation in Europe, knowledge on the pathology, cellular and tissue tropism and pathogenetic potential of different circulating viral lineages is still fragmentary. Here, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations are performed in association with the study of cell and tissue tropism and comparison of lesion severity of two circulating virus lineages (Europe 3; Africa 3) in 160 Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) in the Netherlands. Results confirm hepatosplenomegaly, coagulative necrosis and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation as major patterns of lesions and, for the first time, vasculitis as a novel virus-associated lesion. A USUV and Plasmodium spp. co-infection was commonly identified. The virus was associated with lesions by immunohistochemistry and was reported most commonly in endothelial cells and blood circulating and tissue mononucleated cells, suggesting them as a major route of entry and spread. A tropism for mononuclear phagocytes cells was further supported by viral labeling in multinucleated giant cells. The involvement of ganglionic neurons and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract suggests a possible role of oral transmission, while the involvement of feather follicle shafts and bulbs suggests their use as a diagnostic sample for live bird testing. Finally, results suggest similar pathogenicity for the two circulating lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Gianfilippo Agliani
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Bas B. Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.B.O.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.P.G.K.); (C.B.E.M.R.)
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.B.O.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.P.G.K.); (C.B.E.M.R.)
| | - Maria Teresa Mandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Marja Kik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jooske Ijzer
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jolianne M. Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Disease, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, D-17493 Isle of Riems, Germany;
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.B.O.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.P.G.K.); (C.B.E.M.R.)
| | - Monique H. Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Chantal B. E. M. Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.B.O.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.P.G.K.); (C.B.E.M.R.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.G.); (G.A.); (M.K.); (J.I.); (M.H.V.); (A.G.)
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Mekonnen GA, Ijzer J, Nederbragt H. Tenascin-C in Chronic Canine Hepatitis: Immunohistochemical Localization and Correlation with Necro-Inflammatory Activity, Fibrotic Stage, and Expression of Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin, Cytokeratin 7, and CD3+ Cells. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:803-13. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During fibrosis, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is continuously remodeled and increases in volume due to the production of various proteins. We studied the distribution of tenascin-C (TN-C) and the correlation of TN-C with the necro-inflammatory activity and expression of alpha–smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), and CD3+ T-lymphocytes in canine chronic hepatitis. This was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative scoring. We used 3 groups ( n = 19) of dogs: group 1 ( n = 5) with neonatal hepatitis/lobular dissecting hepatitis (NH/LDH), group 2 ( n = 8) with chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis (CH/CIRR), and group 3 ( n = 6) consisting of healthy animals. In normal livers, TN-C was localized in Disse's space and around bile ducts and blood vessels. In CH/CIRR livers, TN-C was localized at the periphery of the regenerating nodules and was conspicuous in the bridging fibrous bands. In NH/LDH, TN-C was diffusely distributed along the reticular fibers that dissected between single cells or groups of hepatocytes. α-SMA in the normal hepatic parenchyma showed an irregular distribution along the perisinusoidal linings. In other groups, α-SMA was increased in fibrotic septa and perisinusoidal linings. In normal livers, CK7 was positive in bile ducts. In other groups, CK7-expressing cells were conspicuous in the portal-parenchymal interface, the periphery of the regenerative nodules, and the degenerated parenchyma. The pattern of CD3+ lymphocytes was inversely proportional to that of TN-C. These results also showed that TN-C is strongly correlated with increased fibrotic stage, inflammatory activity, and expression of CK7 and α-SMA. TN-C, CK7, and CD3 expression did not differ between diagnostic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Mekonnen
- National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Division of Pathology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Ijzer
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Division of Pathology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H. Nederbragt
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Division of Pathology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Pieters W, Hoyer M, Verstappen F, Wolters M, Ijzer J, de Jong S, Cremers H, Kik M. Fatal Ichthyocotylurus erraticus infestation in Inca terns (Larosterna inca) in a zoological collection. Avian Dis 2014; 58:333-6. [PMID: 25055645 DOI: 10.1637/10662-091513-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In a breeding group of Inca terns (Larosterna inca), 14 birds died without antemortem signs of illness. Other than a poor body condition and a bloody cloaca, no symptoms were observed. Gross necropsy revealed severe segmental hemorrhagic enteritis with intralesional trematodes in most birds. Histopathologic examination revealed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes in the lamina propria of the duodenum and cross-sections of trematodes in the lumen. The parasites were identified as Ichthyocotylurus erraticus, a trematode of fish-eating birds. The cause of the infestation most likely was the feeding of unfrozen fresh fish. We describe the first case of a lethal I. erraticus infestation in Inca terns.
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Reusken C, Zutt I, Kik M, Cleton N, Rijks J, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Gröne A, Koopmans M, Ijzer J. [No proof for usutuvirus as cause of death in songbirds in the Netherlands (fall 2012)]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2014; 139:28-30. [PMID: 24701786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the morphology and size of stem cells from two mammals of noticeably different body size. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and a laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morphology and size of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue. RESULTS Morphologically, mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse and whale are indistinguishable. The average diameter of 50 mesenchymal stem cells from the mouse was 28 (SD 0.86) µm and 50 from the whale was 29 (SD 0.71) µm. The difference in cell size between the species was not statistically significant. Although the difference in bodyweight between the species is close to two million-fold, the mesenchymal stem cells of each were of similar size. CONCLUSIONS The mesenchymal stem cells of whales and mice are alike, in both morphology and size.
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Rijks JM, Kik M, Koene MG, Engelsma MY, van Tulden P, Montizaan MG, Oomen T, Spierenburg MA, Ijzer J, van der Giessen JW, Gröne A, Roest HJ. Tularaemia in a brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in 2013: first case in the Netherlands in 60 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18. [PMID: 24330941 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.49.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tularaemia has not been reported in Dutch wildlife since 1953. To enhance detection, as of July 2011, brown hares (Lepus europaeus) submitted for postmortem examination in the context of non-targeted wildlife disease surveillance, were routinely tested for tularaemia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica infection was confirmed in a hare submitted in May 2013. The case occurred in Limburg, near the site of the 1953 case. Further surveillance should clarify the significance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ankringa N, Wijnberg ID, Boerma S, Ijzer J. Copper-associated hepatic cirrhosis in a Friesian horse. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2012; 137:310-314. [PMID: 22667176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 6-year-old Friesian stallion was examined because of signs of exercise intolerance, stiff gait and symmetrical hind weakness, and increased serum liver enzymes. On presentation, the horse showed muscle atrophy of the hindquarters. Neurological investigation showed no abnormalities. Laboratory findings revealed a prolonged prothrombin time and increased levels of alkaline phosphatase (AF), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bile acids. Histological evaluation of the liver revealed severe cirrhosis and intracytoplasmic greyish brown granules in almost all hepatocytes, sinusoidal Kuppfer cells, and macrophages. These granules stained strongly for copper. Treatment to slow hepatic fibrosis was advised and included oral prednisolone administration for at least 1 month. A diet to support liver function was formulated by a nutritional specialist, and vitamin E was advised as dietary supplement to support neuromuscular function. Soon after diagnosis, the animal showed signs of intravascular haemolysis, with the presence of Heinz bodies in peripheral blood smears, and haemoglobinuria. On the basis of this haemolytic crisis and the poor prognosis of the chronic hepatic disease, the horse was euthanized at the owners' request. Although we could not establish the cause of the hepatic copper accumulation, this case report highlights that excessive copper in the liver should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis and Heinz body anaemia in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Ankringa
- DVM, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hoffmann G, Ijzer J, Brinkhof B, Schotanus BA, van den Ingh TSGAM, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Comparison of different methods to obtain and store liver biopsies for molecular and histological research. Comp Hepatol 2009; 8:3. [PMID: 19586524 PMCID: PMC2717914 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background To minimize the necessary number of biopsies for molecular and histological research we evaluated different sampling techniques, fixation methods, and storage procedures for canine liver tissue. For addressing the aim, three biopsy techniques (wedge biopsy, Menghini, True-cut), four storage methods for retrieval of RNA (snap freezing, RNAlater, Boonfix, RLT-buffer), two RNA isolation procedures (Trizol and RNAeasy), and three different fixation protocols for histological studies (10% buffered formalin, RNAlater, Boonfix) were compared. Histological evaluation was based on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and reticulin (fibrogenesis) staining, and rubeanic acid and rhodanine stains for copper. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed for cytokeratin-7 (K-7), multidrug resistance binding protein-2 (MRP-2) and Hepar-1. Results RNA quality was best guaranteed by the combination of a Menghini biopsy with NaCl, followed by RNAlater preservation and RNAeasy mini kit extraction. These results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR testing. Reliable histological assessment for copper proved only possible in formalin fixed liver tissue. Short formalin fixation (1–4 hrs) improved immunohistochemical reactivity and preservation of good morphology in small liver biopsies. Conclusion At least two biopsies (RNAlater and formalin) are needed. Since human and canine liver diseases are highly comparable, it is conceivable that the protocols described here can be easily translated into the human biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Hoffmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Fieten H, Spee B, Ijzer J, Kik MJ, Penning LC, Kirpensteijn J. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and the proto-oncogenic receptor c-Met in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:869-77. [PMID: 19429984 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0155-f-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the proto-oncogenic receptor c-Met are implicated in growth, invasion, and metastasis in human cancer. Little information is available on the expression and role of both gene products in canine osteosarcoma. We hypothesized that the expression of c-Met is associated with malignant histologic characteristics, a short survival time, and a reduced disease-free interval in canine osteosarcoma. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of both HGF and c-Met in 59 canine osteosarcoma samples. The relationship between HGF and c-Met expression, patient outcome, and histologic characteristics of the tumor were studied. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the presence of active HGF protein. The expression pattern of c-Met in 16 slides of canine osteosarcoma was identified by immunohistochemistry. Coexpression of HGF and c-Met mRNA in all canine osteosarcoma samples suggested autocrine or paracrine receptor activation. A significant, moderately positive correlation was found between c-Met and HGF mRNA expression. c-Met mRNA expression was not associated with survival time or disease-free interval. Expression of c-Met was significantly associated with metastasis via the lymphogenic route. Immunolabeling with c-Met revealed a cytoplasmic staining pattern in all osteosarcoma cell types. In this study, c-Met mRNA expression in canine osteosarcoma was found to be of no influence on survival time and disease-free interval. Further studies are necessary to confirm the involvement of the c-Met pathway in the lymphogenic route of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ijzer J, Schotanus BA, Vander Borght S, Roskams TAD, Kisjes R, Penning LC, Rothuizen J, van den Ingh TSGAM. Characterisation of the hepatic progenitor cell compartment in normal liver and in hepatitis: an immunohistochemical comparison between dog and man. Vet J 2009; 184:308-14. [PMID: 19369099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The liver progenitor cell compartment in the normal canine liver and in spontaneous canine acute (AH) and chronic hepatitis (CH) was morphologically characterised and compared to its human equivalents. Immunohistochemistry was performed for cytokeratin-7 (CK7), human hepatocyte marker (Hep Par 1), multidrug resistance-associated protein-2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on paraffin and frozen sections from canine and human tissues. Normal liver showed similar morphology and immunohistochemical reaction of the progenitor cell compartment/canal of Hering in man and dog. In addition, a ductular reaction, comparable in terms of severity, location and immunohistochemical characteristics, was observed in canine and human AH and CH. CK7 was a good marker for canine progenitor cells, including intermediate cells, which were positively identified in cases of AH and CH. In both species, BCRP was expressed in both hepatocytes and bile ducts of the normal liver, and in ductular reaction in AH and CH. MRP2 detected bile canalicular membranes in man and dog. These findings underline the similarities between canine and human liver reaction patterns and may offer mutual advantage for comparative research in human and canine spontaneous liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ijzer
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Ijzer J, Kisjes JR, Penning LC, Rothuizen J, van den Ingh TSGAM. The progenitor cell compartment in the feline liver: an (immuno)histochemical investigation. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:614-21. [PMID: 19329493 DOI: 10.1354/vp.07-vp-0097-i-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic progenitor compartment is of vital importance in liver regeneration when hepatocellular replication is impaired, as it occurs in acute fulminant hepatitis or severe liver fibrosis. It consists of resident progenitor cells in the normal liver, and ductular reaction and intermediate hepatobiliary cells in diseased livers. An histologic and immunohistochemical study was conducted to demonstrate putative hepatic progenitor cells in the normal liver (n = 5) and in a range of hepatic diseases (n = 13) in the cat. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were stained with HE, the van Gieson stain, and the reticulin stain according to Gordon and Sweet, and immunohistochemically stained for cytokeratin-7 (CK7), human hepatocyte marker 1 (Hepar1), and multidrug resistance-binding protein-2/ATP binding cassette C2 (MRP2). The normal feline liver contains a liver progenitor cell morphologically similar to humans and dogs, which resides in the canal of Hering. In acute and chronic feline liver diseases a ductular reaction is present, whether in the parenchyma or in a portal or septal location. The putative progenitor cells could easily be demonstrated by staining for CK7, whereas they were generally negative for Hepar1 and MRP2. In a parenchymal ductular reaction mitotic figures and cells with an intermediate hepatobiliary phenotype could be demonstrated. This is the first account of hepatic progenitor cells in feline liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ijzer
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 80158, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vegter AR, Kooistra HS, van Sluijs FJ, van Bruggen LWL, Ijzer J, Zijlstra C, Okkens AC. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome in a Miniature Schnauzer dog with signs of feminization and a Sertoli cell tumour. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 45:447-52. [PMID: 18954385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old male Miniature Schnauzer was presented with unilateral cryptorchidism and signs of feminization. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed an enlarged right testis and a large, fluid-filled cavity that appeared to arise from the prostate. Computed tomography revealed the cavity to be consistent with an enlarged uterine body, arising from the prostate, and showed two structures resembling uterine horns that terminated close to the adjacent testes. The dog had a normal male karyotype, 78 XY. Gonadohysterectomy was performed and both the surgical and the histological findings confirmed the presence of a uterus in this male animal, resulting in a diagnosis of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS). The enlarged intra-abdominal testis contained a Sertoli cell tumour. Computed tomography proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool for PMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Vegter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Spee B, Arends B, van den Ingh TSGAM, Brinkhof B, Nederbragt H, Ijzer J, Roskams T, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Transforming growth factor beta-1 signalling in canine hepatic diseases: new models for human fibrotic liver pathologies. Liver Int 2006; 26:716-25. [PMID: 16842329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The purpose of this study was to validate spontaneous chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in dogs as a potential large animal model for fibrotic liver disease in humans by evaluating their molecular pathophysiology. METHODS Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) signalling was analysed in liver samples of dogs with acute hepatitis (AH), chronic hepatitis (CH), cirrhosis (CIRR), and a specific form of cirrhosis, lobular dissecting hepatitis (LDH), in comparison with human cirrhotic samples from alcohol abuse (ALC) and hepatitis C (HC). RESULTS Canine samples were investigated with quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and Western blotting on TGF-beta1 signalling including Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Immunohistochemistry on collagens I and III was performed. Q-PCR showed an increase in TGF-beta1 levels and downstream effector gene products in CH, LDH, and CIRR. The same fibrotic diseases also showed an increase in phosphorylated Smad2/3 and a higher deposition of collagens I and III. In contrast, in AH neither active TGF-beta1 signalling nor collagen deposition was observed. Western blot analysis on human ALC and HC indicated a high similarity with canine samples in TGF-beta1 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that fibrosis in spontaneous dog liver diseases is highly comparable to their human counterparts and might serve as models for anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H van der Kolk
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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