1
|
Smoczer C, Hooker L, Sachani SS, Crawford MJ. Microinjection manipulations in the elucidation of Xenopus brain development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1082:143-54. [PMID: 24048932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-655-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection has a long and distinguished history in Xenopus and has been used to introduce a surprisingly diverse array of agents into embryos by both intra- and intercellular means. In addition to nuclei, investigators have variously injected peptides, antibodies, biologically active chemicals, lineage markers, mRNA, DNA, morpholinos, and enzymes. While enumerating many of the different microinjection approaches that can be taken, we will focus upon the mechanical operations and options available to introduce mRNA, DNA, and morpholinos intracellularly into early stage embryos for the study of neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Curtis MA, Low VF, Faull RLM. Neurogenesis and progenitor cells in the adult human brain: a comparison between hippocampal and subventricular progenitor proliferation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:990-1005. [PMID: 22539366 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade, we have known that the human brain harbors progenitor cells capable of becoming mature neurons in the adult human brain. Since the original landmark article by Eriksson et al. in 1998 (Nat Med 4:1313-1317), there have been many studies investigating the effect that depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease have on the germinal zones in the adult human brain. Of particular interest is the demonstration that there are far fewer progenitor cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) compared with the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the human brain. Furthermore, the quantity of progenitor cell proliferation in human neurodegenerative diseases differs from that of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases; there is minimal progenitor proliferation in the SGZ and extensive proliferation in the SVZ in the human. In this review, we will present the data from a range of human and rodent studies from which we can compare the amount of proliferation of cells in the SVZ and SGZ in different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Since 1944 increasing evidence has been emerging that the adult human brain harbours progenitor cells with the potential to produce neuroblasts. However, it was not until 1998 that this fact was confirmed in the adult human brain. With the purpose of human neurogenesis being hotly debated, many research groups have focussed on the effect of neurodegenerative diseases in the brain to determine the strength of the endogenous regenerative response. Although most of the human studies have focussed on the hippocampus, there is a groundswell of evidence that there is greater plasticity in the subventricular zone and in the ventriculo-olfactory neurogenic system. In this review, we present the evidence for increased or decreased plasticity and neurogenesis in different diseases and with different drug treatments in the adult human brain. Whilst there is a paucity of studies on human neurogenesis, there are sufficient to draw some conclusions about the potential of plasticity in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hildebrandt S, Schmidt A, Stoll A, Schmitt O, Köhling R, Wree A, Haas SJP, Pützer BM. Targeting of neural stem cells in the hippocampus of adult rats by custom-made Ad vectors. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:105-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Ustinov AV, Stepanova IA, Dubnyakova VV, Zatsepin TS, Nozhevnikova EV, Korshun VA. Modification of nucleic acids using [3 + 2]-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:437-81. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Targeting very small model lesions pretargeted with bispecific antibody with 99mTc-labeled high-specific radioactivity polymers. Nucl Med Commun 2010; 31:320-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e32833576e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Pakkasjärvi N, Kerosuo L, Nousiainen H, Gentile M, Saharinen J, Suhonen S, Sariola H, Peltonen L, Kestilä M, Wartiovaara K. Neural precursor cells from a fatal human motoneuron disease differentiate despite aberrant gene expression. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:270-84. [PMID: 17443787 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Precursor cells of the human central nervous system can be cultured in vitro to reveal pathogenesis of diseases or developmental disorders. Here, we have studied the biology of neural precursor cells (NPCs) from patients of lethal congenital contracture syndrome (LCCS), a severe motoneuron disease leading to prenatal death before the 32nd gestational week. LCCS fetuses are immobile because of a motoneuron defect, seen as degeneration of the anterior horn and descending tracts of the developing spinal cord. The genetic defect for the syndrome is unknown. We show that NPCs isolated postmortem from LCCS fetuses grow and are maintained in culture, but display increased cell cycle activity. Global transcript analysis of undifferentiated LCCS precursor cells present with changes in EGF-related signaling when compared with healthy age-matched human controls. Further, we show that LCCS-derived NPCs differentiate into cells of neuronal and glial lineage and that the initial differentiation is not accompanied by overt apoptosis. Cells expressing markers Islet-1 and Hb9 are also generated from the LCCS NPCs, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanism of LCCS does not directly affect the differentiation capacity or survival of the cells, but the absence of motoneurons in LCCS may be caused by a noncell autonomous mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Pakkasjärvi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
White RA, Asmuth DM, Lu Y, Wang N, Li XD, Reece L, Pollard RB, Nokta M, Leary JF, Terry NHA. Estimating cell death in G2M using bivariate BrdUrd/DNA flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2005; 66:32-40. [PMID: 15915505 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an accompanying paper (Asmuth et al.) it was found necessary to include cell death explicitly to estimate parameters of cell proliferation. The use of bivariate flow cytometry to estimate the phase durations and the doubling times of cells labeled with thymidine analogues is well established. However, these methods of analysis do not consider the possibility of cell death. This report demonstrates that estimating cell death in G(2)/M is possible. METHODS Mathematical models for the experimental quantities, the fraction of labeled undivided cells, the fraction of labeled divided cells, and the relative movement were developed. These models include the possibility that, of the cells with G(2)/M DNA content, only a certain fraction will divide, with the remainder dying after some time T(R). Simulation studies were conducted to test the possibility of using simple methods to estimate phase durations and cell death rates. RESULTS Cell death alters the estimates of phase transit times in a rather complex manner that depends on the lifetime of the doomed cells. However, it is still possible to obtain estimates of the phase durations of cells in S and G(2)/M and the death rates of cells in G(2)/M. CONCLUSIONS The methods presented herein provide a new way to characterize cell populations that includes cell death rates and common measurements of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Allen White
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Green T, Toghill A, Lee R, Waechter F, Weber E, Peffer R, Noakes J, Robinson M. Thiamethoxam induced mouse liver tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 2: species differences in response. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:48-55. [PMID: 15716476 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is not a mutagen, but it did cause a significant increase in liver cancer in mice, but not rats, in chronic dietary feeding studies. Previous studies in mice have characterized a carcinogenicity mode of action that involved depletion of plasma cholesterol, cell death, both as single cell necrosis and as apoptosis, and sustained increases in cell replication rates. In a study reported in this article, female rats have been exposed to thiamethoxam in their diet at concentrations of 0, 1000, and 3000 ppm for 50 weeks, a study design directly comparable to the mouse study in which the mode of action changes were characterized. In rats, thiamethoxam had no adverse effects on either the biochemistry or histopathology of the liver at any time point during the study. Cell replication rates were not increased, in fact they were significantly decreased at several time points. The lack of effect on the rat liver is entirely consistent with the lack of liver tumor formation in the two-year cancer bioassay. Comparisons of the metabolism of thiamethoxam in rats and mice have shown that concentrations of the parent chemical were either similar or higher in rat blood than in mouse blood in both single dose and the dietary studies strongly indicating that thiamethoxam itself is unlikely to play a role in the development of liver tumors. In contrast, the concentrations of the two metabolites, CGA265307 and CGA330050, shown to play a role in the development of liver damage in the mouse, were 140- (CGA265307) and 15- (CGA330050) fold lower in rats than in mice following either a single oral dose, or dietary administration of thiamethoxam for up to 50 weeks. Comparisons of the major metabolic pathways of thiamethoxam in vitro using mouse, rat, and human liver fractions have shown that metabolic rates in humans are lower than those in the rat suggesting that thiamethoxam is unlikely to pose a hazard to humans exposed to this chemical at the low concentrations found in the environment or during its use as an insecticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Green
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Green T, Toghill A, Lee R, Waechter F, Weber E, Noakes J. Thiamethoxam Induced Mouse Liver Tumors and Their Relevance to Humans. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:36-47. [PMID: 15716477 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, which is not mutagenic either in vitro or in vivo, caused an increased incidence of liver tumors in mice when fed in the diet for 18 months at concentrations in the range 500 to 2500 ppm. A number of dietary studies of up to 50 weeks duration have been conducted in order to identify the mode of action for the development of the liver tumors seen at the end of the cancer bioassay. Both thiamethoxam and its major metabolites have been tested in these studies. Over the duration of a 50-week thiamethoxam dietary feeding study in mice, the earliest change, within one week, is a marked reduction (by up to 40%) in plasma cholesterol. This was followed 10 weeks later by evidence of liver toxicity including single cell necrosis and an increase in apoptosis. After 20 weeks there was a significant increase in hepatic cell replication rates. All of these changes persisted from the time they were first observed until the end of the study at 50 weeks. They occurred in a dose-dependent manner and were only observed at doses (500, 1250, 2500 ppm) where liver tumors were increased in the cancer bioassay. There was a clear no-effect level of 200 ppm. The changes seen in this study are consistent with the development of liver cancer in mice and form the basis of the mode of action. When the major metabolites of thiamethoxam, CGA322704, CGA265307, and CGA330050 were tested in dietary feeding studies of up to 20 weeks duration, only metabolite CGA330050 induced the same changes as those seen in the liver in the thiamethoxam feeding study. It was concluded that thiamethoxam is hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic as a result of its metabolism to CGA330050. Metabolite CGA265307 was also shown to be an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase and to increase the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride. It is proposed that CGA265307, through its effects on nitric oxide synthase, exacerbates the toxicity of CGA330050 in thiamethoxam treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Green
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chi L, Zhang S, Lin Y, Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen R, Vuolteenaho R, Itäranta P, Vainio S. Sprouty proteins regulate ureteric branching by coordinating reciprocal epithelialWnt11, mesenchymalGdnfand stromalFgf7signalling during kidney development. Development 2004; 131:3345-56. [PMID: 15201220 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a classic model for studying mechanisms of inductive tissue interactions associated with the epithelial branching common to many embryonic organs, but the molecular mechanisms are still poorly known. Sprouty proteins antagonize tyrosine kinases in the Egf and Fgf receptors and are candidate components of inductive signalling in the kidney as well. We have addressed the function of sprouty proteins in vivo by targeted expression of human sprouty 2 (SPRY2) in the ureteric bud, which normally expresses inductive signals and mouse sprouty 2 (Spry2). Ectopic SPRY2 expression led to postnatal death resulting from kidney failure, manifested as unilateral agenesis, lobularization of the organ or reduction in organ size because of inhibition of ureteric branching. The experimentally induced dysmorphology associated with deregulated expression of Wnt11, Gdnf and Fgf7 genes in the early stages of organogenesis indicated a crucial role for sprouty function in coordination of epithelial-mesenchymal and stromal signalling, the sites of expression of these genes. Moreover, Fgf7 induced Spry2 gene expression in vitro and led with Gdnf to a partial rescue of the SPRY2-mediated defect in ureteric branching. Remarkably, it also led to supernumerary epithelial bud formation from the Wolffian duct. Together, these data suggest that Spry genes contribute to reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal and stromal signalling controlling ureteric branching, which involves the coordination of Ffg/Wnt11/Gdnf pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chi
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, Faculties of Science and Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vestereng VH, Kovacs JA. Inability of Pneumocystis organisms to incorporate bromodeoxyuridine suggests the absence of a salvage pathway for thymidine. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1179-1182. [PMID: 15133078 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because thymidine metabolism is a potential target for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia, it was investigated whether Pneumocystis organisms have a salvage pathway for thymidine by administering 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to mice and rats with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Although BrdU incorporation was detected in host cells, no incorporation was seen in Pneumocystis organisms infecting either rats or mice. This suggests that Pneumocystis organisms do not have a salvage pathway for thymidine, and that inhibitors of de novo synthesis, such as thymidylate synthase inhibitors, may be effective drugs for treating Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Vestereng
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7D43, MSC 1662, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7D43, MSC 1662, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hammers HJ, Saballus M, Sheikzadeh S, Schlenke P. Introduction of a novel proliferation assay for pharmacological studies allowing the combination of BrdU detection and phenotyping. J Immunol Methods 2002; 264:89-93. [PMID: 12191513 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed technology for the non-enzymatic detection of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) has been evaluated. In contrast to previous enzymatic approaches, Ultraviolet-Induced Detection (UVID) of halogenated pyrimidines allows for a mild detection procedure which enables the simultaneous detection of cellular markers and DNA-synthesis without enzyme-specific disadvantages. Superantigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) have been treated with two different inhibitors of proliferation and the cell cycle of different lymphocyte subsets has been analysed. Both pentoxifylline (POF) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) exhibited strong antiproliferative activity, but led to distinctive changes in the cell cycle distribution. This study shows that the UVID technology is a simple and viable method which should find a wide range of applications in immunological and pharmacodynamic assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hammers
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Luebeck School of Medicine, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cooper-Kuhn CM, Kuhn HG. Is it all DNA repair? Methodological considerations for detecting neurogenesis in the adult brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 134:13-21. [PMID: 11947933 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 1960s, in vivo observations have shown the generation of new neurons from dividing precursor cells. Nevertheless, these experiments suffered from skepticism, suggesting that the prevailing labeling method, which incorporates tagged thymidine analogs, such as [3H]-thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), may not be detecting a proliferative event, but could rather mark DNA repair in postmitotic neurons. Even today many scientists outside the field are still skeptical, because the question of specificity for thymidine labeling has not been sufficiently answered. This current paper aims at evaluating the arguments that are used by proponents and skeptics of this method by (i) presenting histological evidence of specificity of BrdU labeling for neural stem cell/progenitor activity in the adult brain; (ii) validating and comparing BrdU labeling with other histological methods; and (iii) combining BrdU and labeling methods for apoptosis to argue against DNA repair being a major contribution of BrdU-positive cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kovacs JA, Lempicki RA, Sidorov IA, Adelsberger JW, Herpin B, Metcalf JA, Sereti I, Polis MA, Davey RT, Tavel J, Falloon J, Stevens R, Lambert L, Dewar R, Schwartzentruber DJ, Anver MR, Baseler MW, Masur H, Dimitrov DS, Lane HC. Identification of dynamically distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes that are differentially affected by HIV. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1731-41. [PMID: 11748275 PMCID: PMC2193579 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.12.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the turnover of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in 17 HIV-infected patients by 30 min in vivo pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The percentage of labeled CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes was initially higher in lymph nodes than in blood. Labeled cells equilibrated between the two compartments within 24 h. Based on mathematical modeling of the dynamics of BrdU-labeled cells in the blood, we identified rapidly and slowly proliferating subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. The percentage, but not the decay rate, of labeled CD4 or CD8 cells in the rapidly proliferating pool correlated significantly with plasma HIV RNA levels for both CD4 (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and CD8 (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) T cells. In six patients there was a geometric mean decrease of greater than 2 logs in HIV levels within 2 to 6 mo after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy; this was associated with a significant decrease in the percentage (but not the decay rate) of labeled cells in the rapidly proliferating pool for both CD4 (P = 0.03) and CD8 (P < 0.001) T lymphocytes. Neither plasma viral levels nor therapy had an effect on the decay rate constants or the percentage of labeled cells in the slowly proliferating pool. Monocyte production was inversely related to viral load (r = -0.56, P = 0.003) and increased with therapy (P = 0.01). These findings demonstrate that HIV does not impair CD4 T cell production but does increase CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte proliferation and death by inducing entry into a rapidly proliferating subpopulation of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sendler A, Gilbertz KP, Becker I, Mueller J, Berger U, Fink U, van Beuningen D, Siewert JR. Proliferation kinetics and prognosis in gastric cancer after resection. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1635-41. [PMID: 11527689 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of proliferation and proliferation kinetics on prognosis in gastric cancer after complete resection are controversial. In a prospective study we investigated the tumour specimens of 111 patients after resection of gastric cancer, who received 200 mg intravenous (i.v.) bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pre-operatively. The following biological parameters were analysed in the tumour tissue using flow-cytometry: DNA ploidy, proportion of S-phase cells, BrdU labelling index (LI), DNA synthesis time (T(s)), potential tumour doubling time (T(pot)), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 LI. The median follow-up time was 40 months (range 19-62 months). Besides the established pathohistological prognostic factors, univariate analysis revealed a prognostic influence on survival for BrdU LI, T(pot) and the proportion of S-phase cells. By multivariate Cox analysis of the completely resected cases, only tumour stage and T(pot) had a significant, independent influence on survival. By classification and regression trees (CART) analysis, resection status, tumour stage and T(pot) defined risk groups with significantly different outcomes. A short T(pot) was a predictor of better survival in stage I, II and IIIA tumours. Ploidy and the other investigated proliferation-related parameters failed to demonstrate any influence on prognosis after resection of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sendler
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hammers H, Schlenke P. Ultraviolet‐Induced Detection of Halogenated Pyrimidines (
UVID
). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; Chapter 7:Unit 7.15. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0715s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Rew DA. Laser cytometry of human tissues and tumors: proliferation and therapeutic applications. Methods Cell Biol 2001; 64:445-86. [PMID: 11070851 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(01)64025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Rew
- Royal South Hants Cancer Centre, Southampton University Hospitals, England
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hammers HJ, Kirchner H, Schlenke P. Ultraviolet-induced detection of halogenated pyrimidines: simultaneous analysis of DNA replication and cellular markers. CYTOMETRY 2000; 40:327-35. [PMID: 10918283 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20000801)40:4<327::aid-cyto8>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a new nonenzymatic methodology that allows the simultaneous detection of DNA replication and other cellular markers such as immunophenotyping. DNA replicating cells are identified by their incorporation of halogenated thymidine analogs, e.g., 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd). METHODS Irradiation with ultraviolet (UV)-B or UV-A light in the presence of Hoechst 33258 and subsequent treatment with a hypotonic buffer makes BrdUrd accessible to monoclonal antibodies (mAb), thus allowing its sensitive detection. RESULTS The photolysis of BrdUrd in DNA with UV light is sequence dependent and results in DNA damage, allowing the detection of remaining BrdUrd using hypotonic conditions. However, treatment with other inducers of single or double- strand breaks of DNA such as gamma irradiation or hydrogen peroxide did not allow BrdUrd detection. The new methodology is compatible with both mild crosslinking fixation, i.e., aldehydes, or coagulative fixation, i.e., alcohols. The successful identification of CD34+, CD138+, or CD19+ cells out of heterogeneous cell suspensions and their cell-cycle analysis are described. Results correlated very well with acid denaturation (r = 0.972). The average coefficient of variation (CV) of G(1) in the DNA histogram was smaller than 5%, resulting in good preservation of DNA distribution. Also, the signal-to-noise ratio was almost twice as high as for 2N acid denaturation, facilitating convenient discrimination of BrdUrd-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous approaches, this methodology eliminates the need for any additional enzymatic treatment such as DNA digestion or strand-break labeling after UV irradiation. The method is fast, convenient, and inexpensive and should be able to promote the use of halogenated pyrimidines in basic and clinical research of cancer, immunology, and pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hammers
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Luebeck School of Medicine, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rew DA, Wilson GD. Cell production rates in human tissues and tumours and their significance. Part II: clinical data. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2000; 26:405-17. [PMID: 10873364 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.1999.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the available data for cell production rates of human tissues and tumours, measured in vivo using halogenated pyrimidine labelling and laser cytometry. The technique has now been widely evaluated, and we draw general inferences from the proliferative data over a broad range of tumour and tissue types. Estimates of the S-phase duration, the time taken for DNA synthesis in cycling cells, are consistent over a narrow range with a median value of around 10 hours, notwithstanding the constraints of the experimental and statistical technique, in normal tissues and tumours. This suggests that Ts values may be a species-specific constant. The more easily measured labelled S-phase fraction, or labelling index, shows much greater intra and intertumour variation within any one tumour class. It may thus be a surrogate for time dependent measurements to a first order approximation. The cell production rate, described by the potential doubling time (Tpot), is remarkably rapid in most tumours, a median value of the order of 5 days, and much faster than clinical volume doubling times for most lesions. The rapid cell production rates in normal tissues and tumours highlight the importance of cell loss in the growth and modelling of biological structures. Cell production rate measurements do not adequately describe the biological aggressiveness of tumours. They may be used to refine adjuvant strategies for radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental research. Dynamic halogenated pyrimidine labelling has provided unique and valuable insights into the living biology of human tissues and tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Rew
- Southampton University Hospitals, Brinton's Terrace, Southampton, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Truong K, Vielh P, Malfoy B, Klijanienko J, Dutrillaux B, Bourgeois CA. Fluorescence-based analysis of DNA ploidy and cell proliferation within fine-needle samplings of breast tumors. Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981025)84:5<309::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Cheung AP, He J, Ha Y. New hydrolytic products detected in aqueous solutions of bromodeoxyuridine. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
van Driel R, Manders EM, de Jong L, Stap J, Aten JA. Mapping of DNA replication sites in situ by fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 1997; 53:455-69. [PMID: 9348520 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R van Driel
- E.C. Slater Instituut/BioCentrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van Heusden J, de Jong P, Ramaekers F, Bruwiere H, Borgers M, Smets G. Fluorescein-labeled tyramide strongly enhances the detection of low bromodeoxyuridine incorporation levels. J Histochem Cytochem 1997; 45:315-9. [PMID: 9016320 DOI: 10.1177/002215549704500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemical detection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling can be hampered by low BrdU incorporation levels. We describe here an amplification method for weak BrdU immunosignals. The tyramide signal amplification method based on catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) uses fluorescein-labeled tyramide as a substrate for horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of highly reactive tyramide radicals with a very short half-life, resulting in the binding of fluorescein-conjugated tyramide only at the site of the enzymatic reaction. MCF-7 cells were grown in vitro in medium containing charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum supplemented by growth factors. Under these culture conditions, the BrdU immunosignal was hard to detect but could be enhanced specifically by the tyramide signal amplification system, resulting in clear-cut differences between BrdU-negative and BrdU-positive cells. This enabled rapid and objective quantification of the BrdU labeling index without the risk of underestimating the number of cells in S-phase. Therefore, this amplification of BrdU immunosignals might also prove valuable for in vivo cancer prognosis, cell kinetics studies, and computer-assisted image analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Van Heusden
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dolbeare F. Bromodeoxyuridine: a diagnostic tool in biology and medicine, Part III. Proliferation in normal, injured and diseased tissue, growth factors, differentiation, DNA replication sites and in situ hybridization. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:531-75. [PMID: 8894660 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a continuation of parts I (history, methods and cell kinetics) and II (clinical applications and carcinogenesis) published previously (Dolbeare, 1995 Histochem. J. 27, 339, 923). Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into DNA is used to measure proliferation in normal, diseased and injured tissue and to follow the effect of growth factors. Immunochemical detection of BrdUrd can be used to determine proliferative characteristics of differentiating tissues and to obtain birth dates for actual differentiation events. Studies are also described in which BrdUrd is used to follow the order of DNA replication in specific chromosomes, DNA replication sites in the nucleus and to monitor DNA repair. BrdUrd incorporation has been used as a tool for in situ hybridization experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dolbeare
- Biology and Biotechnology Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California 94551-9900, USA
| |
Collapse
|