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Kuno T, Hirayama-Kurogi M, Ito S, Ohtsuki S. Reduction in hepatic secondary bile acids caused by short-term antibiotic-induced dysbiosis decreases mouse serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1253. [PMID: 29352187 PMCID: PMC5775293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-caused changes in intestinal flora (dysbiosis) can have various effects on the host. Secondary bile acids produced by intestinal bacteria are ligands for specific nuclear receptors, which regulate glucose, lipid, and drug metabolism in the liver. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of changes in secondary bile acids caused by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis on the host physiology, especially glucose, lipid, and drug metabolism. After oral administration of non-absorbable antibiotics for 5 days, decreased amounts of secondary bile acid-producing bacteria in faeces and a reduction in secondary bile acid [lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA)] levels in the liver were observed. Serum glucose and triglyceride levels were also decreased, and these decreases were reversed by LCA and DCA supplementation. Quantitative proteomics demonstrated that the expression levels of proteins involved in glycogen metabolism, cholesterol, bile acid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism (Cyp2b10, Cyp3a25, and Cyp51a1) were altered in the liver in dysbiosis, and these changes were reversed by LCA and DCA supplementation. These results suggested that secondary bile acid-producing bacteria contribute to the homeostasis of glucose and triglyceride levels and drug metabolism in the host, and have potential as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kuno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Mio Hirayama-Kurogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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Nielsen DS, Shepherd NE, Xu W, Lucke AJ, Stoermer MJ, Fairlie DP. Orally Absorbed Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8094-8128. [PMID: 28541045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are not orally bioavailable in mammals, although a few peptides are intestinally absorbed in small amounts. Polypeptides are generally too large and polar to passively diffuse through lipid membranes, while most known active transport mechanisms facilitate cell uptake of only very small peptides. Systematic evaluations of peptides with molecular weights above 500 Da are needed to identify parameters that influence oral bioavailability. Here we describe 125 cyclic peptides containing four to thirty-seven amino acids that are orally absorbed by mammals. Cyclization minimizes degradation in the gut, blood, and tissues by removing cleavable N- and C-termini and by shielding components from metabolic enzymes. Cyclization also folds peptides into bioactive conformations that determine exposure of polar atoms to solvation by water and lipids and therefore can influence oral bioavailability. Key chemical properties thought to influence oral absorption and bioavailability are analyzed, including molecular weight, octanol-water partitioning, hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, rotatable bonds, and polar surface area. The cyclic peptides violated to different degrees all of the limits traditionally considered to be important for oral bioavailability of drug-like small molecules, although fewer hydrogen bond donors and reduced flexibility generally favored oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Nielsen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas E Shepherd
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin J Stoermer
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Bluemel S, Williams B, Knight R, Schnabl B. Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1018-G1036. [PMID: 27686615 PMCID: PMC5206291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host-microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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4
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Kuno T, Hirayama-Kurogi M, Ito S, Ohtsuki S. Effect of Intestinal Flora on Protein Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in the Liver and Kidney of Germ-Free and Antibiotics-Treated Mice. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2691-701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kuno
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety Research Center,
Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Mio Hirayama-Kurogi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan
Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan
Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan
Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Liao W, Rudling M, Möller C, Angelin B. Endogenous histamine reduces plasma insulin-like growth factor I via H1 receptor-mediated pathway in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 374:471-6. [PMID: 10422792 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin has been recently shown to reduce plasma insulin-like growth factor I. As it was reported that histamine can induce gut-derived endotoxemia, we wanted to determine whether histamine has a similar effect on plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Compound 48/80 (a histamine releaser) was injected subcutaneously into rats, then blood was taken for plasma insulin-like growth factor I assay and the livers were assayed for insulin-like growth factor I mRNA. Like endotoxin, injection of compound 48/80 significantly reduced plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Six hours post-injection, plasma insulin-like growth factor I was reduced by 61% (P < 0.001), and 24 h post-injection, it was still lower (by 35% P < 0.001) than in the control group. Hepatic insulin-like growth factor I mRNA was not reduced by this treatment. The effect of compound 48/80 on plasma insulin-like growth factor I was significantly attenuated by oral administration of the histamine H1 receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine), but not by the histamine H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine and ranitidine). Oral administration of polymyxin B (an antiendotoxin antibiotic) did not attenuate the effect of compound 48/80 on plasma insulin-like growth factor I at all. In conclusion, endogenous histamine reduces plasma insulin-like growth factor I via H1 receptor-mediated pathway. Our study suggests a novel role of histamine in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor I metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liao
- Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
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Liao W, Rudling M, Angelin B. Novel effects of histamine on lipoprotein metabolism: suppression of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor expression and reduction of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the rat. Endocrinology 1997; 138:1863-70. [PMID: 9112380 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.5.5115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histamine has been shown to be involved in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Little information is available regarding the effects of histamine on lipoprotein metabolism. In the current study, we investigated the effects of histamine on the expression of hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and on plasma lipoproteins in the rat. Injection of compound 48/80 (C48/80, a histamine releaser) or histamine reduced hepatic LDL receptor expression, but not LDL receptor messenger RNA levels. Oral administration of polymyxin B (an antiendotoxin antibiotic and a histamine releaser) before the injection of C48/80 or histamine did not attenuate their effects. Polymyxin B itself had effects similar to those of C48/80 and histamine on LDL receptors. These results suggest that the effects of histamine are not mediated by the induction of gut-derived endotoxemia. Histamine H2 agonists (dimaprit and impromidine), but not H1 agonists (2-methylhistamine and 2-thiazolylethylamine), also reduced hepatic LDL receptor expression. The suppressive effect of C48/80 on hepatic LDL receptor expression was not attenuated by either the H1 antagonist (chlorpheniramine) or the H2 antagonist (cimetidine). Administration of C48/80 also reduced plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The H1 antagonist (chlorpheniramine), but not the H2 antagonist (cimetidine), almost completely reversed the effect of C48/80 on plasma HDL cholesterol. In conclusion, histamine suppresses hepatic LDL receptor expression via a non-H1 receptor-mediated pathway, and histamine reduces plasma HDL cholesterol via an H1 receptor-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liao
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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