1
|
Tak HJ, Moon JW, Kim JY, Kang SH, Lee SH. Transition of endochondral bone formation at the normal and botulinum-treated mandibular condyle of growing juvenile rat. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:105999. [PMID: 38815512 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of canonical endochondral ossification (CEO) and non-canonical endochondral ossification (NCEO) of the normal growing rat condyle, and to evaluate their histomorphological changes following the simultaneous hypotrophy of the unilateral masticatory closing muscles with botulinum toxin (BTX). DESIGN 46 rats at postnatal 4 weeks were used for the experiment and euthanized at postnatal 4, 8, and 16 weeks. The right masticatory muscles of rats in experimental group were injected with BTX, the left being injected with saline as a control. The samples were evaluated using 3D morphometric, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis with three-dimensional regional mapping of endochondral ossifications. RESULTS The results showed that condylar endochondral ossification changed from CEO to NCEO at the main articulating surface during the experimental period and that the BTX-treated condyle presented a retroclined smaller condyle with an anteriorly-shifted narrower articulating surface. This articulating region showed a thinner layer of the endochondral cells, and a compact distribution of flattened cells. These were related to the load concentration, decreased cellular proliferation with thin cellular layers, reduced extracellular matrix, increased cellular differentiation toward the osteoblastic bone formation, and accelerated transition of the ossification types from CEO to NCEO. CONCLUSION The results suggest that endochondral ossification under loading tended to show more NCEO, and that masticatory muscular hypofunction by BTX had deleterious effects on endochondral bone formation and changed the condylar growth vector, resulting in a retroclined, smaller, asymmetrical, and deformed condyle with thin cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Tak
- Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Moon
- Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kang
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwy Lee
- Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, the Republic of Korea; Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elsayed H, Karjalainen J, Nissi MJ, Ketola J, Kajabi AW, Casula V, Zbýň Š, Nieminen MT, Hanni M. Assessing post-traumatic changes in cartilage using T 1ρ dispersion parameters. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 97:91-101. [PMID: 36610648 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of cartilage can be studied non-invasively with quantitative MRI. A promising parameter for detecting early osteoarthritis in articular cartilage is T1ρ, which can be tuned via the amplitude of the spin-lock pulse. By measuring T1ρ at several spin-lock amplitudes, the dispersion of T1ρ is obtained. The aim of this study is to find out if the dispersion contains diagnostically relevant information complementary to a T1ρ measurement at a single spin-lock amplitude. To this end, five differently acquired dispersion parameters are utilized; A, B, τc, T1ρ/T2, and R2 - R1ρ. An open dataset of an equine model of post-traumatic cartilage was utilized to assess the T1ρ dispersion parameters for the evaluation of cartilage degeneration. Firstly, the parameters were compared for their sensitivity in detecting degenerative changes. Secondly, the relationship of the dispersion parameters to histological and biomechanical reference parameters was studied. Parameters A, T1ρ/T2, and R2 - R1ρ were found to be sensitive to lesion-induced changes in the cartilage within sample. Strong correlations of several dispersion parameters with optical density, as well as with collagen fibril angle were found. Most of the dispersion parameters correlated strongly with individual T1ρ values. The results suggest that dispersion parameters can in some cases provide a more accurate description of the biochemical composition of cartilage as compared to conventional MRI parameters. However, in most cases the information given by the dispersion parameters is more of a refinement than complementary to conventional quantitative MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Elsayed
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouni Karjalainen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Ketola
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Štefan Zbýň
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Hanni
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andersen EME, Wang H, Khoo JSH, Cerda JF, Koder RL. Oxidation-reduction and photophysical properties of isomeric forms of Safranin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265105. [PMID: 35749430 PMCID: PMC9231691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Safranine O is widely used in the bioenergetics community as an indicator dye to determine membrane potentials and as an electron transfer mediator in potentiometric titrations. Here we show that two different commercial preparations of Safranine O contain less than sixty percent by weight of the title compound, with the rest primarily consisting of two closely related safranine isomers. All three major isomer components were isolated using reverse phase HPLC and their structures determined using mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR. These Safranines have two-electron midpoint potentials ranging from −272 to −315 mV vs. SHE. We have also investigated the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the compounds and found that they display distinct spectral and photophysical properties. While this mixture may aid in Safranine O’s utility as a mediator compound, membrane potential measurements must take this range of dye potentials into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eskil M. E. Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hsin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. H. Khoo
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Cerda
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Koder
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Graduate Programs of Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Savenko ES, Kostjukov VV. Excitations of safranin and phenosafranin in aqueous solution: Comparative theoretical analysis. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
5
|
Cytological Effects of Serum Isolated from Polytraumatized Patients on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2612480. [PMID: 34876907 PMCID: PMC8645412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2612480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative capacity, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are promising in the treatment of patients suffering from polytrauma. However, few studies look at the effects of sera from polytraumatized patients on hBMSCs. The aim of this study was to explore changes in hBMSC properties in response to serum from polytrauma patients taken at different time points after the trauma incident. For this, sera from 84 patients with polytrauma (collected between 2010 and 2020 in our department) were used. In order to test the differential influence on hBMSC, sera from the 1st (D1), 5th (D5), and 10th day (D10) after polytrauma were pooled, respectively. As a control, sera from three healthy donors (HS), matched with respect to age and gender to the polytrauma group, were collected. Furthermore, hBMSCs from four healthy donors were used in the experiments. The pooled sera of HS, D1, D5, and D10 were analyzed by multicytokine array for pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the influence of the different sera on hBMSCs with respect to cell proliferation, colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, cell viability, cytotoxicity, cell migration, and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that D5 serum significantly reduced hBMSC cell proliferation capacity compared with HS and increased the proportion of dead cells compared with D1. However, the frequency of CFU-F was not reduced in polytrauma groups compared with HS, as well as the other parameters. The serological effect of polytrauma on hBMSCs was related to the time after trauma. It is disadvantageous to use BMSCs in polytraumatized patients at least until the fifth day after polytrauma as obvious cytological changes could be found at that time point. However, it is promising to use hBMSCs to treat polytrauma after five days, combined with the concept of “Damage Control Orthopedics” (DCO).
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao T, Boys AJ, Zhao C, Chan K, Estroff LA, Bonassar LJ. Non-Destructive Spatial Mapping of Glycosaminoglycan Loss in Native and Degraded Articular Cartilage Using Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:744197. [PMID: 34778225 PMCID: PMC8581176 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a collagen-rich tissue that provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joints and is also responsible for load bearing during movements. The major components of cartilage are water, collagen, and proteoglycans. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage, in which an early-stage indicator is the loss of proteoglycans from the collagen matrix. In this study, confocal Raman microspectroscopy was applied to study the degradation of articular cartilage, specifically focused on spatially mapping the loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Trypsin digestion was used as a model for cartilage degradation. Two different scanning geometries for confocal Raman mapping, cross-sectional and depth scans, were applied. The chondroitin sulfate coefficient maps derived from Raman spectra provide spatial distributions similar to histological staining for glycosaminoglycans. The depth scans, during which subsurface data were collected without sectioning the samples, can also generate spectra and GAG distributions consistent with Raman scans of the surface-to-bone cross sections. In native tissue, both scanning geometries demonstrated higher GAG content at the deeper zone beneath the articular surface and negligible GAG content after trypsin degradation. On partially digested samples, both scanning geometries detected an ∼100 μm layer of GAG depletion. Overall, this research provides a technique with high spatial resolution (25 μm pixel size) to measure cartilage degradation without tissue sections using confocal Raman microspectroscopy, laying a foundation for potential in vivo measurements and osteoarthritis diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Crystal Zhao
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kiara Chan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Armstrong AR, Carlson CS, Rendahl AK, Loeser RF. Optimization of histologic grading schemes in spontaneous and surgically-induced murine models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:536-546. [PMID: 33561541 PMCID: PMC8038967 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Articular Cartilage Structure (ACS) grading schemes applied to multiple and single sections, along with additional histologic measures, in two mouse models of Osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Six coronal histologic stifle joint sections were collected from 40 C57BL/6J mice, including aged mice with spontaneous OA (approximately 18 months of age; n = 15) and young (12-week-old) mice that either underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery (n = 15) or sham surgery (n = 10). Sections were evaluated with the standard OARSI (0-6) scheme, a modified OARSI scheme, the ACS (0-12) scheme, histomorphometry of cartilage and bone, and scoring of osteophytes (0-3) and synovial hyperplasia (0-3). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine the features explaining the greatest variability among the sections. RESULTS The grading schemes performed similarly when applied to a single mid-coronal section or six total coronal sections per joint. OARSI grading produced similar results when applied to hematoxylin and eosin or toluidine blue-stained sections. Aged mice had higher severity scores in the LTP than DMM mice (mid-coronal OARSI grade aged = 2.3 and DMM = 1.1, p = 0.0006; ACS grade aged = 4.1 and DMM = 1.6, p = 0.0024). PCA resulted in retention of four factors that accounted for 78.4% of the total variance. Factor 1 (36.4%) included the OARSI grade, ACS grade, Toluidine blue grade, articular cartilage area and thickness and the osteophyte grade. CONCLUSIONS Grading of a single mid-coronal section using either the OARSI or ACS schemes combined with osteophyte and histomorphometric measures can consistently define OA severity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
| | - C S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
| | - A K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
| | - R F Loeser
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen K, Liu X, Qin H, Chai Y, Wang L, Yu B. HA-g-CS Implant and Moderate-intensity Exercise Stimulate Subchondral Bone Remodeling and Promote Repair of Osteochondral Defects in Mice. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3808-3820. [PMID: 34790057 PMCID: PMC8579292 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.63401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Substantial evidence shows that crosstalk between cartilage and subchondral bone may play an important role in cartilage repair. Animal models have shown that hydroxyapatite-grafted-chitosan implant (HA-g-CS) and moderate-intensity exercise promote regeneration of osteochondral defects. However, no in vivo studies have demonstrated that these two factors may have a synergistic activity to facilitate subchondral bone remodeling in mice, thus supporting bone-cartilage repair. Questions: This study was to clarify whether HA-g-CS and moderate-intensity exercise might have a synergistic effect on facilitating (1) regeneration of osteochondral defects and (2) subchondral bone remodeling in a mouse model of osteochondral defects. Methods: Mouse models of osteochondral defects were created and divided into four groups. BC Group was subjected to no treatment, HC Group to HA-g-CS implantation into osteochondral defects, ME group to moderate-intensity treadmill running exercise, and HC+ME group to both HA-g-CS implantation and moderate-intensity exercise until sacrifice. Extent of subchondral bone remodeling at the injury site and subsequent cartilage repair were assessed at 4 weeks after surgery. Results: Compared with BC group, HC, ME and HC+ME groups showed more cartilage repair and thicker articular cartilage layers and HC+ME group acquired the best results. The extent of cartilage repair was correlated positively to bone formation activity at the injured site as verified by microCT and correlation analysis. Histology and immunofluorescence staining confirmed that bone remodeling activity was increased in HC and ME groups, and especially in HC+ME group. This bone formation process was accompanied by an increase in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis factors at the injury site which promoted cartilage repair. Conclusions: In a mouse model of osteochondral repair, HA-g-CS implant and moderate-intensity exercise may have a synergistic effect on improving osteochondral repair potentially through promotion of subchondral bone remodeling and generation of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis factors. Clinical Relevance: Combination of HA-g-CS implantation and moderate-intensity exercise may be considered potentially in clinic to promote osteochondral defect repair. Also, cartilage and subchondral bone forms a functional unit in an articular joint and subchondral bone may regulate cartilage repair by secreting growth factors in its remodeling process. However, a deeper insight into the exact role of HA-g-CS implantation and moderate-intensity exercise in promoting osteochondral repair in other animal models should be explored before they can be applied in clinic in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hanjun Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yu Chai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Narotzky E, Jerome ME, Horner JR, Rashid DJ. An Ion-exchange Bone Demineralization Method for Improved Time, Expense, and Tissue Preservation. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:607-620. [PMID: 32794420 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420951286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-based bone demineralization procedure that uses cation-exchange resin and dialysis tubing. This method does not require solution changes or special equipment, is faster than EDTA alone, is cost-effective, and is environmentally friendly. Like other EDTA-based methods, this procedure yields superior tissue preservation than formic acid demineralization. Greater protein antigenicity using EDTA as opposed to formic acid has been described, but we also find significant improvements in carbohydrate-based histological staining. Histological staining using this method reveals cartilage layers that are not distinguishable with formic acid demineralization. Carbohydrate preservation is relevant to many applications of bone demineralization, including the assessment of osteoarthritis from bone biopsies and the use of demineralized bone powder for tissue culture and surgical implants. The improvements in time, expense, and tissue quality indicate this method is a practical and often superior alternative to formic acid demineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Narotzky
- American Studies Graduate Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Maria E Jerome
- Histology Core Facility, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | | | - Dana J Rashid
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ojanen SP, Finnilä MA, Mäkelä JT, Saarela K, Happonen E, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Anterior cruciate ligament transection of rabbits alters composition, structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage and chondrocyte deformation 2 weeks post-surgery in a site-specific manner. J Biomech 2020; 98:109450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
11
|
Wan H, Chen H, Chu Y, Ju X, Jiang H. Structure characterization and optical properties investigation of the four main components of the classical phenazinium dye Safranin O. Analyst 2019; 144:7149-7156. [PMID: 31657365 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Safranin O is an important and classical phenazinium dye; since the 19th century, it has been extensively used in the academic field as a spectroscopic probe and indicator. Surprisingly, we found that this long-used reagent is without exception a mixture. In this study, the four main components in a Safranin O sample were prepared, and their chemical structures were elucidated for the first time. Optical property investigations showed that the components had somewhat different absorbance properties and markedly different fluorescence properties, and their structure-optical activity relationships were also discussed. It could be inferred that the variation of each component in the content would unavoidably result in inconsistent optical data when using this Safranin O reagent as a spectroscopic probe or indicator. Considering the accurate transfer of measurement results between laboratories, high-purity Safranin O is in urgent demand in the academic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wan
- School of Life Science, Wuchang Institute of Technology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Bioactive Polypeptide Diabetes Drugs, Wuhan 430223, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dataset on equine cartilage near infrared spectra, composition, and functional properties. Sci Data 2019; 6:164. [PMID: 31471536 PMCID: PMC6717194 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a well-established technique that is widely employed in agriculture, chemometrics, and pharmaceutical engineering. Recently, the technique has shown potential in clinical orthopaedic applications, for example, assisting in the diagnosis of various knee-related diseases (e.g., osteoarthritis) and their pathologies. NIR spectroscopy (NIRS) could be especially useful for determining the integrity and condition of articular cartilage, as the current arthroscopic diagnostics is subjective and unreliable. In this work, we present an extensive dataset of NIRS measurements for evaluating the condition, mechanical properties, structure, and composition of equine articular cartilage. The dataset contains NIRS measurements from 869 different locations across the articular surfaces of five equine fetlock joints. A comprehensive library of reference values for each measurement location is also provided, including results from a mechanical indentation testing, digital densitometry imaging, polarized light microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The published data can either be used as a model of human cartilage or to advance equine veterinary research.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ojanen SP, Finnilä MAJ, Reunamo AE, Ronkainen AP, Mikkonen S, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Site-specific glycosaminoglycan content is better maintained in the pericellular matrix than the extracellular matrix in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196203. [PMID: 29694389 PMCID: PMC5919041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the characteristics of early osteoarthritis (OA) is the loss of fixed charged density (FCD) of glycosaminoglycans in the superficial zone of articular cartilage. However, possible local changes in the FCD content of the pericellular matrix (PCM) are not fully understood. Hence, our aim was to investigate the effect of unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rabbit knees on estimated FCD in the PCM compared to that in the ECM, and relate these results with cell morphology. Methods Articular cartilage samples were collected from ACLT, contralateral and intact control knee joints from lateral and medial femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, and from the femoral groove and patella. Histological samples were prepared and stained with Safranin-O to estimate the FCD content around the chondrocytes in the PCM and the ECM with digital densitometry. Results As a result of ACLT, the greatest decreases in the FCD content of the PCM were observed in the superficial zone of the lateral femoral condyle (p = 0.02), medial tibial plateau (p = 0.002) and patellar (p < 0.001) cartilage. The normalized FCD content of the PCM compared to the surrounding ECM was increased most in the femoral condyles (p < 0.01) and medial tibial plateau (p = 0.02) cartilage. The high normalized FCD content of the PCM in the superficial zone of lateral femoral condyle cartilage was consistent with the round cell morphology in that location. Conclusions In conclusion, we suggest that certain sites in the knee joint, particularly the lateral femoral condyle cartilage, experience less FCD loss in the PCM than in the ECM in early post-traumatic OA, which could lead to altered cell shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simo P. Ojanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikko A. J. Finnilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aino E. Reunamo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari P. Ronkainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, AB, Calgary, Canada
- Human performance laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB, Calgary, Canada
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pulkkinen H, Tiitu V, Valonen P, Hämäläinen ER, Lammi M, Kiviranta I. Recombinant human type II collagen as a material for cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:960-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Collagen type II is the major component of cartilage and would be an optimal scaffold material for reconstruction of injured cartilage tissue. In this study, the feasibility of recombinant human type II collagen gel as a 3-dimensional culture system for bovine chondrocytes was evaluated in vitro. Methods Bovine chondrocytes (4x106 cells) were seeded within collagen gels and cultivated for up to 4 weeks. The gels were investigated with confocal microscopy, histology, and biochemical assays. Results Confocal microscopy revealed that the cells maintained their viability during the entire cultivation period. The chondrocytes were evenly distributed inside the gels, and the number of cells and the amount of the extracellular matrix increased during cultivation. The chondrocytes maintained their round phenotype during the 4-week cultivation period. The glycosaminoglycan levels of the tissue increased during the experiment. The relative levels of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA measured with realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed an increase at 1 week. Conclusion Our results imply that recombinant human type II collagen is a promising biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering, allowing homogeneous distribution in the gel and biosynthesis of extracellular matrix components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.J. Pulkkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio - Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä - Finland
| | - V. Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio - Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä - Finland
| | - P. Valonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio - Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä - Finland
| | - E.-R. Hämäläinen
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu - Finland
| | - M.J. Lammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio - Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio - Finland
| | - I. Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä - Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki - Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rautiainen J, Nieminen MT, Salo EN, Kokkonen HT, Mangia S, Michaeli S, Gröhn O, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J, Nissi MJ. Effect of collagen cross-linking on quantitative MRI parameters of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1656-64. [PMID: 27143363 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sensitivity of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters to increase of collagen cross-linking in articular cartilage, a factor possibly contributing to the aging-related development of osteoarthritis (OA). The issue has not been widely studied although collagen cross-links may significantly affect the evaluation of cartilage imaging outcome. DESIGN Osteochondral samples (n = 14) were prepared from seven bovine patellae. To induce cross-linking, seven samples were incubated in threose while the other seven served as non-treated controls. The specimens were scanned at 9.4 T for T1, T1Gd (dGEMRIC), T2, adiabatic and continuous wave (CW) T1ρ, adiabatic T2ρ and T1sat relaxation times. Specimens from adjacent tissue were identically treated and used for reference to determine biomechanical properties, collagen, proteoglycan and cross-link contents, fixed charge density (FCD), collagen fibril anisotropy and water concentration of cartilage. RESULTS In the threose-treated sample group, cross-links (pentosidine, lysyl pyridinoline (LP)), FCD and equilibrium modulus were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to the non-treated group. Threose treatment resulted in significantly greater T1Gd relaxation time constant (+26%, P < 0.05), although proteoglycan content was not altered. Adiabatic and CW-T1ρ were also significantly increased (+16%, +28%, P < 0.05) while pre-contrast T1 was significantly decreased (-10%, P < 0.05) in the threose group. T2, T2ρ and T1sat did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Threose treatment induced collagen cross-linking and changes in the properties of articular cartilage, which were detected by T1, T1Gd and T1ρ relaxation time constants. Cross-linking should be considered especially when interpreting the outcome of contrast-enhanced MRI in aging populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rautiainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - M T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - E-N Salo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - H T Kokkonen
- Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - S Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - S Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - O Gröhn
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - M J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nissi MJ MJ, Salo EN, Tiitu V, Liimatainen T, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Ellermann J, Nieminen MT. Multi-parametric MRI characterization of enzymatically degraded articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1111-20. [PMID: 26662555 PMCID: PMC4903086 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratory and rotating frame quantitative MRI parameters were evaluated and compared for detection of changes in articular cartilage following selective enzymatic digestion. Bovine osteochondral specimens were subjected to 44 h incubation in control medium or in collagenase or chondroitinase ABC to induce superficial collagen or proteoglycan (glycosaminoglycan) alterations. The samples were scanned at 9.4 T for T1 , T1 Gd (dGEMRIC), T2 , adiabatic T1 ρ , adiabatic T2 ρ , continuous-wave T1 ρ , TRAFF2 , and T1 sat relaxation times and for magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). For reference, glycosaminoglycan content, collagen fibril orientation and biomechanical properties were determined. Changes primarily in the superficial cartilage were noted after enzymatic degradation. Most of the studied parameters were sensitive to the destruction of collagen network, whereas glycosaminoglycan depletion was detected only by native T1 and T1 Gd relaxation time constants throughout the tissue and by MTR superficially. T1 , adiabatic T1 ρ , adiabatic T2 ρ , continuous-wave T1 ρ , and T1 sat correlated significantly with the biomechanical properties while T1 Gd correlated with glycosaminoglycan staining. The findings indicated that most of the studied MRI parameters were sensitive to both glycosaminoglycan content and collagen network integrity, with changes due to enzymatic treatment detected primarily in the superficial tissue. Strong correlation of T1 , adiabatic T1ρ , adiabatic T2 ρ , continuous-wave T1 ρ , and T1 sat with the altered biomechanical properties, reflects that these parameters were sensitive to critical functional properties of cartilage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1111-1120, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko J. Nissi MJ
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,CMRR, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,Corresponding author: Mikko J. Nissi, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland, Telephone number: +358-50-5955517, Fax number: +358-17-162585
| | - Elli-Noora Salo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- CMRR, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Silvia Mangia
- CMRR, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- CMRR, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Miika T. Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Multiparametric MRI of Epiphyseal Cartilage Necrosis (Osteochondrosis) with Histological Validation in a Goat Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140400. [PMID: 26473611 PMCID: PMC4608749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate multiple MRI parameters in a surgical model of osteochondrosis (OC) in goats. METHODS Focal ischemic lesions of two different sizes were induced in the epiphyseal cartilage of the medial femoral condyles of goats at 4 days of age by surgical transection of cartilage canal blood vessels. Goats were euthanized and specimens harvested 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10 weeks post-op. Ex vivo MRI scans were conducted at 9.4 Tesla for mapping the T1, T2, T1ρ, adiabatic T1ρ and TRAFF relaxation times of articular cartilage, unaffected epiphyseal cartilage, and epiphyseal cartilage within the area of the induced lesion. After MRI scans, safranin O staining was conducted to validate areas of ischemic necrosis induced in the medial femoral condyles of six goats, and to allow comparison of MRI findings with the semi-quantitative proteoglycan assessment in corresponding safranin O-stained histological sections. RESULTS All relaxation time constants differentiated normal epiphyseal cartilage from lesions of ischemic cartilage necrosis, and the histological staining results confirmed the proteoglycan (PG) loss in the areas of ischemia. In the scanned specimens, all of the measured relaxation time constants were higher in the articular than in the normal epiphyseal cartilage, consistently allowing differentiation between these two tissues. CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric MRI provided a sensitive approach to discriminate between necrotic and viable epiphyseal cartilage and between articular and epiphyseal cartilage, which may be useful for diagnosing and monitoring OC lesions and, potentially, for assessing effectiveness of treatment interventions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Adiabatic rotating frame relaxation of MRI reveals early cartilage degeneration in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1444-52. [PMID: 25278055 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sensitivity of seven quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters (adiabatic T1ρ, adiabatic T2ρ, continuous wave (CW) T1ρ, relaxation along a fictitious field (RAFF), T2 measured with adiabatic double echo (DE) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence, and T1 during off-resonance saturation [magnetization transfer (MT)]) to detect early osteoarthritic changes in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). METHODS ACLT was unilaterally induced in the knees of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 8) while contralateral joints served as controls. Femoral condyles of the joints were harvested 4 weeks post-ACLT. MRI was performed at 9.4 T. For reference, quantitative histology, Mankin grading and biomechanical measurements were conducted. RESULTS Reference methods demonstrated early, superficial cartilage degeneration in the ACLT group, including significant loss of proteoglycans in both medial and lateral compartments, increased collagen fibril anisotropy in the lateral condyle and decreased biomechanical properties at both medial and lateral compartments. CW-T1ρ was prolonged in the lateral compartment of ACLT joints while adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ detected degenerative changes in tissue in both lateral and medial condyles (P < 0.05). DE-T2 was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated only in the lateral compartment while CPMG-T2, MT or RAFF did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ relaxation times detected most sensitively early degenerative changes in cartilage 4 weeks post-ACLT in a rabbit model.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rautiainen J, Nissi MJ, Salo EN, Tiitu V, Finnilä MAJ, Aho OM, Saarakkala S, Lehenkari P, Ellermann J, Nieminen MT. Multiparametric MRI assessment of human articular cartilage degeneration: Correlation with quantitative histology and mechanical properties. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:249-259. [PMID: 25104181 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the sensitivity of quantitative MRI techniques (T1 , T1,Gd , T2 , continous wave (CW) T1ρ dispersion, adiabatic T1ρ , adiabatic T2ρ , RAFF and inversion-prepared magnetization transfer (MT)) for assessment of human articular cartilage with varying degrees of natural degeneration. METHODS Osteochondral samples (n = 14) were obtained from the tibial plateaus of patients undergoing total knee replacement. MRI of the specimens was performed at 9.4T and the relaxation time maps were evaluated in the cartilage zones. For reference, quantitative histology, OARSI grading and biomechanical measurements were performed and correlated with MRI findings. RESULTS All MRI parameters, except T1,Gd , showed statistically significant differences in tangential and full-thickness regions of interest (ROIs) between early and advanced osteoarthritis (OA) groups, as classified by OARSI grading. CW-T1ρ showed significant dispersion in all ROIs and featured classical laminar structure of cartilage with spin-lock powers below 1000 Hz. Adiabatic T1ρ , T2ρ , CW-T1ρ, MT, and RAFF correlated strongly with OARSI grade and biomechanical parameters. CONCLUSION MRI parameters were able to differentiate between early and advanced OA. Furthermore, rotating frame methods, namely adiabatic T1ρ , adiabatic T2ρ , CW-T1ρ , and RAFF, as well as MT experiment correlated strongly with biomechanical parameters and OARSI grade, suggesting high sensitivity of the parameters for cartilage degeneration. Magn Reson Med 74:249-259, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jari Rautiainen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elli-Noora Salo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Olli-Matti Aho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuzuki N, Seo JP, Haneda S, Yamada K, Furuoka H, Tabata Y, Sasaki N. Bioengineered osteochondral precursor for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in a Thoroughbred filly. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:411-415. [PMID: 30049052 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 13-month-old Thoroughbred filly was diagnosed with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the medial tibial malleolus. A sponge impregnated with platelet-rich plasma, bone morphogenetic protein-2, mesenchymal stem cells and gelatin β-tricalcium phosphate was applied to the OCD site following arthroscopy and debridement. Postoperative radiography (every week for 16 weeks), computed tomography (CT) (16 weeks postoperatively), arthroscopy (16 weeks postoperatively) and biopsy of the regenerated tissue (16 weeks postoperatively) were performed to evaluate the outcome. Radiographically, the defect began to diminish 3 weeks postoperatively and had disappeared by 12 weeks. CT images showed that the debrided site was filled with ossified tissue and arthroscopy showed that the regenerated tissue was covered with smooth tissue, which a biopsy showed was fibrocartilage. CONCLUSIONS Placing the impregnated sponge in the OCD lesion facilitated satisfactory regeneration of tissue in the debrided area, but the regenerated cartilage was fibrocartilage. This method may be a viable option for the treatment of cases of equine OCD, but further work to determine how to induce hyaline cartilage regeneration is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuzuki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanado, Gifu, Japan
| | - J P Seo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanado, Gifu, Japan
| | - S Haneda
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - K Yamada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - H Furuoka
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro-city, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chevrier A, Rossomacha E, Buschmann MD, Hoemann CD. Optimization of Histoprocessing Methods to Detect Glycosaminoglycan, Collagen Type II, and Collagen Type I in Decalcified Rabbit Osteochondral Sections. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2005.28.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
22
|
Kulmala KAM, Karjalainen HM, Kokkonen HT, Tiitu V, Kovanen V, Lammi MJ, Jurvelin JS, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J. Diffusion of ionic and non-ionic contrast agents in articular cartilage with increased cross-linking--contribution of steric and electrostatic effects. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1415-20. [PMID: 23622944 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of threose-induced collagen cross-linking on diffusion of ionic and non-ionic contrast agents in articular cartilage. DESIGN Osteochondral plugs (Ø=6mm) were prepared from bovine patellae and divided into two groups according to the contrast agent to be used in contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging: (I) anionic ioxaglate and (II) non-ionic iodixanol. The groups I and II contained 7 and 6 sample pairs, respectively. One of the paired samples served as a reference while the other was treated with threose to induce collagen cross-linking. The equilibrium partitioning of the contrast agents was imaged after 24h of immersion. Fixed charge density (FCD), water content, contents of proteoglycans, total collagen, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP), lysyl pyridinoline (LP) and pentosidine (Pent) cross-links were determined as a reference. RESULTS The equilibrium partitioning of ioxaglate (group I) was significantly (p=0.018) lower (-23.4%) in threose-treated than control samples while the equilibrium partitioning of iodixanol (group II) was unaffected by the threose-treatment. FCD in the middle and deep zones of the cartilage (p<0.05) and contents of Pent and LP (p=0.001) increased significantly due to the treatment. However, the proteoglycan concentration was not systematically altered after the treatment. Water content was significantly (-3.5%, p=0.007) lower after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Since non-ionic iodixanol showed no changes in partition after cross-linking, in contrast to anionic ioxaglate, we conclude that the cross-linking induced changes in charge distribution have greater effect on diffusion compared to the cross-linking induced changes in steric hindrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A M Kulmala
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roemhildt ML, Beynnon BD, Gardner-Morse M, Badger G, Grant C. Changes induced by chronic in vivo load alteration in the tibiofemoral joint of mature rabbits. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1413-22. [PMID: 22344562 PMCID: PMC3387521 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the magnitude and duration of chronic compressive load alteration and the development and progression of degenerative changes in the rabbit tibiofemoral joint. Varus loading devices were attached to the hind limb of mature NZW rabbits. Altered compressive loads of 0%, 50%, and 80% body weight (BW) were applied to the tibiofemoral joint for 12 h per day for 12 and 24 weeks (n = 4 animals/group). Compartment-specific assessment of the tibial plateau included histological assessments (articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone thicknesses, degeneration score, and articular cartilage cellularity) and biomechanical measures (aggregate modulus, permeability, Poisson's ratio). Analyses of variance techniques were used to examine the relationship between each outcome measure with load magnitude and duration as independent variables in the model. Degenerative changes developed in the medial compartment with increased magnitude of compressive loading and included fibrillation, increased degeneration score, and reduced cellularity of the articular cartilage. Increased calcified cartilage thickness was observed in both the medial and lateral compartments following exposure to altered loading of 80% BW for 24 weeks. This work demonstrates that in vivo chronic compressive load alteration to the tibiofemoral joint can initiate progressive macroscopic and histological-based degenerative changes analogous to the early changes occurring in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Roemhildt
- McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - Bruce D. Beynnon
- McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - Mack Gardner-Morse
- McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - Gary Badger
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont
| | - Calsey Grant
- McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mechanism of disease in early osteoarthritis: application of modern MR imaging techniques -- a technical report. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 31:156-61. [PMID: 22902064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging becomes increasingly important in the context of early cartilage changes in degenerative and inflammatory joint disease before gross morphological changes become apparent. In this limited technical report, we investigate the correlation of MRI T1, T2 and T1ρ relaxation times with quantitative biochemical measurements of proteoglycan and collagen contents of cartilage in close synopsis with histologic morphology. A recently developed MRI sequence, T1ρ, was able to detect early intracartilaginous degeneration quantitatively and also qualitatively by color mapping demonstrating a higher sensitivity than standard T2-weighted sequences. The results correlated highly with reduced proteoglycan content and disrupted collagen architecture as measured by biochemistry and histology. The findings lend support to a clinical implementation that allows rapid visual capturing of pathology on a local, millimeter level. Further information about articular cartilage quality otherwise not detectable in vivo, via normal inspection, is needed for orthopedic treatment decisions in the present and future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kulmala K, Pulkkinen H, Rieppo L, Tiitu V, Kiviranta I, Brünott A, Brommer H, van Weeren R, Brama P, Mikkola M, Korhonen R, Jurvelin J, Töyräs J. Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Spontaneous Repair of Equine Cartilage. Cartilage 2012; 3:235-44. [PMID: 26069636 PMCID: PMC4297117 DOI: 10.1177/1947603511424173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) has been introduced for the evaluation of cartilage integrity. Furthermore, CECT enables imaging of the structure and density of subchondral bone. In this laboratory study, we investigate the potential of microCECT to simultaneously image cartilage and subchondral bone for the evaluation of tissue healing. DESIGN Osteochondral lesions (Ø = 6 mm) were surgically created in equine intercarpal joints (n = 7). After spontaneous healing for 12 months, the horses were sacrificed and osteochondral plugs (Ø = 14 mm), including the repair cartilage and adjacent intact tissue, were harvested. The nonfibrillar and fibrillar moduli and the permeability of cartilage were determined using indentation testing. Contrast agent diffusion into the samples was imaged for 36 hours using high-resolution CT. Results from CECT, mechanical testing, and microscopic analyses were compared and correlated. RESULTS The contrast agent diffusion coefficient showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the repair and adjacent intact tissue. MicroCECT revealed altered (P < 0.05) bone volume fraction, mineral density, and microstructure of subchondral bone at the repair site. The contrast agent diffusion coefficient correlated with the moduli of the nonfibrillar matrix (R = -0.662, P = 0.010), collagen fibril parallelism index (R = -0.588, P = 0.035), and glycosaminoglycan content (R = -0.503, P = 0.067). The repair cartilage was mechanically and structurally different from adjacent intact tissue (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MicroCECT enabled simultaneous quantitative evaluation of subchondral bone and monitoring of cartilage repair, distinguishing quantitatively the repair site from the adjacent intact tissue. As the only technique able to simultaneously image cartilage and determine subchondral bone mineral density and microstructure, CECT has potential clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K.A.M. Kulmala
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H.J. Pulkkinen
- Department of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L. Rieppo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - V. Tiitu
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,SIB-labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I. Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Brünott
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H. Brommer
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P.A.J. Brama
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M.T. Mikkola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R.K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J.S. Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J. Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kobrina Y, Rieppo L, Saarakkala S, Jurvelin JS, Isaksson H. Clustering of infrared spectra reveals histological zones in intact articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:460-468. [PMID: 22333731 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage (AC) exhibits specific zonal structure that follows the organization of collagen network and concentration of tissue constituents. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of unsupervised clustering analysis applied to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to detect depth-dependent structural and compositional differences in intact AC. METHOD Seven rabbit and eight bovine intact patellae AC samples were imaged using FTIR microspectroscopy and normalized raw spectra were clustered using the fuzzy C-means algorithm. Differences in mean spectra of clusters were investigated by quantitative estimation of collagen and proteoglycan (PG) contents, as well as by careful visual investigation of locations of spectral changes. RESULTS Clustering revealed the typical layered structure of AC in both species. However, more distinct clusters were found for rabbit samples, whereas bovine AC showed more complex layered structure. In both species, clustering structure corresponded with that in polarized light microscopic (PLM) images; however, some differences were also observed. Spectral differences between clusters were identified at the same spectral locations for both species. Estimated PG/collagen ratio decreased significantly from superficial to middle or deep zones, which might explain the difference in clustering results compared to PLM. CONCLUSION FTIR microspectroscopy in combination with cluster analysis allows detailed examination of spatial changes in AC. As far as we know, no previous single technique could reveal a layered structure of AC without any a priori information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kobrina
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Salo EN, Nissi MJ, Kulmala KAM, Tiitu V, Töyräs J, Nieminen MT. Diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ into articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:117-26. [PMID: 22179030 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) technique is a method proposed for non-invasive measurement of cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. In this method, gadopentetate (Gd-DTPA²⁻) is assumed to distribute in cartilage in inverse relation to the GAG distribution, thus allowing quantification of the GAG content. For accurate GAG quantification, the kinetics of Gd-DTPA²⁻ in articular cartilage is of critical importance. However, the diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ has not been systematically studied over long time periods using MRI-feasible gadopentetate concentrations. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the diffusion of gadopentetate into cartilage in vitro in intact and enzymatically degraded cartilage. METHODS The diffusion of gadopentetate into bovine articular cartilage was investigated at 9.4 T over 18-h time period using repeated T(1) measurements in two models, (1) comparing intact and trypsin-treated tissue and (2) assessing the effect of penetration direction. The diffusion process was further assessed by determining the gadopentetate flux and diffusivity. The results were compared with histological and biochemical reference methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that passive diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ was significantly slower than previously assumed, leading to overestimation of the GAG content at equilibrating times of few hours. Moreover, Gd-DTPA²⁻ distribution was found to depend not only on GAG content, but also on collagen content and diffusion direction. Interestingly, the dGEMRIC technique was found to be most sensitive to cartilage degradation in the early stages of diffusion process, suggesting that full equilibrium between gadopentetate and cartilage may not be required in order to detect cartilage degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E-N Salo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen J, Sobue T, Utreja A, Kalajzic Z, Xu M, Kilts T, Young M, Wadhwa S. Sex differences in chondrocyte maturation in the mandibular condyle from a decreased occlusal loading model. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:123-9. [PMID: 21597908 PMCID: PMC3298998 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) predominantly afflict women of childbearing age. Defects in mechanical loading-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) remodeling are believed to be a major etiological factor in the development of TMD. The goal of this study was to determine if there are sex differences in CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice exposed to a decreased occlusal loading TMJ remodeling model. Male and female CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice, 21 days old, were each divided into two groups. They were fed either a normal pellet diet (normal loading) or a soft diet and had their incisors trimmed out of occlusion (decreased occlusal loading) for 4 weeks. The mandibular condylar cartilage was evaluated by histology, and the subchondral bone was evaluated by micro-CT analysis. Gene expression from both was evaluated by real-time PCR analysis. In both strains and sexes of mice, decreased occlusal loading caused similar effects in the subchondral bone, decreases in bone volume and total volume compared with their normal loading controls. However, in both strains, decreased occlusal loading caused a significant decrease in the expression of collagen type II (Col2) and Sox9 only in female mice, but not in male mice, compared with their normal loading controls. Decreased occlusal loading causes decreased bone volume in both sexes and a decrease in early chondrocyte maturation exclusively in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT06030-1725, USA
| | - T. Sobue
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT06030-1725, USA
| | - A. Utreja
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT06030-1725, USA
| | - Z. Kalajzic
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT06030-1725, USA
| | - M. Xu
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - T. Kilts
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S. Wadhwa
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT06030-1725, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pulkkinen HJ, Tiitu V, Valonen P, Jurvelin JS, Lammi MJ, Kiviranta I. Engineering of cartilage in recombinant human type II collagen gel in nude mouse model in vivo. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1077-87. [PMID: 20472086 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to test the recombinant human type II collagen (rhCII) material as a gel-like scaffold for chondrocytes in a nude mouse model in vivo. DESIGN Isolated bovine chondrocytes (6x10(6)) were seeded into rhCII gels (rhCII-cell) and injected subcutaneously into the backs of nude mice. For comparison, chondrocytes (6x10(6)) in culture medium (Med-cell) and cell-free rhCII gels (rhCII-gel) were similarly injected (n=24 animals, total of three injections/animal). After 6 weeks, the tissue constructs were harvested and analyzed. RESULTS Chondrocytes with or without rhCII-gel produced white resilient tissue, which in histological sections had chondrocytes in lacunae-like structures. Extracellular matrix stained heavily with toluidine blue stain and had strongly positive collagen type II immunostaining. The tissue did not show any evidence of vascular invasion or mineralization. The cell-free rhCII-gel constructs showed no signs of cartilage tissue formation. Cartilage tissue produced by Med-cell was thin and macroscopically uneven, while the rhCII-cell construct was smooth and rounded piece of neotissue. RhCII-cell constructs were statistically thicker than Med-cell ones. However, no statistical differences were found between the groups in terms of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content or biomechanical properties. CONCLUSIONS These results show that rhCII-gel provides good expansion and mechanical support for the formation of cartilage neotissue. RhCII material may allow favorable conditions in the repair of chondral lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pulkkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roemhildt ML, Coughlin KM, Peura GD, Badger GJ, Churchill D, Fleming BC, Beynnon BD. Effects of increased chronic loading on articular cartilage material properties in the lapine tibio-femoral joint. J Biomech 2010; 43:2301-8. [PMID: 20488444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methods of producing relevant and quantifiable load alterations in vivo with which to study load-induced cartilage degeneration analogous to osteoarthritis are limited. An animal model was used to investigate the effects of increased chronic loads on articular cartilage. Mature rabbits were randomized into one of three experimentally loaded groups and a fourth unoperated control group. A mechanical-loading device was skeletally fixed to the hind limb of animals in the loaded groups. Engaging the device resulted in an additional load of 0%, +22% or +44% body weight to the medial compartment of the experimental knee, while allowing normal joint function. Following a 12-week loading protocol, a creep-indentation test and needle probe test were used to determine the biphasic material properties and thickness of the cartilage at four locations of each femoral and tibial condyle of the experimental and contralateral limbs. Analyses of covariance were performed to compare outcome measures across the treatment groups. The effect of increased load was site and load-level specific with alterations of material properties and thickness most prominent in the posterior region of the medial compartment of the tibia. At this site, permeability increased 128% and thickness increased 28% in the +44% body weight group relative to the 0% body weight group. This model of altered chronic loading initiated changes in the material properties to the articular cartilage at the sites of increased load over 12-weeks that were consistent with early degenerative changes suggesting that increased tibio-femoral loading may be responsible for the alterations. This work begins to elucidate the chronic-load threshold and the time course of cartilage degeneration at different levels of altered loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Roemhildt
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 95 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen J, Gupta T, Barasz JA, Kalajzic Z, Yeh WC, Drissi H, Hand AR, Wadhwa S. Analysis of microarchitectural changes in a mouse temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis model. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1091-8. [PMID: 19896116 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the natural progression of the disease process of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA), which affects approximately 1% of the US population. The goal of this study was to examine the early microarchitectural and molecular changes in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone in biglycan/fibromodulin (Bgn/Fmod) double-deficient mice, which develop TMJ-OA at 6 months. METHODS TMJs from 3-month-old (n=44) and 9-month-old (n=52) wild-type (WT n=46) and Bgn/Fmod (n=50) double-deficient mice were evaluated. Micro-CT analysis of the subchondral bone (n=24), transmission electron microscopy for condylar cartilage fibril diameters (n=26), and real-time PCR analysis for gene expression for bone and cartilage maturation markers (n=45) was performed. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in collagen fibril diameter of the condylar cartilage and a decrease in expression of Parathyroid related protein in the mandibular condylar head were observed in the 3-month Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mice compared to WT controls. The 9-month Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mouse demonstrated an increase in bone volume and total volume in subchondral bone, and an increase in the expression of Collagen Type X and Aggrecan in the mandibular condylar head compared to the WT controls. CONCLUSION We found that changes in the microarchitecture of the condylar cartilage preceded changes in the subchondral bone during OA in the TMJ in Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Farmington, 06030, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen J, Sorensen KP, Gupta T, Kilts T, Young M, Wadhwa S. Altered functional loading causes differential effects in the subchondral bone and condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joint from young mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:354-61. [PMID: 18789726 PMCID: PMC2646810 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered loading is an important etiological factor for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Studies examining altered loading of the TMJ have been done in rats but the response of the TMJ to altered loading in mice is largely unknown. Therefore, due to the potential usefulness of genetically engineered mice, the goal of this study was to develop a mouse TMJ altered functional loading model. METHODS One hundred and thirty four, 21-day-old CD-1 female mice were divided into two groups: (1) normal loading (hard pellet diet) for 2-6 weeks and (2) altered functional loading (incisor trimming every other day and soft dough diet) for 2-6 weeks. The mandibular condylar cartilage was evaluated by histology, the subchondral bone was evaluated by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis and gene expression was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. RESULTS Altered functional loading for 2-6 weeks caused significant reduction in the thickness of the condylar cartilage whereas, only at 4 weeks was there a significant decrease in the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of the subchondral bone. Gene expression analysis showed that altered functional loading for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction in the expression of SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9), Collagen type X (Col X), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Collagen type II (Col II) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) and altered loading for 6 weeks caused a significant decrease in the expression of Sox9, Col II, Vegf and Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (Rankl) compared to the normal loading group. CONCLUSION Altered functional TMJ loading in mice for 2-6 weeks leads to a loss of the condylar cartilage and a transient loss in the density of the mandibular condylar subchondral bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - K. P. Sorensen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - T. Gupta
- University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - T. Kilts
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - M. Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - S. Wadhwa
- University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT 06030, United States,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr Sunil Wadhwa, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UCHC, Farmington CT 06030, United States. Tel: 1-860-679-4899; Fax: 1-860-679-1920; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Silvast TS, Jurvelin JS, Lammi MJ, Töyräs J. pQCT study on diffusion and equilibrium distribution of iodinated anionic contrast agent in human articular cartilage--associations to matrix composition and integrity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:26-32. [PMID: 18602844 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-ray imaging of articular cartilage using anionic contrast agents has been introduced for quantification of tissue glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration. In this in vitro study we investigated diffusion and equilibrium distribution of an anionic contrast agent in human articular cartilage and related the results to tissue composition and integrity. METHODS Osteochondral cylinders (d=4.0mm, n=24) were prepared from femoral medial condyles (FMCs, cartilage thickness 2.13+/-0.54 mm, mean+/-standard deviation [SD]), and tibial medial plateaus ([TMPs]1.99+/-0.38 mm) of human cadaver knees. Samples were immersed for 24h at room temperature in 21 mM concentration of anionic contrast agent Hexabrix. The X-ray absorption maps and profiles were measured before immersion, and after every 2h of immersion using clinical peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). RESULTS An increase in X-ray attenuation along cartilage depth, indicating a characteristic density profile increasing from superficial to deep tissue, could be seen in pQCT images acquired without contrast agent. The complete diffusion of the contrast agent into cartilage took more than 12h. However, the uronic acid concentration correlated with the contrast agent concentration in femoral cartilage (r=-0.76, n=12, P=0.004) as early as after 2h of immersion, and the linear correlation was virtually unchanged during the remaining 22 h. Similarly, the histological tissue integrity (Mankin score) correlated positively with the contrast agent concentration in tibial cartilage (r=+0.75, P=0.005) after 2h of immersion. The X-ray absorption profiles before immersion, i.e., without the contrast agent, and after 24h of immersion were significantly correlated (r=-0.76+/-0.34, mean+/-SD). CONCLUSIONS Although the complete contrast agent diffusion into human articular cartilage in vitro took more than 12h, significant apparent correlations were revealed between the spatial proteoglycan (PG) and contrast agent distributions already after 2h of immersion. At the stage of incomplete penetration, however, the spatial contrast agent concentration distribution cannot directly reflect the true PG distribution as the Donnan equilibrium has not been reached. However, in degenerated cartilage the diffusion rate increases. Obviously, this can lead to the reported correlation between the bulk PG content and the bulk contrast agent concentration already at the early stages of diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Silvast
- Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Analysis of arthritic lesions in the Del1 mouse: a model for osteoarthritis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2007; 136:283-302. [PMID: 17983156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-402-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by progressive erosion of articular cartilage with a number of associated degenerative processes within the joint. Animal models of OA provide the only feasible way to systematically study the development and progression of OA, in order to understand the molecular events, and to develop tools for prevention and therapy of OA. Gene manipulation techniques have provided opportunities to generate transgenic mouse models for OA. In heterozygous Dell mice, incorporation of Col2a1 transgenes with a short deletion mutation results in production of shortened proalpha1 (II) collagen chains and a phenotype resembling human OA. This chapter describes techniques and practical aspects of preparation and processing of skeletal samples for radiological, histological, and molecular biologic analyses that have been used to monitor the development of knee OA in Dell mice. A simple histological grading system to evaluate the progression of OA lesions, and examples of other degenerative alterations in the knee joint structures are presented. Semiquantitative microscopic techniques are described for the analysis of proteoglycan distribution based on safranin O staining of glycosaminoglycans, and for the analysis of collagen matrix based on birefringence of polarized light. Reference is also made to an experimental setup for correlating voluntary running activity of mice with OA score.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kiviranta P, Rieppo J, Korhonen RK, Julkunen P, Töyräs J, Jurvelin JS. Collagen network primarily controls Poisson's ratio of bovine articular cartilage in compression. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:690-9. [PMID: 16514661 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium Young's modulus of articular cartilage is known to be primarily determined by proteoglycans (PGs). However, the relation between the Poisson's ratio and the composition and structure of articular cartilage is more unclear. In this study, we determined Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of bovine articular cartilage in unconfined compression. Subsequently, the same samples, taken from bovine knee (femoral, patellar and tibial cartilage) and shoulder (humeral cartilage) joints, were processed for quantitative microscopic analysis of PGs, collagen content, and collagen architecture. The Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, PG content (estimated with optical density measurements), collagen content, and birefringence showed significant topographical variation (p < 0.05) among the test sites. Experimentally the Young's modulus was strongly determined by the tissue PG content (r = 0.86, p < 0.05). Poisson's ratio revealed a significant negative linear correlation (r = -0.59, p < 0.05) with the collagen content, as assessed by the Fourier transform infrared imaging. Finite element analyses, conducted using a fibril reinforced biphasic model, indicated that the mechanical properties of the collagen network strongly affected the Poisson's ratio. We conclude that Poisson's ratio of articular cartilage is primarily controlled by the content and organization of the collagen network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panu Kiviranta
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wadhwa S, Embree MC, Kilts T, Young MF, Ameye LG. Accelerated osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joint of biglycan/fibromodulin double-deficient mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:817-27. [PMID: 16006154 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the absence of biglycan and fibromodulin, two proteoglycans expressed in cartilage, bone and tendon, resulted in accelerated osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). METHODS Histological sections of TMJ from 3-, 6-, 9- and 18-month-old wild-type (WT) and biglycan/fibromodulin double-deficient (DKO) mice were compared. Immuno-stainings for biglycan, fibromodulin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were performed. RESULTS Biglycan and fibromodulin were highly expressed in the disc and articular cartilage of the TMJ. At 3 months of age, both WT and DKO presented early signs of cartilage degeneration visible as small acellular areas under the articular surfaces and superficial waving. From 6 months of age, DKOs developed accelerated osteoarthritis compared to WT. At 6 months, small vertical clefts in the condylar cartilage and partial disruption of the disk were visible in the DKO. In addition, chondrocytes had lost their regular columnar organization to form clusters. At 9 months, these differences were even more pronounced. At 18 months, extended cartilage erosion was visible in DKOs when by comparison the thickness of the articular cartilage in WT controls was basically intact. PCNA staining was stronger in 3-month-old WT TMJ fibrocartilage than in 3-month-old DKO TMJ fibrocartilage suggesting that chondrocyte proliferation might be impaired in DKOs. CONCLUSION The biglycan/fibromodulin double knock-out mouse constitutes a useful animal model to decipher the pathobiology of osteoarthritis in the TMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wadhwa
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ching CTS, Chow DHK, Yao FYD, Holmes AD. Changes in nuclear composition following cyclic compression of the intervertebral disc in an in vivo rat-tail model. Med Eng Phys 2004; 26:587-94. [PMID: 15271286 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While in vitro studies have shown that mechanical loading can result in changes in the composition of intervertebral disc matrix, the effects of cyclic loading in vivo have not been considered. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of static and cyclic compression of different frequencies on the nuclear composition of the intervertebral disc. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (no pin insertion, no loading), a sham group (pins inserted in sixth and seventh caudal vertebrae, no loading), a static loading group (compression applied via pins) and cyclic loading groups (loading at 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 Hz). Loading was applied for 1 h each day from the third to 17th day following pin insertion, and the caudal 5-6, 6-7 and 7-8 discs harvested to quantify proteoglycan content, collagen content and chondrocyte density in the nucleus pulposus. Static compression resulted in a significant reduction in total proteoglycan content as compared with the adjacent control disc, but this effect was not seen in any of the cyclic loading groups. However, comparison with the sham group appears to indicate an overall decrease in total proteoglycan content at the targeted and adjacent levels following cyclic loading. The 0.5 Hz loading group showed a significantly greater total proteoglycan content than all other compression groups, and also showed a lower total collagen content than the sham group. Results suggest that frequency dependent changes in composition occur in response to cyclic loading, but are not limited to the directly loaded disc alone. Further studies are required to verify this, but the choice of control appears to need careful consideration in all studies of this nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congo T S Ching
- Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Töyräs J, Laasanen MS, Saarakkala S, Lammi MJ, Rieppo J, Kurkijärvi J, Lappalainen R, Jurvelin JS. Speed of sound in normal and degenerated bovine articular cartilage. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2003; 29:447-454. [PMID: 12706196 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The unknown and variable speed of sound may impair accuracy of the acoustic measurement of cartilage properties. In this study, relationships between the speed of sound and cartilage composition, mechanical properties and degenerative state were studied in bovine knee and ankle cartilage (n = 62). Further, the effect of speed variation on the determination of cartilage thickness and stiffness with ultrasound (US) indentation was numerically simulated. The speed of sound was significantly (n = 32, p < 0.05) dependent on the cartilage water content (r = -0.800), uronic acid content (per wet weight, r = 0.886) and hydroxyproline content (per wet weight, r = 0.887, n = 28), Young's modulus at equilibrium (r = 0.740), dynamic modulus (r = 0.905), and degenerative state (i.e., Mankin score) (r = -0.727). In addition to cartilage composition, mechanical and acoustic properties varied significantly between different anatomical locations. In US indentation, cartilage is indented with a US transducer. Deformation and thickness of tissue are calculated using a predefined speed of sound and used in determination of dynamic modulus. Based on the simulations, use of the mean speed of sound of 1627 m/s (whole material) induced a maximum error of 7.8% on cartilage thickness and of 6.2% on cartilage dynamic modulus, as determined with the US indentation technique (indenter diameter 3 mm). We believe that these errors are acceptable in clinical US indentation measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
MAINIL-VARLET PIERRE, AIGNER THOMAS, BRITTBERG MATS, BULLOUGH PETER, HOLLANDER ANTHONY, HUNZIKER ERNST, KANDEL RITA, NEHRER STEFAN, PRITZKER KENNETH, ROBERTS SALLY, STAUFFER EDOUARD. HISTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CARTILAGE REPAIR. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003. [DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200300002-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
40
|
Nieminen MT, Rieppo J, Silvennoinen J, Töyräs J, Hakumäki JM, Hyttinen MM, Helminen HJ, Jurvelin JS. Spatial assessment of articular cartilage proteoglycans with Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1 imaging. Magn Reson Med 2002; 48:640-8. [PMID: 12353281 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In Gd-DTPA-enhanced T(1) imaging of articular cartilage, the MRI contrast agent with two negative charges is understood to accumulate in tissue inversely to the negative charge of cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of proteoglycans (PGs), and this leads to a decrease in the T(1) relaxation time of tissue relative to the charge in tissue. By assuming a constant relaxivity for Gd-DTPA in cartilage, it has further been hypothesized that the contrast agent concentration in tissue could be estimated from consecutive T(1) measurements in the absence or presence of the contrast agent. The spatial sensitivity of the technique was examined at 9.4 T in normal and PG-depleted bovine patellar cartilage samples. As a reference, spatial PG concentration was assessed with digital densitometry from safranin O-stained cartilage sections. An excellent linear correlation between spatial optical density (OD) of stained GAGs and T(1) with Gd-DTPA was observed in the control and chondroitinase ABC-treated cartilage specimens, and the MR parameter accounted for approximately 80% of the variations in GAG concentration within samples. Further, the MR-resolved Gd-DTPA concentration proved to be an even better estimate for PGs, with an improved correlation. However, the linear relation between MR parameters and PG concentration did not apply in the deep tissue, where MR measurements overestimated the PG content. While the absolute [Gd-DTPA] determination may be prone to error due to uncertainty of relaxivity in cartilage, or to other contributing factors such as variations in tissue permeability, the experimental evidence highlights the sensitivity of this technique to reflect spatial changes in cartilage PG concentration in normal and degenerated tissue.
Collapse
|
41
|
Hyllested JL, Veje K, Ostergaard K. Histochemical studies of the extracellular matrix of human articular cartilage--a review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:333-43. [PMID: 12027534 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the histochemistry of the extracellular matrix of human articular cartilage. No systematic review of histochemical knowledge and techniques in the study of articular cartilage has been published previously. METHODS AND RESULTS Literature was searched in the Winspirs Medline database from 1960 to 2000. Only techniques applicable for bright field or polarization microscopy were considered. Unless otherwise noted, all applies to hyaline cartilage. The most widely used fixatives are adequate for routine staining of proteins, but proteoglycan fixation is problematic, and no one fixative can be recommended. Proteoglycan can be stained reliably but it is problematic that, at low substrate concentrations, these methods are not stoichiometric. Collagen can be stained efficiently, although attempts to differentiate collagen types have not been successful. CONCLUSIONS Detailed studies of fixation and staining procedures should be carried out and standards for cartilage sampling, handling and evaluation agreed upon if results from different laboratories are to be compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Hyllested
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), 7521 Finsencentre, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nieminen HJ, Töyräs J, Rieppo J, Nieminen MT, Hirvonen J, Korhonen R, Jurvelin JS. Real-time ultrasound analysis of articular cartilage degradation in vitro. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2002; 28:519-525. [PMID: 12049965 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the reflection coefficient, attenuation and velocity to the enzymatic degradation of bovine patellar cartilage was evaluated in real-time with high-frequency ultrasound (US) (29.4 MHz). These parameters were estimated from the radiofrequency (RF) signal, which was recorded at 5-min intervals during the digestion of the tissue by collagenase or by trypsin. The coefficient of reflection at cartilage surface decreased by 78.5% and 10.5% (p < 0.05) after 6 h of exposure to collagenase and 4 h of exposure to trypsin, respectively. During the trypsin digestion, the attenuation in cartilage increased by 0.274 dB/mm (p < 0.05) and the velocity decreased by 7 m/s (p < 0.05). The coefficient of reflection at the cartilage surface was the most sensitive acoustic parameter to the enzymatic degradation of cartilage and may be the easiest to implement for clinical diagnosis of cartilage quality. US velocity was found to be insensitive to degradation. The small difference in mean velocity between the control and degraded cartilage suggests that a constant predefined US velocity value can be used to obtain diagnostically acceptable measurement of the cartilage thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heikki J Nieminen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nieminen MT, Rieppo J, Töyräs J, Hakumäki JM, Silvennoinen J, Hyttinen MM, Helminen HJ, Jurvelin JS. T2 relaxation reveals spatial collagen architecture in articular cartilage: a comparative quantitative MRI and polarized light microscopic study. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46:487-93. [PMID: 11550240 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that orientational changes in the collagen network of articular cartilage account for the depthwise T2 anisotropy of MRI through the magic angle effect. To investigate the relationship between laminar T2 appearance and collagen organization (anisotropy), bovine osteochondral plugs (N = 9) were T2 mapped at 9.4T with cartilage surface normal to the static magnetic field. Collagen fibril arrangement of the same samples was studied with polarized light microscopy, a quantitative technique for probing collagen organization by analyzing its ability to rotate plane polarized light, i.e., birefringence (BF). Depthwise variation of safranin O-stained proteoglycans was monitored with digital densitometry. The spatially varying cartilage T2 followed the architectural arrangement of the collagen fibril network: a linear positive correlation between T2 and the reciprocal of BF was established in each sample, with r = 0.91 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM, N = 9). The current results reveal the close connection between the laminar T2 structure and the collagen architecture in histologic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Nieminen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
We investigated the effects of microwave irradiation on a safranin O staining method for paraffin sections of formalin fixed rabbit larynx. The control sections were stained according to the conventional method, and the experimental sections were stained in microwave oven for 10 sec at 360 W in Weigert's iron hematoxylin, and for 30 sec at 360 W in fast green and 0.1% safranin O staining solutions. Light microscopic examination of the sections revealed that the microwave heating did not adversely affect the staining properties of cartilage tissue compared to the conventional staining method. Small differences such as darker staining of the matrix and shrinkage of the cytoplasm was observed in some microwave treated sections. The present study revealed that microwave application can be used safely for the safranin O method with the advantage of reduced staining time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Kahveci
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Malinin GI, Malinin TI. Microscopic and histochemical manifestations of hyaline cartilage dynamics. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 34:163-242. [PMID: 10672618 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(99)80006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Structure and function of hyaline cartilages has been the focus of many correlative studies for over a hundred years. Much of what is known regarding dynamics and function of cartilage constituents has been derived or inferred from biochemical and electron microscopic investigations. Here we show that in conjunction with ultrastructural, and high-magnification transmission light and polarization microscopy, the well-developed histochemical methods are indispensable for the analysis of cartilage dynamics. Microscopically demonstrable aspects of cartilage dynamics include, but are not limited to, formation of the intracellular liquid crystals, phase transitions of the extracellular matrix and tubular connections between chondrocytes. The role of the interchondrocytic liquid crystals is considered in terms of the tensegrity hypothesis and non-apoptotic cell death. Phase transitions of the extracellular matrix are discussed in terms of self-alignment of chondrons, matrix guidance pathways and cartilage growth in the absence of mitosis. The possible role of nonenzymatic glycation reactions in cartilage dynamics is also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Malinin
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-0995, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lyyra T, Arokoski JP, Oksala N, Vihko A, Hyttinen M, Jurvelin JS, Kiviranta I. Experimental validation of arthroscopic cartilage stiffness measurement using enzymatically degraded cartilage samples. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44:525-35. [PMID: 10070799 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/44/2/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the ability of the arthroscopic indentation instrument, originally developed for the measurement of cartilage stiffness during arthroscopy, to detect cartilage degeneration, we compared changes in the stiffness with the structural and constitutional alterations induced by enzymes on the tissue in vitro. The culturing of osteochondral plugs on Petri dishes was initiated in Minimum Essential Medium with Earle's salts and the baseline stiffness was measured. Then, the experimental specimens were digested using 50 microg ml(-1) trypsin for 24 h, 0.1 U ml(-1) chondroitinase ABC or 30 U ml(-1) purified collagenase (type VII) for 24 h or 48 h (n = 8-15 per group). The control specimens were incubated in the medium. After the enzyme digestion, the end-point stiffness was measured and the specimens for the microscopic analyses were processed. The proteoglycan (PG) distribution was analysed using quantitative microspectrophotometry and the quantitative evaluation of the collagen network was made using a computer-based polarized light microscopy analysis. Decrease (p < 0.05) of cartilage stiffness was found after 24 h trypsin (36%) and 48 h chondroitinase ABC (24%) digestion corresponding to a decrease (p < 0.01) of up to 80% and up to 30% in the PG content respectively. Decrease of the superficial zone collagen content or arrangement (78%, p < 0.001) after 48 h collagenase digestion also induced a decrease (30%, p < 0.001) in cartilage stiffness. We conclude that our instrument is capable of detecting early structural and compositional changes related to cartilage degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lyyra
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Király K, Hyttinen MM, Parkkinen JJ, Arokoski JA, Lapveteläinen T, Törrönen K, Kiviranta I, Helminen HJ. Articular cartilage collagen birefringence is altered concurrent with changes in proteoglycan synthesis during dynamic in vitro loading. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 251:28-36. [PMID: 9605217 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199805)251:1<28::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The articular cartilage collagen network and proteoglycans are subject to changes in deteriorating joint diseases. In this study, we exposed articular cartilage plugs to cyclic loading and investigated the properties of collagen network and proteoglycans in different zones of the articular cartilage. METHODS Articular cartilage full-depth plugs were exposed in vitro to 4.1 MPa cyclic (0.5 Hz) loading for 1 to 20 hr and investigated using quantitative microscopic methods (i.e., polarized light microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and autoradiography). RESULTS The loading caused packing or condensation of the tissue. In histological sections, the height of uncalcified articular cartilage decreased by an average of 12.8% (range, 4 to 19.7%). Loading increased the birefringence of collagen in the superficial cartilage (P < 0.05), with thickening of the zone up to 41.4% at 20 hr. The thickness of the intermediate zone increased also (22% at 1 hr and 434% at 20 hr). Concomitantly, the birefringence (P < 0.05) and the thickness of the deep zone decreased (18.5 to 27.8%). Loading for 4 hr increased the 35S-sulphate incorporation of the cartilage explants by an average of 67% (P < 0.05). The increase was most significant in the deep cartilage. A simultaneous increase was observed in the proteoglycan concentration of the cartilage; the staining intensity with safranin-O increased by 8.8% (P < 0.05). After 8 hr loading, this stimulation decreased; at 20 hr, loading caused a clear inhibitory effect on proteoglycan synthesis in the superficial zone. DISCUSSION According to these results, the chosen loading regimen increased the thickness and collagen orientation in the superficial zone. In contrast, the thickness and birefringence in the deep cartilage were reduced. The proteoglycan metabolism of chondrocytes was first stimulated deep in the cartilage, but as the loading continued, the effect proved to be inhibitory (especially in the superficial part of uncalcified cartilage).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Király
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Panula HE, Hyttinen MM, Arokoski JP, Långsjö TK, Pelttari A, Kiviranta I, Helminen HJ. Articular cartilage superficial zone collagen birefringence reduced and cartilage thickness increased before surface fibrillation in experimental osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57:237-45. [PMID: 9709181 PMCID: PMC1752579 DOI: 10.1136/ard.57.4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate articular cartilage collagen network, thickness of birefringent cartilage zones, and glycosaminoglycan concentration in macroscopically normal looking knee joint cartilage of young beagles subjected to experimental slowly progressive osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS OA was induced by a tibial 30 degree valgus osteotomy in 15 female beagles at the age of 3 months. Fifteen sisters were controls. Cartilage specimens were collected seven (Group 1) and 18 months (Group 2) postoperatively. Collagen induced optical path difference and cartilage zone thickness measurements were determined from histological sections of articular cartilage with smooth and intact surface by computer assisted quantitative polarised light microscopy. Volume density of cartilage collagen fibrils was determined by image analysis from transmission electron micrographs and content of glycosaminoglycans by quantitative digital densitometry from histological sections. RESULTS In the superficial zone of the lateral tibial and femoral cartilage, the collagen induced optical path difference (birefringence) decreased by 19 to 71% (p < 0.05) seven months postoperatively. This suggests that severe superficial collagen fibril network deterioration took place, as 18 months postoperatively, macroscopic and microscopic OA was present in many cartilage areas. Thickness of the uncalcified cartilage increased while the superficial zone became thinner in the same sites. In operated dogs, glycosaminoglycan content first increased (Group 1) in the lateral tibial condyle and then decreased (Group 2) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this OA model, derangement of the superficial zone collagen network was the probable reason for birefringence reduction. This change occurred well before macroscopic OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Panula
- Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Király K, Lapveteläinen T, Arokoski J, Törrönen K, Módis L, Kiviranta I, Helminen HJ. Application of selected cationic dyes for the semiquantitative estimation of glycosaminoglycans in histological sections of articular cartilage by microspectrophotometry. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:577-90. [PMID: 8894661 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Selected commonly used cationic dyes, viz. Thionin, Safranin O, Toluidine Blue O, Dimethylmethylene Blue, Cuprolinic Blue, Cupromeronic Blue, N,N'-Diethylpseudoisocyanine, and a modified PAS-method, and staining methods with a variety of alternative procedures, e.g., variation of pH, use of the critical electrolyte concentration method, and blocking reactions (methylation-saponification, carboxymethylation), were tested to select optimal staining procedures for the semiquantitative histochemical estimation of glycosaminoglycans by microspectrophotometry in sections of articular cartilage. The methods were carried out on 3 microns-thick paraffin and 1 microns-thick glycolmethacrylate sections of bovine articular cartilage. The staining intensity of the sections was measured from spots 25 microns apart using a Leitz MPV 3 microspectrophotometer, starting at the surface of the cartilage and ending up at the tidemark. The result was compared with the fixed-charge density graph determined from the adjacent articular cartilage. Of the dyes tested, Thionin and Safranin O proved to be excellent cationic dyes for the histochemical quantification of cartilage matrix proteoglycans, since the staining intensity curves showed a linear correlation (r = 0.900-0.995) with the fixed charge density curves from the adjacent cartilage. Also, the stain distribution was consistently uniform across the sections. In 1 microns-thick glycolmethacrylate sections, the Safranin O staining gradient showed almost perfect identity with the fixed-charge density curve. Cuprolinic Blue and Cupromeronic Blue combined with the critical electrolyte concentration technique were also useful for the microspectrophotometric assays of glycosaminoglycans, but the presence of metachromasia should be checked prior to the measurements. The reliability of blocking procedures for quantitative histochemical work was not convincing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Király
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|