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Handy DE, Loscalzo J. The role of glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:146-161. [PMID: 35691509 PMCID: PMC9586416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) is an important cellular antioxidant enzyme that is found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of mammalian cells. Like most selenoenzymes, it has a single redox-sensitive selenocysteine amino acid that is important for the enzymatic reduction of hydrogen peroxide and soluble lipid hydroperoxides. Glutathione provides the source of reducing equivalents for its function. As an antioxidant enzyme, GPx1 modulates the balance between necessary and harmful levels of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we discuss how selenium availability and modifiers of selenocysteine incorporation alter GPx1 expression to promote disease states. We review the role of GPx1 in cardiovascular and metabolic health, provide examples of how GPx1 modulates stroke and provides neuroprotection, and consider how GPx1 may contribute to cancer risk. Overall, GPx1 is protective against the development and progression of many chronic diseases; however, there are some situations in which increased expression of GPx1 may promote cellular dysfunction and disease owing to its removal of essential reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Handy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Pecoraro BM, Leal DF, Frias-De-Diego A, Browning M, Odle J, Crisci E. The health benefits of selenium in food animals: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:58. [PMID: 35550013 PMCID: PMC9101896 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace mineral important for the maintenance of homeostasis in animals and humans. It evinces a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential antimicrobial capacity. Selenium biological function is primarily achieved by its presence in selenoproteins as a form of selenocysteine. Selenium deficiency may result in an array of health disorders, affecting many organs and systems; to prevent this, dietary supplementation, mainly in the forms of organic (i.e., selenomethionine and selenocysteine) inorganic (i.e., selenate and selenite) sources is used. In pigs as well as other food animals, dietary selenium supplementation has been used for improving growth performance, immune function, and meat quality. A substantial body of knowledge demonstrates that dietary selenium supplementation is positively associated with overall animal health especially due to its immunomodulatory activity and protection from oxidative damage. Selenium also possesses potential antiviral activity and this is achieved by protecting immune cells against oxidative damage and decreasing viral replication. In this review we endeavor to combine established and novel knowledge on the beneficial effects of dietary selenium supplementation, its antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions, and the putative antimicrobial effect thereof. Furthermore, our review demonstrates the gaps in knowledge pertaining to the use of selenium as an antiviral, underscoring the need for further in vivo and in vitro studies, particularly in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Pecoraro
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diego F Leal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Browning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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3
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Białek A, Białek M, Lepionka T, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Czauderna M. Cancer Influences the Elemental Composition of the Myocardium More Strongly than Conjugated Linoleic Acids-Chemometric Approach to Cardio-Oncological Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:7127. [PMID: 34885709 PMCID: PMC8659207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify in a cardio-oncological model experiment if conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) fed to rats with mammary tumors affect the content of selected macro- and microelements in their myocardium. The diet of Sprague-Dawley females was supplemented either with CLA isomers or with safflower oil. In hearts of rats suffering from breast cancer, selected elements were analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). In order to better understand the data trends, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were applied. Mammary tumors influenced macro- and microelements content in the myocardium to a greater extent than applied diet supplementation. Significant influences of diet (p = 0.0192), mammary tumors (p = 0.0200) and interactions of both factors (p = 0.0151) were documented in terms of Fe content. CLA significantly decreased the contents of Cu and Mn (p = 0.0158 and p = 0.0265, respectively). The level of Ni was significantly higher (p = 0.0073), which was more pronounced in groups supplemented with CLA. The obtained results confirmed antioxidant properties of CLA and the relationship with Se deposition. Chemometric techniques distinctly showed that the coexisting pathological process induced differences to the greater extent than diet supplementation in the elemental content in the myocardium, which may impinge on cardiac tissue's susceptibility to injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Białek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (M.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Tomasz Lepionka
- Department of Bioaerosols, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4 St, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Marian Czauderna
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (M.B.); (M.C.)
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4
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Zhou X, Yang H, Guan F, Xue S, Song D, Chen J, Wang Z. T-2 Toxin Alters the Levels of Collagen II and Its Regulatory Enzymes MMPs/TIMP-1 in a Low-Selenium Rat Model of Kashin-Beck Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:237-46. [PMID: 26123163 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to assess T-2 toxin's involvement in low selenium (Se)-induced Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in rats and unveil the mechanisms underlying this disease. Two hundred thirty rats were randomly divided into two groups after weaning and fed normal or low-Se diets (n = 115), respectively, for a month. After low-Se model confirmation, rats in each group were subdivided into five: two subgroups (n = 20) were fed their current diets (normal or low-Se diets, respectively) for 30 and 90 days, respectively; two other subgroups (n = 25) received their current diets + low T-2 toxin (100 ng/g BW/day) for 30 and 90 days, respectively; and 25 rats were fed their current diets + high T-2 toxin (200 ng/g BW/day) for 30 days. Articular cartilage samples were extracted for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to assess protein and mRNA levels, respectively, of collagen II, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), MMP -3, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Low Se and T-2 toxin synergistically affected animal fitness. Interestingly, low Se + T-2 toxin groups showed KBD characteristics. MMP-1, -3, and -13 mRNA and protein levels generally increased in low-Se groups, while collagen II and TIMP-1 levels showed a downward trend, compared with normal diet fed animals for the same treatment (P < 0.05). T-2 toxin's effect was dose but not time dependent. Low Se and T-2 toxin synergistically alter the expression levels of collagen II as well as its regulatory enzymes MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and TIMP-1, inducing cartilage damage. Therefore, T-2 toxin may cause KBD in low-Se conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Haojie Yang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Fang Guan
- The Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Senhai Xue
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710032, China
| | - Daiqin Song
- Institute of Endemic and Chronic Diseases Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, Shandong Province, 255026, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.
| | - Zhilun Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.
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Jelicks LA, de Souza AP, Araújo-Jorge TC, Tanowitz HB. Would selenium supplementation aid in therapy for Chagas disease? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:102-5. [PMID: 21212020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease discovered over 100 years ago, is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is most frequently associated with chronic cardiomyopathy and digestive disorders. Initial invasion of cells is followed by progressive inflammatory destruction of heart, muscles, nerves, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissue. Approximately 30% of patients progress to a chronic cardiomyopathy associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Seven to 10% of patients develop megasyndromes involving the GI tract, in particular, the esophagus and the colon. Results from several studies suggest that selenium (Se) deficiency could be an important factor in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this opinion article, Se supplementation is proposed as an adjuvant therapy for treatment of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Jelicks
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Molin Y, Frisk P, Ilbäck NG. Viral RNA kinetics is associated with changes in trace elements in target organs of Coxsackie virus B3 infection. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:493-9. [PMID: 19233309 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements are pivotal for the host defense, as well as potentially important for viral replication and virulence. Studies of sequential changes in viral replication in target organs of infection are sparse and a possible association with changes in specific trace elements is unknown. In this study Balb/c mice were infected with Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). Results indicated that sequential changes in viral replication (RT-PCR) were related to changes in trace element (arsenic, copper, iron, selenium and zinc) concentrations (as determined by ICP-MS) on days 3, 5 and 7 of the infection in serum, heart, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, spleen, intestine and brain. After an initial viral peak on day 3, viral load drastically decreased in all organs, i.e. by >99% (serum), 97% (lung), 98% (liver), 60% (pancreas), 95% (kidney) and 93% (spleen), except in the heart, intestine and brain in which viral load increased after day 3. Selenium decreased in all organs except the heart while arsenic decreased in all organs except the kidney, spleen and brain. Moreover, selenium was negatively correlated to viral load in serum, liver, pancreas and intestine. To conclude, these findings give evidence that trace elements are directly involved in the replication of CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Molin
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Ilbäck NG, Frisk P, Friman G. Effects of xenobiotics and nutrients on host resistance studied in experimental human infections adapted to rodents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 58:179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Frisk P, Molin Y, Ilbäck NG. Tissue uptake of mercury is changed during the course of a common viral infection in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 106:178-84. [PMID: 17888900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) has been shown to have immunotoxic effects and to influence the severity of infection. However, the impact of infection on the normal Hg homeostasis in different target organs involved in the disease process has not been studied. In this study, Hg was measured through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the intestine, serum, liver, and brain on days 3, 6, and 9 of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection in female Balb/c mice. The severity of the infection was assessed from clinical signs of disease and the number of virus particles in infected organs. CVB3 and gene expression of metallothionein 1 (MT1) was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene expression of MT1 increased and peaked on day 3 in the brain (93%, p<0.01) and liver (19-fold, p<0.01) and on day 6 in the intestine (seven-fold, p<0.01). This peak in MT1 in the liver and brain corresponded to the peak in virus numbers in these tissues. Hg in the intestine and serum tended to decrease on all days of infection. The maximum decrease, in comparison with non-infected mice, occurred in the intestine (78%, p<0.001) on day 9 and in serum (50%, p<0.05) on day 6. However, in the brain, Hg increased by 52% (p<0.05) on day 6. Hg went unchanged in the liver. An infection-induced increase of Hg in the brain but unchanged level in the liver may be due to the peak of virus replication and an associated infection-induced expression of MT1. Moreover, the decrease of Hg in serum and the intestine but a concomitant intestinal increase in MT1 on day 6 may reflect a flux and increased retention of Hg to infected organs such as the brain. The pathophysiological interpretation of these preliminary findings requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frisk
- Research in Metal Biology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Abstract
During recent years there have been several incidents in which symptoms of disease have been linked to consumption of food contaminated by chemical substances (e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD). Furthermore, outbreaks of infections in food-producing animals have attracted major attention regarding the safety of consumers, e.g., Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE) and influenza in chicken. As shown for several xenobiotics in an increasing number of experimental studies, even low-dose xenobiotic exposure may impair immune function over time, as well as microorganism virulence, resulting in more severe infectious diseases and associated complications. Moreover, during ongoing infection, xenobiotic uptake and distribution are often changed resulting in increased toxic insult to the host. The interactions among infectious agents, nutrients, and xenobiotics have thus become a developing concern and new avenue of research in food toxicology as well as in food-borne diseases. From a health perspective, in the risk assessment of xenobiotics in our food and environment, synergistic effects among microorganisms, nutrients, and xenobiotics will have to be considered. Otherwise, such effects may gradually change the disease panorama in society.
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10
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Ilbäck NG, Frisk P, Mohamed N, Gadhasson IL, Blomberg J, Friman G. Virus induces metal-binding proteins and changed trace element balance in the brain during the course of a common human infection (coxsackievirus B3) in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 381:88-98. [PMID: 17467775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Autopsy of the brain has shown a change in trace element balance in some virus-infected individuals, but it is not known whether this event was a result of the infection. In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to study whether infection induces gene expression of the metal-binding/transporting proteins metallothionein (MT1 and MT3) and divalent-metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and whether it changes the balance of trace elements in the brain. Virus and MT1, MT3, and DMT1 were quantitatively measured by RT-PCR on days 3, 6 and 9 of the infection. Trace elements (13) were measured in serum and the brain by ICP-MS. High numbers of virus were found in the brain on days 3 and 6, but virus counts were decreased and present only in 50% of the mice on day 9. Gene expression of MT1 tended to increase on all days, whereas that of MT3 only showed a minor and not significant increase on day 3. No clear effect was observed in the expression of DMT1. The increase of MT3 was correlated to the brain concentration of Cu. The Cu/Zn ratio in serum increased as a response to the infection. There was a similar decrease in Cd in serum and the brain. On day 6 of the infection, Hg increased in the brain (p<0.05) and was positively correlated to a concomitant decrease (p<0.05) in serum. Virus numbers in the brain were on day 6 positively correlated (p<0.05) to As concentrations. Enteroviral infections may therefore be an underlying factor regarding the changes in essential as well as potentially toxic trace elements in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
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11
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Frisk P, Ola Darnerud P, Friman G, Blomberg J, Ilbäck NG. Sequential trace element changes in serum and blood during a common viral infection in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:29-36. [PMID: 17317523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When trace elements are used as diagnostic tools during disease, it is important to know whether the balance is changed in free or bound elements. Although acute infections are associated with changed trace element balance in serum/plasma, it is not known whether changes occur concomitantly in serum and blood. In the present study the human coxsackievirus B3 (CB3), here adapted to Balb/c mice, was used to study whether infection alters the normal physiological trace element balance in blood and serum. Virus was quantitatively measured in two target organs (pancreas and liver) of this infection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), showing high concentrations of virus proving ongoing infection. Concentrations of 14 elements were measured in whole blood and serum using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on days 3, 6 and 9 of the infection. Free and total thyroxine were measured in serum to prove metabolic changes associated with the infection. The thyroxine decreased, while iron and the Cu/Zn ratio in serum increased as a response to the infection. No clear changes in these elements were observed in blood. Cd and Hg tended to decrease in serum but to increase in blood, indicating accumulation in blood cells. Moreover, Al showed a similar decreasing trend in both serum and blood. A correlation between serum and blood levels was observed at different time points of the disease for 9 of the elements. However, As was the only element indicating correlations between serum and blood during the entire course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frisk
- Research in Metal Biology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Benyamin G, Lindh U, Frisk P, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Arsenic is decreased in target organs during viral infection in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006; 20:121-6. [PMID: 16785052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a potentially toxic trace element, has been shown to influence viral replication and resistance to microbial infection. However, the impact of infection on the normal As status in target organs involved in the disease process has not been studied to date. In the present study, As was measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, pancreas and brain at days 1 and 3 of coxsackievirus B3 infection in female Balb/c mice. The severity of the infection was assessed from clinical signs of disease. The infection changed plasma As in a biphasic pattern with a small increase (n.s.) at day 1 that turned into a decreasing trend (13%, p<0.05) by day 3. In the liver, spleen, heart, pancreas and kidney As was unchanged at day 1 but, at day 3, it had decreased by 71% (p<0.01), 64% (p<0.01), 55% (p<0.01), 63% (p<0.01) and 73% (p<0.01), respectively. In the brain, As went unchanged. The pathophysiological interpretation of these findings requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Benyamin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Moosmann B, Behl C. Selenoproteins, Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs, and the Consequences Revisiting of the Mevalonate Pathway. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2004; 14:273-81. [PMID: 15542379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators (fibrates) are the backbone of pharmacologic hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia treatment. Many of their clinical effects, however, are still enigmatic. This article describes how a side road of the mevalonate pathway, characterized in recent years, can rationalize a major fraction of these unexplained observations. This side road is the enzymatic isopentenylation of selenocysteine-tRNA([Ser]Sec) (Sec-tRNA), the singular tRNA to decode the unusual amino acid selenocysteine. The functionally indispensable isopentenylation of Sec-tRNA requires a unique intermediate from the mevalonate pathway, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which concomitantly constitutes the central building block for cholesterol biosynthesis, and whose formation is suppressed by statins and fibrates. The resultant inhibition of Sec-tRNA isopentenylation profoundly decreases selenoprotein expression. This effect might seamlessly explain the immunosuppressive, redox, endothelial, sympatholytic, and thyroidal effects of statins and fibrates as well as their common side effects and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Moosmann
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical School, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Kytö V, Lapatto R, Lakkisto P, Saraste A, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Vuorinen T, Pulkki K. Glutathione depletion and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in viral myocarditis. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:167-75. [PMID: 15025674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of viral myocarditis is highly variable. Oxidative stress and Bcl-2 family genes may play a role in its pathogenesis by regulating the amount of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Apoptosis is difficult to detect and quantify in vivo. Therefore, we set to look for indicators of this potentially preventable form of cell death during various phases of experimental murine coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with the cardiotropic coxsackievirus B3 variant. Glutathione (HPLC), cardiomyocyte apoptosis (TUNEL and caspase-3 cleavage), Bax and Bcl-X(L) mRNA expression (real time RT-PCR), histopathology and viral replication (plaque assay and real time RT-PCR) were measured from day 3 to day 20 after infection. RESULTS Infection caused severe myocarditis and led to progressive decrease of plasma glutathione levels. Myocardial mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-X(L) were significantly increased from day 3 onwards. Bax mRNA and ratio of Bax to Bcl-X(L) correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis (r = 0.77, P = < 0.001 and r 0.51, P < 0.01, respectively). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was highest on day 5, coinciding with a rapid decline in plasma glutathione (r = -0.52, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Systemic oxidative stress as indicated by decreased plasma glutathione levels coincides with cardiomyocyte apoptosis in experimental coxsackievirus myocarditis. Decreased plasma glutathione levels and changes in cardiac Bax and Bcl-X(L) mRNA expression identify a phase of myocarditis in which the potentially preventable cardiomyocyte apoptosis is mostly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kytö
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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15
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Effect of Astragalus Injection on levels of blood selenium and immunity function in children with viral myocarditis. Chin J Integr Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02836555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The trigger for some cases of juvenile diabetes has been suggested to be an interaction between a virus and various trace elements. Infection with human coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) in the murine model results in viral replication and inflammation in the pancreas. AIM To determine how infection affects the trace element balance in the pancreas. METHODOLOGY Concentrations of the following trace elements were measured in the serum and pancreas during the early phase (days 1 and 3) of CB3 infection in female Balb/c mice: aluminium, arsenic, cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), selenium, silver, vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). The trace element concentrations were measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The histopathology was established by hematoxylin-eosin techniques and immunohistochemical staining of both CD4 and CD8 cells of the pancreas. RESULTS Infected mice developed expected clinical signs of disease. The only changes at day 1 occurred in the serum, with a pronounced decrease in the Zn concentration and a small increase in the V concentration. At day 3, concentrations of several trace elements, including Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, V, and Mn, showed pronounced changes in both the serum and the pancreas. Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and V, but none of the potentially toxic elements, accumulated in the pancreas. Cu and V concentrations increased in the serum as well. CONCLUSION Several trace element changes, preceding the development of pancreatitis, occurred in the pancreas in this viral infection, the exact pathogenic interpretation of which warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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17
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Funseth E, Wesslén L, Lindh U, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on trace elements, inflammation and viral clearance in the myocardium during coxsackievirus B3 infection in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 284:135-147. [PMID: 11846158 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A myocarditic coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection in adult male A/J mice was used to investigate the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) exposure on mortality and on inflammatory lesion, virus and trace element contents of the heart. The mice were injected with four weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of TCDD (a loading dose of 5 microg/kg followed by three maintenance doses of 1.4 microg/kg). To reach a steady-state body burden of TCDD the mice were allowed a 90-day recovery period before infection with CB3 virus. TCDD increased the infection-induced mortality rate, whereas in TCDD-exposed mice, heart lesions at day 7 after the virus inoculation (median value 0.67% of the tissue section area; interquartile range 0.28; not statistically significant) were one-third of that in non-exposed infected mice (2.07% of the tissue section area; interquartile range 3.06). The size of the inflammatory heart lesion correlated to the amount of virus (r(s) = 0.829, P < 0.01) as well as to the calcium (Ca: r(s) = 0.725, P < 0.01) and the magnesium (Mg: r(s) = -0.615, P < 0.05) contents. In TCDD-exposed mice in situ hybridisation of viral RNA in the myocardium at day 7 showed a tendency to decreased amounts of virus, as well as a less pronounced increase in myocardial Ca content, both supporting a milder myocardial disease after TCDD exposure. No effect of TCDD exposure was seen on the zinc (Zn) or selenium (Se) levels in the myocardium. In conclusion, although TCDD seemed to have a limiting effect on viral replication and the development of the inflammatory lesion in the myocardium, mortality was increased by TCDD in this infection model. However, TCDD had no significant effects on the selected trace elements that could be of importance for the severity of the inflammatory lesion (Ca, Se), for the local host response activation (Zn) or for the development of myocardial disease complications (Mg). Accordingly, the increased mortality may be a result of an infection-induced increase in TCDD toxicity to vital organs other than the heart, and/or a TCDD-induced change in the tissue affinity and virulence of the virus, possibly causing involvement of other target organs in the infectious process and changed pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Funseth
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
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Cermelli C, Vinceti M, Scaltriti E, Bazzani E, Beretti F, Vivoli G, Portolani M. Selenite inhibition of Coxsackie virus B5 replication: implications on the etiology of Keshan disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2002; 16:41-6. [PMID: 11878751 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(02)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Keshan disease is a cardiomyopathy of unknown origin reported in some areas of China. Because of epidemiologic features, this disease was ascribed to an infectious agent, likely a Coxsackie virus, but it has also been thought to depend on selenium deficiency, mainly because selenite is effective in its prophylaxis. We examined the hypothesis that pharmacological activity of selenite on Coxsackie virus growth was associated with prevention of Keshan disease. We studied the antiviral effects of three selenium compounds on Coxsackie virus B5 replication: five microM selenite reduced viral replication, whilst 10 microM selenate and selenomethionine did not exhibit any antiviral activity. The inhibitory activity of selenite on viral replication was due to its toxicity following its interaction with thiols, as that activity could be blocked by dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl-protecting agent known to reverse several toxic effect of selenite. Zinc, another inhibitor of selenite toxicity, also counteracted the antiviral effect of selenite. The selenium compounds showed only limited activity against herpes simplex 1 virus and IHD strain of vaccinia virus. A direct inhibitory effect of selenite on Coxsackie virus replication might explain the efficacy demonstrated by this compound in the prophylaxis of Keshan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cermelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Igienistiche, Microbiologiche e Biostatistiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italia.
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19
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Abstract
The amount of published information on dietary supplements mushroomed in the 1990s. In fewer than 5 years, publications increased at least 100-fold in the medical literature alone. Dietary supplements are an uncharted territory that warrants complete and accurate exploration. One should not be surprised that disease and illness may respond to dietary supplements. Nutrition is the foundation to good health, and dietary supplements may prove to be some of the most powerful medicines ever discovered. An especially exciting discovery is that dietary supplements may enhance the effects of specific drugs. This discovery may lead to more effective and safer protocols for the treatment of cancer, heart and lung disease, and a host of chronic medical conditions. Information about dietary supplements is becoming more common in the popular medical literature and is creating increased curiosity and an increased awareness. The explosion of the dietary supplement market is compelling physicians to become aware of dietary supplements. Whether or not they are used in clinical practice is a decision for the individual physician. Given the increasing number of patients who are using dietary supplements, however, it is imperative that physicians have a good understanding of this topic. Considering the increasing complexity and magnitude of this topic, physician specialization may be essential. There are many good reference books, review articles, and internet sites on specific supplements that probably should be part of every physician's reference library. The accompanying box provides a brief list of such sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Massey
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine Referral Service, Alexian Brothers Medical Center, ALT-MED Medical and Physical Therapy Programs, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, USA.
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Friman G, Wesslén L. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: infections and exercise in high-performance athletes. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:510-22. [PMID: 11050534 PMCID: PMC7165523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-12-.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2000] [Accepted: 06/28/2000] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The elite athlete has a potentially increased sensitivity to respiratory infections, rendering protective measures particularly important. Some other infections that may appear in clusters in the sports setting, such as gastroenteritis, leptospirosis, herpes simplex and viral hepatitis, also require special precautionary attention. Strenuous exercise during ongoing infection and fever may be hazardous and should always be avoided. In addition, early symptoms of infection warrant caution until the nature and severity of the infection become apparent. Because myocarditis may or may not be accompanied by fever, malaise or catarrhal symptoms, athletes should be informed about the symptoms suggestive of this disease. Although sudden unexpected death resulting from myocarditis is rare, exercise should be avoided whenever myocarditis is suspected. Guidelines are suggested for the management and counselling of athletes suffering from infections, including recommendations on when to resume training. Acute febrile infections are associated with decreased performance resulting from muscle wasting, circulatory deregulation and impaired motor coordination, which require variable amounts of time to become normalized once the infection is over.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Friman
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Ilbäck NG, Källman S. The lichen rock tripe (Lasallia pustulata) as survival food: effects on growth, metabolism and immune function in Balb/c mice. NATURAL TOXINS 1999; 7:321-9. [PMID: 11122524 DOI: 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<321::aid-nt90>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate whether the lichen rock tripe (Lasallia pustulata) can be used as food during survival situations. The effects of 30% lichen supplementation given to female Balb/c mice were studied on growth rate, metabolism and immune functions. After 3 weeks on this diet, it was found that the lichen supplementation did not affect the growth rate or the well-being of the animals. The growth rate tended to be higher in the lichen group when compared to control mice. Food consumption was similar in both groups, but with a trend towards slightly higher intake (12%) in the lichen group. The heart, liver, kidney and lymphoid organ (spleen and thymus) weights were not affected by the lichen. Histological hematoxylin eosin staining showed that all these organs were normal. Plasma glucose levels were unchanged, but plasma urea levels decreased by 24% (p < 0.05) with the lichen diet. Red and white blood cells and the number of lymphoid cells in the thymus and spleen were normal. The activity of thymocytes and spleen T-lymphocytes were not affected by the lichen diet, but spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK cells) tended (n.s.) to increase and spleen B-lymphocyte activity increased by 40% (p < 0.05). This study shows that the lichen rock tripe has immune stimulating effects important for host defence reactions and can be used as food in survival situations without any adverse effects on the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Ilbäck
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden
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