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8 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine, Diethanolamine, and Monoethanolamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818309142006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Triethanolamine (TEA), Diethanolamine (DEA), and Monoethanolamine (MEA) are amino alcohols used in cosmetic formulations as emulsifiers, thickeners, wetting agents, detergents, and alkalizing agents. The nitrosation of the etha-nolamines may result in the formation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) which is carcinogenic in laboratory animals. In single-dose oral toxicity for rats, TEA was practically nontoxic to slightly toxic, and DEA and MEA were slightly toxic. Long-term oral ingestion of the ethanolamines by rats and guinea pigs produced lesions limited mainly to the liver and kidney. Long-term cutaneous applications to animals of the ethanolamines also produced evidence of hepatic and renal damage. TEA and DEA showed little potential for rabbit skin irritation in acute and subchronic skin irritation tests. MEA was corrosive to rabbit skin at a 30% concentration in a single semioccluded patch application and at a >10% concentration in 10 open applications over a period of 14 days. The ethanolamines were nonmutagenic in the Ames test and TEA is also nonmutagenic to Bacillus subtilis. TEA did not cause DNA-damage inducible repair in an unscheduled DNA synthesis test. TEA had no carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic activity when dermally applied to mice for 18 months. Clinical skin testing of TEA and cosmetic products containing TEA and DEA showed mild skin irritation in concentrations above 5%. There was very little skin sensitization. There was no phototoxicity or photosensitization reactions with products containing up to 20.04% TEA. A formulation containing 11.47% MEA and a formulation containing 1.6% DEA and 5.9% MEA were irritating to human skin in patch tests. The Panel concludes that TEA, DEA, and MEA are safe for use in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by thorough rinsing from the surface of the skin. In products intended for prolonged contact with the skin, the concentration of ethanolamines should not exceed 5%. MEA should be used only in rinse-off products. TEA and DEA should not be used in products containing N-nitrosating agents.
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Abstract
To probe the activities of various pathways of lipid metabolism in peripheral nerve, six phospholipid-directed precursors were individually injected into the exposed sciatic nerves of adult mice, and their incorporation into phospholipids and proteins was studied over a 2-week period. Tritiated choline, inositol, ethanolamine, serine, and glycerol were mainly used in phospholipid synthesis; in contrast, methyl-labeled methionine was primarily incorporated into protein. Phosphatidylcholine was the main lipid formed from tritiated choline, glycerol, and methionine precursors. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol were the main lipids formed from serine, ethanolamine, and inositol, respectively. With time there was a shift in label among phospholipids, with higher proportions of choline appearing in sphingomyelin, glycerol in phosphatidylserine, ethanolamine in phosphatidylethanolamine (plasmalogen), and inositol in polyphosphoinositides, especially phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. We suggest that the delay in formation of these phospholipids, which are concentrated in peripheral nerve myelin, may, at least in part, be due to their formation at a site(s) distant from the sites where the bulk of Schwann cell lipids are made. We propose that separating the synthesis of these myelin-destined lipids to near the Schwann cell's plasma membrane would facilitate their concentration in peripheral nerve myelin sheaths. At earlier labeling times, ethanolamine and glycerol were more actively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, respectively, than later. The transient labeling of these phospholipids may reflect some unique role in peripheral nerve function.
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Goracci G, Francescangeli E, Horrocks LA, Porcellati G. A comparison of the reversibility of phosphoethanolamine transferase and phosphocholine transferase in rat brain microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 876:387-91. [PMID: 3011101 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reversibility of phosphoethanolamine transferase (EC 2.7.8.1) in rat brain is demonstrated in this paper. Microsomal ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were prelabeled with an intracerebral injection of [3H]ethanolamine 4 h before killing young rats. Labeled CDPethanolamine was produced by incubation of the microsomes with CMP, although to a lesser extent than for the previously observed release of CDPcholine. Ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids were labeled with [2-3H]glycerol by incubation with primary cultures of rat brain. Microsomes from rat brains, with diisopropyl phosphofluoridate for inhibition of lipases, were incubated with the labeled glycerophospholipids separately, and labeled diacylglycerols were produced. The kinetic parameters of phosphoethanolamine transferase and phosphocholine transferase (EC 2.7.8.2) were compared by incubating rat brain microsomes with [3H]CMP. Inclusion of AMP in the reaction mixture was necessary in order to inhibit the hydrolysis of CMP by an enzyme with the properties of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5). For phosphoethanolamine transferase and phosphocholine transferase respectively, the Km values for CMP were 40 and 125 microM and the V values were 2.3 and 21.6 nmol/h per mg protein. The reversibility of both enzymes permits the interconversion of the diacylglycerol moieties of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. During brain ischemia, a principal pathway for degradation of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids may be by reversal of phosphoethanolamine transferase followed by hydrolysis of diacylglycerols by the lipase.
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Abstract
In adult rats, a significant portion of brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are synthesized by a pathway involving phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, a mitochondrial enzyme. We have now examined whether this enzyme plays a particularly prominent role during development. Activities for both phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and succinate dehydrogenase (another mitochondrial enzyme) were determined in brain homogenates from rats 5 days of age to adulthood. Succinate dehydrogenase activity, expressed on a per unit brain protein basis, increased markedly during development. This pattern has been reported previously and is as expected from the postnatal increase in oxidative metabolism. In contrast, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity decreased 40% from 5 to 30 days of age. The apparent Km for brain phosphatidylserine decarboxylase was 85 microM in both young (8- and 20-day-old) and adult animals. Parallel studies in vivo were carried out to determine the contribution of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathway, relative to pathways utilizing ethanolamine directly, to the synthesis of brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Animals were injected intracranially with a mixture of L-[G-3H]serine and [2-14C]ethanolamine and incorporation into the base moieties of the phospholipids determined. The 3H/14C ratio of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids decreased about 50% during development. Our studies in vitro and in vivo both suggest that phosphatidylserine decarboxylase plays a significant role in the synthesis of brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids at all ages, although it is relatively more prominent early in development.
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Chapter 2 Plasmalogens and O-alkyl glycerophospholipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Pleasure D, Hardy M, Johnson G, Lisak R, Silberberg D. Oligodendroglial glycerophospholipid synthesis: incorporation of radioactive precursors into ethanolamine glycerophospholipids by calf oligodendroglia prepared by a Percoll procedure and maintained in suspension culture. J Neurochem 1981; 37:452-60. [PMID: 6267204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglia prepared from minced calf cerebral white matter by trypsinization at pH 7.4, screening, and isosmotic Percoll (polyvinylpyrolidone-coated silica gel) density gradient centrifugation survived in culture on polylysine-coated glass, extending processes and maintaining phenotypic characteristics of oligodendroglia. In the present study, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP) metabolism of the freshly isolated cells was examined during short-term suspension culture by dual label time course and substrate concentration dependence experiments with [2-3H]glycerol and either [1,2-14C]ethanolamine or L-[U-14C]serine. Rates of incorporation of 3H from the glycerol and of 14C from the ethanolamine into EGP were constant for 14 h. In medium containing 3 mM-[1,2-14C]ethanolamine and 4.8 mM-[2-3H]glycerol, rates of incorporation of 14C and 3H into diacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (diacyl GPE) were similar. Under the same conditions, 3H specific activities of alkylacyl GPE and alkenylacyl GPE were much lower than 14C specific activities, likely as a result of the loss of tritium during synthesis of these forms of EGP via dihydroxyacetone phosphate. L-[U-14C]serine was incorporated into serine glycerophospholipid (SGP) by base exchange rather than de novo synthesis. 14C from L-[U-14C]serine also appeared in EGP after an initial lag period of several hours. Methylation of oligodendroglial EGP to choline glycerophospholipid (CGP) was not detected.
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Goracci G, Francescangeli E, Piccinin GL, Binaglia L, Woelk H, Porcellati G. The metabolism of labelled ethanolamine in neuronal and glial cells of the rabbit in vivo. J Neurochem 1975; 24:1181-6. [PMID: 1127432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yavin E, Kanfer JN. Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. I. Uptake and phosphorylation of [U-14C]ethanoloamine and the effect of various inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wykle RL, Schremmer Lockmiller JM. The biosynthesis of plasmalogens by rat brain: involvement of the microsomal electron transport system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 380:291-8. [PMID: 235322 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ethanolamine plasmalogens) was studied using 1-[1-14C]hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine as the substrate and EDTA-washed microsomes from brains of 14-day-old rats. It was found that the 1-E11-14C]hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine was first acylated to form 1-[1-14C]hexadecyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, then was desaturated to form 1-[1-14C]hexadec-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. The desaturation required O2 and NADH or NADPH and was inhibited by KCN but not by CO. The data indicated that the desaturation is carried out by a mixed-function oxidase system similar to that involved in the desaturation of fatty acids and that the pathway for the biosynthesis of plasmalogens in brain is similar to that previously found in other tissues. The desaturase was not stimulated by ATP and Mg2plus nor inhibited by EDTA. The specific activity of microsomes from brains of rats of different ages was determined; the activity decreased with age until in adults the activity was only 15% that of the 12--14-day-old rats.
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Morganstern RD, Abdel-Latif AA. Incorporation of (14-C) ethanolamine and (3-H) methionine into phospholipids of rat brain and liver in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1974; 5:393-410. [PMID: 4452892 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Natarajan V, Sastry PS. In vitro studies on the acylation of 1-O-alkenyl glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine by rat brain preparations. FEBS Lett 1973; 32:9-12. [PMID: 4351858 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Horrocks LA. Composition and metabolism of myelin phosphoglycerides during maturation and aging. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1973; 40:383-95. [PMID: 4608870 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Enzymic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines by the CDP-ethanolamine:1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase from microsomal fraction of rat brain. J Lipid Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Schmid HH, Muramatsu T, Su KL. On the nonconversion of alkyl acyl choline phosphatides to the corresponding plasmalogens in myelinating rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 270:317-23. [PMID: 5041431 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(72)90196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Horrocks LA, Radominska-Pyrek A. Enzymic synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens from 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-(32P)-phosphorylethanolamines by microsomes from rat brain. FEBS Lett 1972; 22:190-192. [PMID: 11946593 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A. Horrocks
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Paltauf F. Intestinal uptake and metabolism of alkyl acyl glycerophospholipids and of alkyl glycerophospholipids in the rat. Biosynthesis of plasmalogens from ( 3 H)alkyl glycerophosphoryl ( 14 )ethanolamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 260:352-64. [PMID: 5038255 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(72)90049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Paltauf F. Plasmalogen biosynthesis in a cell-free system. Enzymic desaturation of 1-O-alkyl (2-acyl) glycerophosphoryl ethanolamine. FEBS Lett 1972; 20:79-82. [PMID: 11946386 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Paltauf
- Institut für physiologische Chemie, Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Ether-containing lipids of the slime mold,Physarum polycephalum: II. Rates of biosynthesis. Lipids 1971; 6:470-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02531231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1970] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ansell GB, Metcalfe RF. Studies on the CDP-ethanolamine-1,2-diglyceride ethanolaminephosphotransferase of rat brain. J Neurochem 1971; 18:647-65. [PMID: 5581578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb11995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Blank ML, Wykle RL, Piantadosi C, Snyder F. The biosynthesis of plasmalogens from labeled O-alkylglycerols in Ehrlich ascites cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 210:442-7. [PMID: 5471660 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(70)90040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Porcellate G, Biasion MG, Pirotta M. The labeling of brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides from cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine in vitro. Lipids 1970; 5:734-42. [PMID: 5457075 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Piantadosi C, Snyder F. Plasmalogens and related derivatives: their chemistry and metabolism. J Pharm Sci 1970; 59:283-97. [PMID: 4906440 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600590302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wood R, Snyder F. Tumor lipids: metabolic relationships derived from structural analyses of acyl, alkyl, and alk-l-enyl moieties of neutral glycerides and phosphoglycerides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 131:478-94. [PMID: 5787217 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sun GY, Horrocks LA. The metabolism of palmitic acid in the phospholipids, neutral glycerides and galactolipids of mouse brain. J Neurochem 1969; 16:181-9. [PMID: 5795933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1969.tb05936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Albro PW, Dittmer JC. Determination of the distribution of the aliphatic groups of glyceryl ethers by gas-liquid chromatography of the diacetyl derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1968; 38:230-9. [PMID: 5705282 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(68)85033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bickerstaffe R, Mead JF. Metabolism of chimyl alcohol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the rat brain. Lipids 1968; 3:317-20. [PMID: 17805877 DOI: 10.1007/bf02530931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following intracerebral injection of(14)C-phosphatidylethanolamine and(3)H-chimyl alcohol into 18 day old rats, the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were isolated and analyzed. The(14)C and(3)H activities in the dimethyl acetals derived from alkenyl acyl ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and in the glyceryl ethers derived from the alkyl acyl ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were measured. The absence of(14)C in the dimethyl acetals indicates that phosphatidyl ethanolamine is not transformed into phosphatidal ethanolamine under these circumstances. The increase with time of the(3)H content of the glyceryl ethers and dimethyl acetals indicates that chimyl alcohol was a precursor of both types of phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bickerstaffe
- Department of Biophysics, Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, UCLA School of Medicine, 90024, Los Angeles, California
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The alk-1-enyl group content of mammalian myelin phosphoglycerides by quantitative two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. J Lipid Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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