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Blachnio M, Kusmierek K, Swiatkowski A, Derylo-Marczewska A. Adsorption of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides from Water on Carbonaceous and Non-Carbonaceous Adsorbents. Molecules 2023; 28:5404. [PMID: 37513275 PMCID: PMC10385827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing consumption of phenoxyacetic acid-derived herbicides is becoming a major public health and environmental concern, posing a serious challenge to existing conventional water treatment systems. Among the various physicochemical and biological purification processes, adsorption is considered one of the most efficient and popular techniques due to its high removal efficiency, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review article provides extensive literature information on the adsorption of phenoxyacetic herbicides by various adsorbents. The purpose of this article is to organize the scattered information on the currently used adsorbents for herbicide removal from the water, such as activated carbons, carbon and silica adsorbents, metal oxides, and numerous natural and industrial waste materials known as low-cost adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of these adsorbents was compared for the two most popular phenoxyacetic herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). The application of various kinetic models and adsorption isotherms in describing the removal of these herbicides by the adsorbents was also presented and discussed. At the beginning of this review paper, the most important information on phenoxyacetic herbicides has been collected, including their classification, physicochemical properties, and occurrence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blachnio
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusmierek
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego St. 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andrzej Swiatkowski
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego St. 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Derylo-Marczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Sun B, Zeng EY. Leaching of PBDEs from microplastics under simulated gut conditions: Chemical diffusion and bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118318. [PMID: 34648835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts on exposure assessment of microplastics (MPs) as an agent in transport of toxic contaminants have been performed in organisms. However, chemical diffusion of inherent hydrophobic organic contaminants from MPs under simulated gut conditions is poorly examined. The present study examined the transfer kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polypropylene (PP) MPs under gut surfactants (sodium taurocholate) at two relevant body temperatures of marine organisms, and evaluated the importance of MP ingestion in bioaccumulation of PBDEs in lugworm by a biodynamic model. Diffusion coefficients of PBDEs range from 5.82 × 10-23 to 7.96 × 10-20 m2 s-1 in PS, 5.49 × 10-23 to 3.45 × 10-20 m2 s-1 in ABS, and 5.58 × 10-21 to 5.79 × 10-17 m2 s-1 in PP, with apparent activation energies in the range of 33-148 kJ mol-1. The biota-plastic accumulation factors of PBDEs leached from these plastics range from 1.44 × 10-8 to 7.15 × 10-5. Although ingestion of MPs with the common size (>0.5 mm) showed the negligible contribution to bioaccumulation of PBDEs in lugworm, their contribution in PBDEs transfer can be increased with gradual breakdown of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Cheng H, Luo H, Hu Y, Tao S. Release kinetics as a key linkage between the occurrence of flame retardants in microplastics and their risk to the environment and ecosystem: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116253. [PMID: 32768659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widely occurring debris of plastic materials, particularly microplastics, can be an important source of flame retardants, which are one of the main groups of chemicals added in the production of plastics from polymers. This review provides an overview on the use of flame retardants in plastic manufacturing, the kinetics of their releases from microplastics, the factors affecting their releases, and the potential environmental and ecosystem risk of the released flame retardants. The releases of flame retardants from microplastics typically involve three major steps: internal diffusion, mass transfer across the plastic-medium boundary layer, and diffusion in the environmental medium, while the overall mass transfer rate is commonly controlled by diffusion within the plastic matrix. The overall release rates of additive flame retardants from microplastics, which are dependent on the particle's geometry, can often be described by the Fick's Law. The physicochemical properties of flame retardant and plastic matrix, and ambient temperature all affect the release rate, which can be predicted with empirical and semi-empirical models. Weathering of microplastics, which reduces their particle sizes and likely disrupts their polymeric structures, can greatly accelerate the releases of flame retardants. Flame retardants could also be released directly from the microplastics ingested by aquatic organisms and seabirds, with physical and chemical digestion in the bodies significantly enhancing their release rates. Limited by the extremely slow diffusion in plastic matrices, the fluxes of flame retardants released from microplastics are very low, and are unlikely to pose significant risk to the ecosystem in general. More research is needed to characterize the mechanical, chemical, and biological processes that degrade microplastics and accelerate the releases of flame retardants and to model their release kinetics from microplastics, while efforts should also be made to develop environmentally benign flame retardants to ultimately minimize their risk to the environment and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hang Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and EvolutioSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Sun B, Hu Y, Cheng H, Tao S. Releases of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from microplastics in aqueous medium: Kinetics and molecular-size dependence of diffusion. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:215-225. [PMID: 30597444 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) are increasingly detected in aquatic environment, and the high levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) contained in them can potentially impact water quality. This study characterized the release kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) from millimeter-sized microplastic pellets in water at environmentally relevant temperatures. Leaching rates of BFRs from the microplastic pellets made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were found to be controlled by their diffusion within the plastic matrix, and their diffusion coefficients (D) in the plastic matrices ranged from 10-28.30 to 10-20.84 m2 s-1. The apparent activation energies of the BFRs' diffusion coefficients were estimated to be in the range of 64.1-131.8 kJ mol-1 based on their temperature dependence and the Arrhenius equation. The diffusion coefficients of the BFRs decrease with their molecular diameters, while the activation energies for diffusion increase with the molecular diameters, which are indicative of significant steric hindrance for BFR diffusion within the plastic matrices. A semi-empirical linear relationship was observed between Log10D and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of plastics, which allows prediction of the diffusion coefficients of BFRs in other types of microplastics commonly found in marine environment. The half-lives of BFR leaching (i.e., 50% depletion) from the microplastic pellets would range from tens of thousands to hundreds of billions of years at ambient temperatures if their physical and chemical structures could remain intact. Although the release fluxes of BFRs from microplastics are extremely low under the model conditions, a range of physical and chemical processes in the natural environment and the digestive systems of organisms that ingested them could potentially accelerate their leaching by causing breakdown and swelling of the plastic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Essandoh M, Wolgemuth D, Pittman CU, Mohan D, Mlsna T. Phenoxy herbicide removal from aqueous solutions using fast pyrolysis switchgrass biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:49-57. [PMID: 28160678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The release of herbicides is known to negatively impact humans and the environment. We report the use of a low cost biochar (prepared through fast pyrolysis) to successfully remove phenoxy herbicides from aqueous solutions. The biochar was characterized using: FT-IR, SEM, pHpzc, elemental analysis, and surface area measurements. Sorption experiments were run at pH values from 2 to 10, adsorbate concentrations from 25 to 300 mg/L and temperatures from 25 to 45 °C. Adsorption isotherms were evaluated from 25 to 45 °C using both two parameter (Freundlich and Langmuir) and three parameter (Redlich-Peterson and Toth) adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were Q0SGB∼134 mg/g and Q0SGB∼50 mg/g, respectively, at pH 2. This low surface area switchgrass biochar (1.1 m2/g) can adsorb far more MCPA per unit of measured surface area (45 mg/m2) than high surface area commercial activated carbons (1050-1150 m2/g) which absorb only 0.08-0.11 mg/m2, and are also expensive. This indicates that biochar three dimensional swelling occurs in an aqueous environment and adsorbates are imbibed and adsorbed at additional sorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Essandoh
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Daniel Wolgemuth
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Charles U Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Todd Mlsna
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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Al-Zaben M, Mekhamer W. Removal of 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy acetic acid pesticide using coffee wastes from aqueous solution. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Deokar SK, Mandavgane SA, Kulkarni BD. Agro-industrial waste: a low cost adsorbent for effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid herbicide in batch and packed bed modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16164-16175. [PMID: 27151241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the aqueous phase removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid herbicide by rice husk ash (RHA) using batch and packed bed adsorption techniques. The effects of dosage, initial concentration, time, pH, temperature, and particle size of adsorbent in batch compared with effects of influent concentration, flow rate, and bed height in packed bed were studied. The particle size effect reveals that the removal is dependent on chemical composition (silica and carbon content) together with BET surface area of RHA. The aptness of Langmuir isotherm to batch data indicates the favorable adsorption whereas that of Temkin isotherm informs the heterogeneous nature of RHA. The kinetics of adsorption follows the pseudo-second order and Elovich models while thermodynamics of process indicates the exothermic adsorption. Among the models applied in packed bed study, the deactivation kinetic, Yoon-Nelson and bed depth service time (BDST) models are suitable to explain the packed bed adsorption. The adsorption capacity of RHA in packed bed study is found greater than that in batch. The adsorption capacity of RHA determined by the BDST model is 3019 mg/L for 90 % saturation of bed. The adsorption capacity of RHA based on weight is ∼2.3 times and that based on surface area is ∼55.55 times greater than that of granular activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Deokar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Sachin A Mandavgane
- Chemical Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010, India.
| | - Bhaskar D Kulkarni
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
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Danil de Namor AF, Zvietcovich-Guerra JA, Villanueva Salas JA, Piro OE, Webb OA, El Gamouz A, Hamdan WA, Castellano EE. Calix[4]arene amine modified silica: from fundamentals to new recyclable materials for the removal of chlorophenoxy acids from water. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new recyclable materials obtained by the immobilisation of calix[4]arene derivatives into silica are used for the removal of chloro-phenoxy acid herbicides from water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oscar E. Piro
- Departamento de Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata
- Instituto IFLP (CONICET-UNLP)
- 1900 La Plata
| | - Oliver A. Webb
- Laboratory of Thermochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Abdelaziz El Gamouz
- Laboratory of Thermochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Weam Abou Hamdan
- Laboratory of Thermochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
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Lafi R, ben Fradj A, Hafiane A, Hameed BH. Coffee waste as potential adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rosenbom AE, Binning PJ, Aamand J, Dechesne A, Smets BF, Johnsen AR. Does microbial centimeter-scale heterogeneity impact MCPA degradation in and leaching from a loamy agricultural soil? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:90-98. [PMID: 24291558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential for pesticide degradation varies greatly at the centimeter-scale in agricultural soil. Three dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate how such small-scale spatial heterogeneity may affect the leaching of the biodegradable pesticide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in the upper meter of a variably-saturated, loamy soil profile. To incorporate realistic spatial variation in degradation potential, we used data from a site where 420 mineralization curves over 5 depths have been measured. Monod kinetics was fitted to the individual curves to derive initial degrader biomass values, which were incorporated in a reactive transport model to simulate heterogeneous biodegradation. Six scenarios were set up using COMSOL Multiphysics to evaluate the difference between models having different degrader biomass distributions (homogeneous, heterogeneous, or no biomass) and either matrix flow or preferential flow through a soil matrix with a wormhole. MCPA leached, within 250 days, below 1m only when degrader biomass was absent and preferential flow occurred. Both biodegradation in the plow layer and the microbially active lining of the wormhole contributed to reducing MCPA-leaching below 1m. The spatial distribution of initial degrader biomass within each soil matrix layer, however, had little effect on the overall MCPA-leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E Rosenbom
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Philip J Binning
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Aamand
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Dechesne
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barth F Smets
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders R Johnsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Waldner G, Friesl-Hanl W, Haberhauer G, Gerzabek MH. Differences in sorption behavior of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid on artificial soils as a function of soil pre-aging. JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 2012; 12:1292-1298. [PMID: 26074728 PMCID: PMC4461184 DOI: 10.1007/s11368-012-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sorption behavior of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) to three different artificial soil mixtures was investigated. Artificial soils serve as model systems for improving understanding of sorption phenomena. MATERIALS AND METHODS The soils consisted of quartz, ferrihydrite, illite, montmorillonite, and charcoal. In a previous study, several selected mixtures had been inoculated with organic matter, and microbial aging (incubation) had been performed for different periods of time (3, 12, and 18 months) before conducting the sorption experiments. The effect of this pre-incubation time on the sorption behavior was determined. Interaction of MCPA with soil surfaces was monitored by aqueous phase sorption experiments, using high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet and in selected cases Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sorption behavior showed large differences between differently aged soils; Freundlich and linear sorption model fits (with sorption constants Kf , 1/n exponents, and Kd values, respectively) were given for pH = 3 and the unbuffered pH of ∼7. The largest extent of sorption from diluted solutions was found on the surfaces with a pre-incubation time of 3 months. Sorption increased at acidic pH values. CONCLUSIONS Regarding the influence of aging of artificial soils, the following conclusions were drawn: young artificial soils exhibit stronger sorption at lower concentrations, with a larger Kf value than aged soils. A correlation with organic carbon content was not confirmed. Thus, the sorption characteristics of the soils are more influenced by the aging of the organic carbon than by the organic carbon content itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Waldner
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Georg Haberhauer
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin H. Gerzabek
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Addorisio V, Esposito S, Sannino F. Sorption capacity of mesoporous metal oxides for the removal of MCPA from polluted waters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5011-5016. [PMID: 20329794 DOI: 10.1021/jf9044815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to assess the sorption capacity of the phenoxy acid herbicide, MCPA, on two mesoporous oxides, Al(2)O(3) and Fe(2)O(3,) by using a batch equilibrium method. Effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration and sorbent dosage on the sorption of the herbicide were investigated. The collected data evidenced the greater sorption efficiency of Al(2)O(3) with respect to Fe(2)O(3). These results can be explained by considering the specific mesoporous structure of Al(2)O(3) together with the greater value of surface area. MCPA is assumed to be bound to Al(2)O(3) and Fe(2)O(3) by a combination of ionic and ion-dipole bonding. Both oxides present as sorbents for a fast and highly efficient removal of MCPA from contaminated waters. For the first time the possible use of mesoporous metal oxides to remove MCPA from contaminated wastewaters identifies these sorbents as suitable filters for the decontamination of point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veria Addorisio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Facolta di Scienze Biotecnologiche, Universita di Napoli Federico II Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy
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13
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Water adsorption in activated carbons with different burn-offs and its analysis using a cluster model. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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