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Manjón AG, Manzo SG, Prekovic S, Potgeter L, van Schaik T, Liu NQ, Flach K, Peric-Hupkes D, Joosten S, Teunissen H, Friskes A, Ilic M, Hintzen D, Franceschini-Santos VH, Zwart W, de Wit E, van Steensel B, Medema RH. Perturbations in 3D genome organization can promote acquired drug resistance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113124. [PMID: 37733591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of cancer. hTERT-immortalized, untransformed RPE-1 cells can acquire resistance to Taxol by derepressing the ABCB1 gene, encoding for the multidrug transporter P-gP. Here, we investigate how the ABCB1 gene is derepressed. ABCB1 activation is associated with reduced H3K9 trimethylation, increased H3K27 acetylation, and ABCB1 displacement from the nuclear lamina. While altering DNA methylation and H3K27 methylation had no major impact on ABCB1 expression, nor did it promote resistance, disrupting the nuclear lamina component Lamin B Receptor did promote the acquisition of a Taxol-resistant phenotype in a subset of cells. CRISPRa-mediated gene activation supported the notion that lamina dissociation influences ABCB1 derepression. We propose a model in which nuclear lamina dissociation of a repressed gene allows for its activation, implying that deregulation of the 3D genome topology could play an important role in tumor evolution and the acquisition of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Manjón
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Giustino Manzo
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leon Potgeter
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Schaik
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ning Qing Liu
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Flach
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Peric-Hupkes
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stacey Joosten
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Teunissen
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anoek Friskes
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mila Ilic
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorine Hintzen
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vinícius H Franceschini-Santos
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas van Steensel
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Mondal P, Meeran SM. microRNAs in cancer chemoresistance: The sword and the shield. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:200-210. [PMID: 34977437 PMCID: PMC8669341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Cancer cells develop multiple strategies to reduce drug sensitivity and eventually lead to chemoresistance. Chemoresistance is initiated either by intrinsic factors or due to the prolonged use of chemotherapeutics as acquired resistance. Further, chemoresistance is also one of the major reasons behind tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, overcoming chemoresistance is one of the primary challenges in cancer therapy. Several mechanisms are involved in chemoresistance. Among them, the key role of ABC transporters and tumor microenvironment have been well studied. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation in tumor development, metastasis, and chemotherapy has got wider interest due to its role in regulating genes involved in cancer progression and therapy. Noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, have been associated with the regulation of tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter genes. Further, miRNA can also be used as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker to predict the stage and types of cancer. Recent evidences have revealed that miRNAs regulation also influences the function of drug transporters and the tumor microenvironment, which affects chemosensitivity to cancer cells. Therefore, miRNAs can be a promising target to reverse back chemosensitivity in cancer cells. This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms involved in cancer chemoresistance and its regulation by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Zappe K, Cichna-Markl M. Aberrant DNA Methylation of ABC Transporters in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102281. [PMID: 33066132 PMCID: PMC7601986 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role in multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancers. They function as efflux pumps, resulting in limited effectiveness or even failure of therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that ABC transporters are also involved in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors frequently show multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, including changes in histone modification and DNA methylation. Alterations in the DNA methylation status of ABC transporters have been reported for a variety of cancer types. In this review, we outline the current knowledge of DNA methylation of ABC transporters in cancer. We give a brief introduction to structure, function, and gene regulation of ABC transporters that have already been investigated for their DNA methylation status in cancer. After giving an overview of the applied methodologies and the CpGs analyzed, we summarize and discuss the findings on aberrant DNA methylation of ABC transporters by cancer types. We conclude our review with the discussion of the potential to target aberrant DNA methylation of ABC transporters for cancer therapy.
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Spitzwieser M, Pirker C, Koblmüller B, Pfeiler G, Hacker S, Berger W, Heffeter P, Cichna-Markl M. Promoter methylation patterns of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in human cancer cell lines, multidrug-resistant cell models and tumor, tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues from breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73347-73369. [PMID: 27689338 PMCID: PMC5341984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in tumor tissues is considered a major cause of limited efficacy of anticancer drugs. Gene expression of ABC transporters is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including changes in the DNA methylation status. Most of the studies published so far only report promoter methylation levels for either ABCB1 or ABCG2, and data on the methylation status for ABCC1 are scarce. Thus, we determined the promoter methylation patterns of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in 19 human cancer cell lines. In order to contribute to the elucidation of the role of DNA methylation changes in acquisition of a multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype, we also analyzed the promoter methylation patterns in drug-resistant sublines of the cancer cell lines GLC-4, SW1573, KB-3-1 and HL-60. In addition, we investigated if aberrant promoter methylation levels of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 occur in tumor and tumor-surrounding tissues from breast cancer patients. Our data indicates that hypomethylation of the ABCC1 promoter is not cancer type-specific but occurs in cancer cell lines of different origins. Promoter methylation was found to be an important mechanism in gene regulation of ABCB1 in parental cancer cell lines and their drug-resistant sublines. Overexpression of ABCC1 in MDR cell models turned out to be mediated by gene amplification, not by changes in the promoter methylation status of ABCC1. In contrast to the promoters of ABCC1 and ABCG2, the promoter of ABCB1 was significantly higher methylated in tumor tissues than in tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues from breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Koblmüller
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hacker
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Li A, Song J, Lai Q, Liu B, Wang H, Xu Y, Feng X, Sun X, Du Z. Hypermethylation of ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) is associated with cisplatin resistance in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:412-421. [PMID: 27995666 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of multiple drug resistance has been attributed to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) gene. In this study, the major purpose was to assess the expression and methylation levels of ABCB1 in human lung adenocarcinoma and to reveal the relationship between these processes and acquisition of cisplatin (DDP) resistance in the human cancer cell line A549. Methylation and expression levels of the ABCB1 gene ABCB1 in clinical human lung tissue were assessed using bisulphite sequencing, reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT2 -PCR) and Western blot methods. Cell viability, DDP resistance and apoptosis of A549 cells were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Our results showed that the onset of resistance to the cisplatin analogue, DDP, was associated with hypermethylation of the ABCB1 gene. Expression of the ABCB1 gene was enhanced at both mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with 5-Aza-C contributed to the hypomethylation of the ABCB1 gene and decreased ABCB1 protein expression in A549 cells. In conclusion, this in vitro and human tissue study of lung adenocarcinoma cells demonstrated that hypermethylation of the ABCB1 gene correlated with increased gene expression and was associated with the acquisition of resistance to the cisplatin analogue, DDP in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, our study highlighted the connection between increased ABCB1 methylation level and upregulated expression of the gene in lung cancer. Moreover, the abnormally high expression of ABCB1 in A549 cells contributed to the development of the DDP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angui Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianfei Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Lai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Cental South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bangqing Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinhui Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenzong Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Province, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Koo SH, Lo YL, Yee JY, Lee EJD. Genetic and/or non-genetic causes for inter-individual and inter-cellular variability in transporter protein expression: implications for understanding drug efficacy and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1821-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tomiyasu H, Tsujimoto H. Comparative Aspects of Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance through ABC Transporters and Other Related Molecules in Canine Lymphoma. Vet Sci 2015; 2:185-205. [PMID: 29061940 PMCID: PMC5644633 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important causes of treatment failure in canine lymphoma include intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Thus, elucidation of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance is essential for the establishment of better treatment alternatives for lymphoma patients. The overexpression of drug transporters is one of the most intensively studied mechanisms of drug resistance in many tumors. In canine lymphoma, it has also been shown that the overexpression of drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein is associated with drug-resistant phenotypes. Canine lymphoma has many pathological similarities to human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and they also share similar molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. We have previously demonstrated the association of the overexpression of drug transporters with drug resistance and indicated some molecular mechanisms of the regulation of these transporters’ expressions in canine and human lymphoid tumor cells. However, it has also been indicated that other known or novel drug resistance factors should be explored to overcome drug resistance in lymphoma. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and possible strategies to develop better treatment modalities for canine lymphoma from the comparative aspects with human lymphoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Tomiyasu H, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Goto-Koshino Y, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Evaluation of DNA methylation profiles of the CpG island of the ABCB1 gene in dogs with lymphoma. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:835-41. [PMID: 25157887 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.9.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the DNA methylation status of the ABCB1 gene in tumor cells of dogs with lymphoma. ANIMALS 27 dogs with multicentric B-cell high-grade lymphoma (19 chemotherapy-sensitive dogs and 8 chemotherapy-resistant dogs). PROCEDURES The DNA methylation profile of the CpG island of the ABCB1 gene was analyzed by use of bisulphite sequencing and real-time methylation-specific PCR assay in lymphoma cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay of the ABCB1 gene was conducted to measure the amount of mRNA. Correlation between the amount of ABCB1 mRNA and the methylation rate was examined. RESULTS The CpG island of the ABCB1 gene was hypomethylated in most dogs in both the chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant groups. No significant difference was detected in the methylation rate between the 2 groups, and no significant correlation was detected between the methylation rate and the mRNA expression level. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Expression of the ABCB1 gene was not suppressed by hypermethylation of its CpG island in most dogs with lymphoma regardless of their chemotherapy sensitivity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Tomiyasu H, Goto-Koshino Y, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Epigenetic regulation of the ABCB1 gene in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lymphoid tumour cell lines obtained from canine patients. Vet J 2014; 199:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim IW, Han N, Burckart GJ, Oh JM. Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression for Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 34:140-50. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Wha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Nayoung Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Gilbert J. Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology; Office of Translational Sciences; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Jung Mi Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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Chen KG, Sikic BI. Molecular pathways: regulation and therapeutic implications of multidrug resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1863-9. [PMID: 22344233 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug transporters constitute major mechanisms of MDR in human cancers. The ABCB1 (MDR1) gene encodes a well-characterized transmembrane transporter, termed P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is expressed in many normal human tissues and cancers. P-gp plays a major role in the distribution and excretion of drugs and is involved in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of cancers. The regulation of ABCB1 expression is complex and has not been well studied in a clinical setting. In this review, we elucidate molecular signaling and epigenetic interactions that govern ABCB1 expression and the development of MDR in cancer. We focus on acquired expression of ABCB1 that is associated with genomic instability of cancer cells, including mutational events that alter chromatin structures, gene rearrangements, and mutations in tumor suppressor proteins (e.g., mutant p53), which guard the integrity of genome. In addition, epigenetic modifications of the ABCB1 proximal and far upstream promoters by either demethylation of DNA or acetylation of histone H3 play a pivotal role in inducing ABCB1 expression. We describe a molecular network that coordinates genetic and epigenetic events leading to the activation of ABCB1. These mechanistic insights provide additional translational targets and potential strategies to deal with clinical MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5151., USA
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Bello C, Yu D, Komrokji RS, Zhu W, Wetzstein GA, List AF, Lancet JE. Outcomes after induction chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia arising from myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 2010; 117:1463-9. [PMID: 21425147 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from an antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative neoplasm is associated with a poor prognosis. The authors evaluated predictive factors in patients with secondary AML treated with anthracycline-based induction therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective review of secondary AML patients treated with induction therapy. Age, International Prognostic Scoring System, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, cytogenetics, duration of MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm, and prior MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm treatment were evaluated for their impact on complete response (CR), CR with low platelets, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The authors evaluated 61 secondary AML patients who received induction chemotherapy; 59% (36 patients) achieved CR/CR with low platelets (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-71%), and median OS was 6.5 (95% CI, 3.9-8.1) months. Three factors were associated with lower CR/CR with low platelets and OS: poor risk cytogenetics, prior treatment with hypomethylating agents or lenalidomide, and longer time to transformation to AML. Of those treated with hypomethylating agents or lenalidomide, 32% achieved CR/CR with low platelets versus 78% in the group not treated with a hypomethylating agent or lenalidomide (odds ratio [OR], 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.42). Median OS for those treated with a hypomethylating agent or lenalidomide was 3.7 versus 10.5 months for those not treated with a hypomethylating agent or lenalidomide (P < .0001). The CR/CR with low platelets rate for those with intermediate risk cytogenetics was 70% versus 35% for those with poor risk (OR, 4.33; 95% CI, 1.38-13.6). Those with poor risk cytogenetics had a median OS of 2.8 versus 7.5 months for those with intermediate risk (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Prior treatment with hypomethylating agents or lenalidomide, poor risk cytogenetics, and longer time to transformation to AML are independent negative predictive factors for response and OS in patients with secondary AML after induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Bello
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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The temporal relationship between ABCB1 promoter hypomethylation, ABCB1 expression and acquisition of drug resistance. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2010; 10:489-504. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Comparison of bisulfite sequencing PCR with pyrosequencing for measuring differences in DNA methylation. Anal Biochem 2010; 397:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hypothesizing that histone deacetylase inhibitors can be used to reverse multiple drug resistance. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:92-4. [PMID: 19700246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs and their ability to induce multidrug resistance (MDR) are of relevance to cancer treatment. Although MDR is a multifactorial process, the main obstacle is the expression of multidrug-efflux pumps that lowers the intracellular drug levels. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the longest identified efflux pump. Thus, P-gp has been looked as a well established mediator of MDR and it became a therapeutic target for circumventing multidrug resistance. However, the mechanism of adjusting the expression of P-gp is not clear yet. The results of the effect of genetic polymorphism on P-gp expression and function remain conflicting. More recently, studies on the regulation of MDR1 has widened to examine the role of epigenetics and some new results were found to support the effect of epigenetic variance in vitro. It is hence hypothesized that epigenetic variants play more important roles than genetic polymorphism, thus adjusting the epigenetic factors could alter the expression of MDR, leading to the reverse of MDR. And it is further hypothesized that histone deacetylase inhibitors could be another strategy to overcome MDR. The mechanism may include a bidirectional modulation of P-gp by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Jiang ZP, Xu P, Liu RR, Li HD, Wang GP, Zhao XL, Chen FP. Correlation between MDR1 methylation status in the promoter region and MDR1 genetic polymorphism in 194 healthy Chinese Han subjects. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 9:1801-8. [PMID: 19072639 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.12.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the correlation between the methylation status in the MDR1 promoter region and the MDR1 genetic polymorphism. METHODS A total of 194 unrelated subjects (105 men and 89 women) with a median age of 26 years were enrolled in this study. DNA was extracted and PCR-RFLP was performed for C1236T, C3435T and G2677T/A polymorphism genotyping. The combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) method was also performed to determine DNA methylation levels in the MDR1 promoter region. Genotype frequencies for the variants SNPs were assessed for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the chi2 test. Nonparametric tests including Kruskal-Wallis method and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the DNA methylation levels between different genotypes. RESULTS The allelic frequency distribution of the C1236T, C3435T and G2677T/A was found to be in good agreement with previous reports. Our study revealed significant correlation between different genotypes of C3435T and G2677T/A, but there is no significant difference between the different genotypes of C1236T. CONCLUSION A correlation between MDR1 genetic polymorphisms C3435T and G2677T/A, as well as haplotypes derived from C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T, with methylation status of MDR1 promoter region was found in this study. Further investigations are needed to explore the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Jiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Hematology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central-South University, 87, Xiang-Ya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
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Segura-Pacheco B, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Chavez-Blanco A, Revilla-Vazquez A, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Duenas-González A. Global DNA hypermethylation-associated cancer chemotherapy resistance and its reversion with the demethylating agent hydralazine. J Transl Med 2006; 4:32. [PMID: 16893460 PMCID: PMC1563479 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy continues to be a major obstacle for successful anticancer therapy. It has been shown that cells exposed to toxic concentrations of commonly used cancer chemotherapy agents develop DNA hypermethylation. Hence, demethylating agents could play a role in overcoming drug resistance. METHODS MCF-7 cells were rendered adriamycin-resistant by weekly treatment with adriamycin. Wild-type and the resulting MCF-7/Adr cells were analyzed for global DNA methylation. DNA methyltransferase activity and DNA methyltransferase (dnmt) gene expression were also determined. MCF-7/Adr cells were then subjected to antisense targeting of dnmt1, -3a, and -b genes and to treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor hydralazine to investigate whether DNA demethylation restores sensitivity to adriamycin. RESULTS MCF-7/Adr cells exhibited the multi-drug resistant phenotype as demonstrated by adriamycin resistance, mdr1 gene over-expression, decreased intracellular accumulation of adriamycin, and cross-resistance to paclitaxel. The mdr phenotype was accompanied by global DNA hypermethylation, over-expression of dnmt genes, and increased DNA methyltransferase activity as compared with wild-type MCF-7 cells. DNA demethylation through antisense targeting of dnmts or hydralazine restored adriamycin sensitivity of MCF-7/Adr cells to a greater extent than verapamil, a known inhibitor of mdr protein, suggesting that DNA demethylation interferes with the epigenetic reprogramming that participates in the drug-resistant phenotype. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that DNA hypermethylation is at least partly responsible for development of the multidrug-resistant phenotype in the MCF-7/Adr model and that hydralazine, a known DNA demethylating agent, can revert the resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Segura-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Alma Chavez-Blanco
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Alma Revilla-Vazquez
- Lab. de Desarrollo de Metodos Analiticos, FES-Cuautitlan, UNAM, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Benitez-Bribiesca
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital de Oncologia, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, DF, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Duenas-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
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Tian K, Jurukovski V, Wang XP, Kaplan MH, Xu H. Epigenetic regulation of WTH3 in primary and cultured drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10024-31. [PMID: 16267028 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the WTH3 gene functioned as a negative regulator during multidrug resistance (MDR) development in vitro. To understand whether this gene is also involved in clinical drug resistance, hypermethylation at its promoter region observed in cultured MDR MCF7/AdrR cells was examined in primary drug-resistant breast cancer epithelial cells isolated from effusions of breast cancer patients. The results showed that this event also occurred in drug-resistant breast cancer epithelial cells and a newly induced drug-resistant cell line, MCF7/inR. Interestingly, we found that a CpG (CpG 23) that was close to the TATA-like box was constantly methylated in the WTH3 promoter of drug-resistant breast cancer epithelial and cultured MDR cells. Mutagenic study suggested that this CpG site had a functional effect on promoter activity. We also discovered that MCF7/AdrR cells treated with trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, exhibited higher WTH3, but lower MDR1, expression. A reverse correlation between WTH3 and MDR1 gene expression was also observed in MCF7/AdrR, and its non-MDR parental cell line, MCF7/WT. This result indicated that both DNA methylation and histone deacetylase could act in concert to inhibit WTH3 and consequently stimulate MDR1 expression. This hypothesis was supported by data obtained from introducing the WTH3 transgene into MDR cell lines, which reduced endogenous MDR1 expression. Therefore, our studies suggested that the behavior of WTH3 in primary drug-resistant breast cancer epithelial cells was similar to that in a model system where epigenetic regulation of the WTH3 gene was linked to the MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegui Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA
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19
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Tian K, Jurukovski V, Yuan L, Shan J, Xu H. WTH3, which encodes a small G protein, is differentially regulated in multidrug-resistant and sensitive MCF7 cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7421-8. [PMID: 16103095 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The WTH3 gene's biological characteristics and relationship to multidrug resistance (MDR) were investigated further. Results showed that WTH3 was mainly located in the cytosol and capable of binding to GTP. In addition, WTH3's promoter function was significantly attenuated in MDR (MFC7/AdrR) relative to non-MDR (MCF7/WT) cells. Advanced analyses indicated that two mechanisms could be involved in WTH3's down-regulation: DNA methylation and trans-element modulations. It was found that the 5' end portion of a CpG island in WTH3's promoter was hypermethylated in MCF7/AdrR but not MCF7/WT cells, which could have a negative effect on the WTH3 promoter. This idea was supported by the observation that a 45-bp sequence (DMR45) in this differentially methylated region positively influenced promoter activity. We also discovered that different nuclear proteins in MCF7/AdrR and MCF7/WT cells bound to methylated or nonmethylated DMR45. Moreover, a sequence containing a unique repeat that was also a positive cis-element for the promoter was attached by different transcription factors depending on whether they were prepared from MCF7/AdrR or MCF7/WT cells. These molecular changes, apparently induced by drug treatment, resulted in WTH3's down regulation in MDR cells. Therefore, present studies support previous observations that WTH3, as a negative regulator, participates in MDR development in MCF7/AdrR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegui Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA
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20
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Shtil AA, Azare J. Redundancy of biological regulation as the basis of emergence of multidrug resistance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 246:1-29. [PMID: 16164965 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)46001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active efflux of xenobiotics is a major mechanism of cell adaptation to environmental stress. The ATP-dependent transmembrane transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) confers long-term cell survival in the presence of different toxins, including anticancer drugs (this concept is referred to as multidrug resistance, or MDR). The vital importance of this mechanism for cell survival dictates the reliability and promptness of its acquisition. To fulfill this requirement, the MDR1 gene that encodes Pgp in humans must be readily upregulated in cells that express low to null levels of MDR1 mRNA prior to stress. The MDR1 gene and a stable MDR phenotype can be induced after short-term exposure of cells to a variety of cues. This effect is implemented by activation of MDR1 transcription and mRNA stabilization. The MDR1 message abundance is regulated by mechanisms generally involved in stress response, namely activation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Furthermore, the proximal MDR1 promoter sites critical for induction are not unique for the MDR1 gene; they are common regulatory elements in eukaryotic promoters. Moreover, MDR1 induction can result from activation of (an) intermediate gene(s) whose product(s), in turn, directly activate(s) the MDR1 promoter and/or cause(s) mRNA stabilization. Redundancy of signal transduction and transcriptional mechanisms is the basis for the virtually ubiquitous inducibility of the MDR1 gene. Thus, the complex network of MDR1 regulation ensures rapid emergence of pleiotropic resistance in cells.
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21
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Yao X, Hu JF, Li T, Yang Y, Sun Z, Ulaner GA, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. Epigenetic regulation of the taxol resistance-associated gene TRAG-3 in human tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 151:1-13. [PMID: 15120907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TRAG-3, originally identified as a taxol resistance-associated gene from an ovarian carcinoma cell line, is upregulated in many human tumors. Like many tumor antigens, TRAG-3 mRNA is not detectable or is expressed at very low levels in normal fetal and adult human tissues except for testis, where TRAG-3 mRNA transcripts are detected abundantly. TRAG-3 mRNA is frequently overexpressed in tumors but is rarely detected in adjacent normal tissues. To delineate the transcriptional regulation of this tumor antigen, we cloned and sequenced the TRAG-3 promoter. A 539-base pair fragment upstream of the initiation site, which contains two unusual CT repeat stretches, was sufficient to drive the maximum activity of a luciferase reporter gene. Sodium bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA revealed that the amount of DNA methylation in exon 2 and in the promoter regions is inversely correlated with gene expression. In normal tissues, TRAG-3 is hypermethylated and is thus transcriptionally silenced. In those tumors where TRAG-3 is actively transcribed, the TRAG-3 promoter and exon 2 are hypomethylated. Treatment of a TRAG-3-silenced cell line H23 with the demethylating reagent 5-aza-cytosine reduced DNA methylation and induced TRAG-3 expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DNA demethylation is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates the TRAG-3 tumor antigen in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yao
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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22
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Tang J, Kaslow RA. The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2004; 17 Suppl 4:S51-60. [PMID: 15080180 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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Baker EK, El-Osta A. The rise of DNA methylation and the importance of chromatin on multidrug resistance in cancer. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:177-94. [PMID: 14567978 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the different classes of drugs and regimens used clinically have provided an improvement in tumour management. However, treatment is often palliative for the majority of cancer patients. Transformed cells respond poorly to chemotherapy mainly due to the development of the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Response to treatment does not generally result in complete remission and disease cure is uncommon for patients presenting with advanced stage cancer. Successful treatment of cancer requires a clearer understanding of chemotherapeutic resistance. Here, we examine what is known of one of the most extensively studied mechanisms of cellular drug resistance. The human multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) is associated with expression of p-glycoprotein (Pgp). A transmembrane protein, Pgp acts as an efflux pump and reduces intracellular drug levels and thus its effectiveness as an antitumor agent. The precise mechanism of transcriptional regulation has been unclear due to the complex regulatory nature of the gene. It has become increasingly apparent that trans-activation or genetic amplification is by no means the only mechanism of activation. Consequently, alternative pathways have received more attention in the area of epigenetics to help explain transcriptional competence at a higher level of organization. The goal of this article is to highlight important findings in the field of methylation and explain how they impinge on MDR1 gene regulation. In this review, we cover the current information and postulate that epigenetic modification of MDR1 chromatin influences gene transcription in leukaemia. Finally, we explore transcriptional regulation and highlight recent progress with engineered ZFP's (zinc finger proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Baker
- The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Baker Medical Research Institute, Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Second Floor, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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24
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Esteller M. Profiling aberrant DNA methylation in hematologic neoplasms: a view from the tip of the iceberg. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:80-8. [PMID: 14585279 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is also an epigenetic disease. The main epigenetic modification in humans is DNA methylation. Transformed cells undergo a dramatic change in their DNA methylation patterns: certain CpG islands located in the promoter regions of tumor-suppressor genes become hypermethylated and the contiguous gene rests silenced and this phenomenon occurs in an overall genomic environment of DNA hypomethylation. The profile of CpG island hypermethylation in hematologic malignancies is an epigenetic signature unique for each subtype of leukemia or lymphoma. Although the most widely studied genes are the cell-cycle inhibitors p15INK4b and p16INK4a (specially in AML and ALL), the list of methylation-repressed genes in these neoplasms is expanding very rapidly, including MGMT, RARB2, CRBP1, SOCS-1, CDH1, DAPK1, and others. A necessary cross-talk between genetic alterations and DNA methylation exists: certain chromosomal translocations may induce hypermethylation, such as the PML-RARa, or attract methylation, such as BCR-ABL, but DNA hypomethylation can be the culprit behind the genesis of certain abnormal recombination events. From a translational standpoint, hypermethylation can be used as a marker of recurrent disease or progression, for example, in MDS, or response to chemotherapy, such as MGMT methylation in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Furthermore, promising studies using DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors are underway to awake these dormant tumor-suppressor genes for a better treatment of the patient with a hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3,28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Shan J, Yuan L, Budman DR, Xu HP. WTH3, a new member of the Rab6 gene family, and multidrug resistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1589:112-23. [PMID: 12007787 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The WTH3 gene was obtained by a DNA fragment isolated by the methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis technique due to its hypermethylation in the human multidrug resistant (MDR) breast cancer cell line MCF7/AdrR. The WTH3 gene product is 89% and 91% identical to the human Rab6 and Rab6c proteins, but possesses an elongated C-terminal region which contains 46 extra amino acids. Nevertheless, we consider the WTH3 gene a new member of the Rab6 gene family. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results showed that WTH3 was 15 and 4 times downregulated in MCF7/AdrR and MES-SA/Dx5, a human MDR uterine sarcoma cell line, as compared to their non-MDR parental cell lines. Permanent expression of the WTH3 transgene in MDR cell lines increased to varying degrees their sensitivity to several anticancer drugs, which included doxorubicin, taxol, vinblastine, vincristine, and etoposide, as compared to the control sublines transfected with the empty vector. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope experiments suggest that the WTH3 transgene stimulated the host's uptake and retention of DOX. Our results imply that the WTH3 gene plays a role(s) in MDR phenotype development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New York University School of Medicine, R132 Research Building, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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26
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El-Osta A, Kantharidis P, Zalcberg JR, Wolffe AP. Precipitous release of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 and histone deacetylase 1 from the methylated human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) on activation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1844-57. [PMID: 11865062 PMCID: PMC135609 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.6.1844-1857.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the human multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) is a negative prognostic factor in leukemia. Despite intense efforts to characterize the gene at the molecular level, little is known about the genetic events that switch on gene expression in P-glycoprotein-negative cells. Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional competence of MDR1 is often closely associated with DNA methylation. Chromatin remodeling and modification targeted by the recognition of methylated DNA provide a dominant mechanism for transcriptional repression. Consistent with this epigenetic model, interference with DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase activity alone or in combination can reactivate silent genes. In the present study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to monitor the molecular events involved in the activation and repression of MDR1. Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (5-azacytidine [5aC]) and histone deacetylase (trichostatin A [TSA]) were used to examine gene transcription, promoter methylation status, and the chromatin determinants associated with the MDR1 promoter. We have established that methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is involved in methylation-dependent silencing of human MDR1 in cells that lack the known transcriptional repressors MBD2 and MBD3. In the repressed state the MDR1 promoter is methylated and assembled into chromatin enriched with MeCP2 and deacetylated histone. TSA induced significant acetylation of histones H3 and H4 but did not activate transcription. 5aC induced DNA demethylation, leading to the release of MeCP2, promoter acetylation, and partial relief of repression. MDR1 expression was significantly increased following combined 5aC and TSA treatments. Inhibition of histone deacetylase is not an overriding mechanism in the reactivation of methylated MDR1. Our results provide us with a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanism necessary for repression of MDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assam El-Osta
- Sir Donald & Lady Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
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Shannon BA, Iacopetta BJ. Methylation of the hMLH1, p16, and MDR1 genes in colorectal carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological features. Cancer Lett 2001; 167:91-7. [PMID: 11323103 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The methylation status of seven cancer-related genes was investigated in a series of 58 colorectal cancers, 18 of which showed the microsatellite instability (MSI+) phenotype. Methylation of the hMLH1, p16 and MDR1 genes was found in 23, 29 and 28% of tumors, respectively. None of the tumors showed methylation of the TS, ATM, PARP or p21 genes. Methylation of the hMLH1, p16 and MDR1 genes was more frequent and more concordant in MSI+ compared to MSI- tumors (P<0.001) and was also strongly associated with poor histological differentiation (P<0.001). There were trends for associations between methylation at one or more of these loci and proximal tumor location, advanced Dukes' stage and the presence of wild-type p53 (P=0.06 for each).
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Shannon
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Nedlands, Australia
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Efferth T, Futscher BW, Osieka R. 5-Azacytidine modulates the response of sensitive and multidrug-resistant K562 leukemic cells to cytostatic drugs. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2001; 27:637-48. [PMID: 11482878 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2001.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to improve responsiveness of tumor cells to drug combination treatments, we analyzed the effect of 5-azacytidine (5AC) as a model compound for a new class of drugs, DNA-demethylating agents. We used parental K562/WT chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and a multidrug-resistant subline thereof, K562/ADM. Multidrug-resistant cells were more resistant to daunorubicin, but more sensitive to cisplatin than parental K562 cells as measured by growth inhibition and apoptosis assays. Resistance to daunorubicin can be explained by amplification of the MDR1 drug transporter gene. Cisplatin induced more DNA damage in specific genes and in the entire genome of K562/ADM cells compared to K562/WT cells using PCR stop assays and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Pretreatment with 5AC modulated the response of K562/ADM cells toward MDR-type drugs (daunorubicin, vincristine, etoposide) and reduced function and expression of MDR1 as analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Analysis of CpG island methylation in the promotor region of the MDR1 gene by bisulfite sequencing and a methylation-sensitive HpaII-digestion/PCR approach revealed that methylation of the MDR1 promotor of K562/ADM cells was greater than in K562/WT cells. 5AC treatment completely abolished MDR1 promotor methylation. The unexpected observation that DNA demethylation by 5AC rather decreases than increases MDR1 expression in K5612/ADM cells points to still unexplored sequences in the MDR1 promotor whose transcriptional activity may be affected by the methylation status. 5AC pretreatment also modulated K562/WT and K562/ADM cells to non-MDR-type drugs such as cisplatin and increased cisplatin-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Efferth
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Aachen Technical University (RWTH Aachen), Aachen, Germany.
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Kantharidis P, El-Osta S, Silva MD, Lee G, Hu XF, Zalcberg J. Regulation of MDR1 gene expression: emerging concepts. Drug Resist Updat 2000; 3:99-108. [PMID: 11498374 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2000.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance genes, such as MDR1, involved in drug efflux, and their regulation have been the subject of intense research efforts in the past 10 years. Many factors and cellular signalling pathways play a role in the regulation of MDR1 gene expression. Commonly used chemotherapeutic agents activate in vitro and in vivo general stress response pathways, potential targets of which include MDR1 and other drug resistance genes. The contribution of these agents to the emergence of drug-resistant tumour cells is of concern. Recent evidence points to a role for the epigenetic regulation of MDR1 gene expression. The identification of key components in the DNA methylation/chromatin system of gene regulation may in time lead to more informed and targeted approaches to treating drug-resistant tumours. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Kantharidis
- Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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