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Sárik JR, Hetényi A, Berkecz R, Szatmári I, Lőrinczi B. Ortho-quinone methide driven synthesis of kynurenic acid lactams. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22123-22131. [PMID: 39005244 PMCID: PMC11240218 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04341c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactam formation of different KYNA amides and Mannich bases mediated by ortho-quinone methide has been investigated. The efficiency of the two routes of the cyclization process was revealed and the influence of diverse amide side chains was explored. In this regard compounds bearing a tertiary amine function in the amide side chain resulted in the formation of the lactam product, while the formation of dimer derivatives was observed in the case of other KYNA amides. Furthermore, derivatives bearing different substituents on the KYNA B ring were synthesized and their effects on the ring-closure reaction were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Robin Sárik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Anasztázia Hetényi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Somogyi u. 4 Hungary
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre H-6724 Szeged Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40 Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
- HUN-REN SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged Eötvös u. 6 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
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Synthesis of Indole-Coupled KYNA Derivatives via C–N Bond Cleavage of Mannich Bases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137152. [PMID: 35806158 PMCID: PMC9266300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KYNAs, a compound with endogenous neuroprotective functions and an indole that is a building block of many biologically active compounds, such as a variety of neurotransmitters, are reacted in a transformation building upon Mannich bases. The reaction yields triarylmethane derivatives containing two biologically potent skeletons, and it may contribute to the synthesis of new, specialised neuroprotective compounds. The synthesis has been investigated via two procedures and the results were compared to those of previous studies. A possible alternative reaction route through acid catalysis has been established.
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Lőrinczi B, Szatmári I. KYNA Derivatives with Modified Skeleton; Hydroxyquinolines with Potential Neuroprotective Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11935. [PMID: 34769362 PMCID: PMC8584415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous neuroprotective agent of increasing importance. Several derivatives have already been synthesized, bearing an abundance of functional groups attached to the main skeleton in different positions. Several of these compounds have already been tested in biological evaluations, with several of them targeting the same receptors and biological effects as KYNA. However, these modified compounds build upon the unmodified KYNA skeleton leaving a possible route for the synthesis of new, potentially neuroprotective derivatives with heteroatom-containing ring systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the syntheses of KYNA derivatives with altered skeletons and to pinpoint an appealing transformation for future medicinal lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Lőrinczi B, Csámpai A, Fülöp F, Szatmári I. Synthetic- and DFT modelling studies on regioselective modified Mannich reactions of hydroxy-KYNA derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 11:543-554. [PMID: 35423050 PMCID: PMC8691111 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of hydroxy-substituted kynurenic acid (KYNA) derivatives have been achieved by an optimised Conrad–Limpach procedure. The derivatives were then reacted with morpholine and paraformaldehyde, as a representative amine and aldehyde, in a modified Mannich reaction. The newly introduced substituents altered the preferred reaction centre of the KYNA skeleton. A systematic investigation of substitutions was carried out, using different reaction conditions, resulting in mono- or disubstituted derivatives. Product selectivity and regioselectivity were rationalised by DFT calculations disclosing HOMO distribution and NBO charges on the potential nucleophilic centres in the anion of the appropriate KYNA ester assumed to be active components towards the iminium ion intermediate. New side of KYNA in modified Mannich reaction – systematic investigation of the reactivity of hydroxylated derivatives rationalised with comparative DFT calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) Pázmány P. sétány 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
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Synthesis of New C-3 Substituted Kynurenic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040937. [PMID: 32093108 PMCID: PMC7071119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of kynurenic acid (KYNA) as an electron-rich aromatic system in the modified Mannich reaction has been examined. The extension possibility of the reaction was tested by using amines occurring in a number of bioactive products, such as morpholine, piperidine, or N-methylpiperazine and aldehydes of markedly different reactivities, like formaldehyde and benzaldehyde. The influence of substituents attached to position 3 on the aminoalkylation was also investigated. Thus, reactions of 3-carbamoyl-substituted precursors with tertiary amine containing side-chains were also tested to afford new KYNA derivatives with two potential cationic centers. By means of NMR spectroscopic measurements, supported by DFT calculations, the dominant tautomer form of KYNA derivatives was also determined.
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Tanaka M, Bohár Z, Vécsei L. Are Kynurenines Accomplices or Principal Villains in Dementia? Maintenance of Kynurenine Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030564. [PMID: 32012948 PMCID: PMC7036975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, 50 million people suffer from dementia, a group of symptoms affecting cognitive and social functions, progressing severely enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for most of the dementia cases. Pathological and clinical findings have led to proposing several hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, finding a presence of positive feedback loops and additionally observing the disturbance of a branch of tryptophan metabolism, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Either causative or resultant of dementia, elevated levels of neurotoxic KYN metabolites are observed, potentially upregulating multiple feedback loops of AD pathogenesis. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, which belongs to one of only two classes of medications approved for clinical use, but other NMDAR modulators have been explored so far in vain. An endogenous KYN pathway metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), likewise inhibits the excitotoxic NMDAR. Besides its anti-excitotoxicity, KYNA is a multitarget compound that triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Modifying the KYNA level is a potential multitarget strategy to normalize the disturbed KYN pathway and thus to alleviate juxtaposing AD pathogeneses. In this review, the maintenance of KYN metabolism by modifying the level of KYNA is proposed and discussed in search for a novel lead compound against the progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
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Velavan A, Sumathi S, Balasubramanian KK. Unsymmetrical tetrasubstituted ureas from tertiary carbamoylimidazole: activation by AlMe3. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6420-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang DX, Williamson JM, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R, Bertram EH. In Situ-Produced 7-Chlorokynurenate Has Different Effects on Evoked Responses in Rats with Limbic Epilepsy in Comparison to Naive Controls. Epilepsia 2005; 46:1708-15. [PMID: 16302850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uncontrolled epilepsy remains a significant health concern and requires new approaches to therapy. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade has been considered, but the adverse cognitive and behavioral effects of conventional NMDA-receptor antagonists have prevented the development of clinically useful compounds. An alternative approach may be the blockade of the glycine coagonist ("glycine(B)") site of the NMDA receptor. METHODS As a first step in the exploration of this approach, we examined the effect of 4-chloro-kynurenine (4-Cl-KYN), which is converted by astrocytes to the potent NMDA glycine-site antagonist 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), on the in vivo epileptiform evoked potentials in the CA1 region of rats with chronic limbic epilepsy (CLE). 4-Cl-KYN (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to naive and epileptic rats. Evoked potentials were induced in area CA1 of the hippocampus by electrical stimulation of the midline region of the thalamus. Simultaneous microdialysis was performed in the contralateral hippocampus to determine the extracellular levels of 7-Cl-KYNA over the course of the experiment. RESULTS Administration of 4-Cl-KYN caused a significant reduction in the amplitude of the population spike and in the number of population spikes in epileptic animals (p < 0.01) but had no effect on the evoked response in naive rats. In contrast, 4-Cl-KYN significantly altered the paired response in naive animals (p < 0.01), but had no significant effect on this parameter in epileptic animals. The levels of 7-Cl-KYNA measured achieved known pharmacologically effective concentrations and paralleled the observed physiological effects. CONCLUSIONS The use of glial cells for the neosynthesis and local delivery of neuroactive compounds may be a viable strategy for the treatment of limbic epilepsy. These results also underscore the unique pharmacology of neurons in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0394, USA.
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Abstract
A chlorodiazirine derivative of pentamidine was synthesized and tested for anti-trypanosomal activity using EATRO stock 164 trypanosomes in cell culture. Anti-trypanosomal activity was measured as a decrease in [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation by the organisms. The derivative, 3,3'-[1,5-pentanediylbis(oxy-4,1-phenylene)]bis(3-chloro-3H-diazir ine), at a treatment level of 0.1 microM inhibited isotope incorporation by 40-50% compared to nontreated controls. At this concentration, pentamidine inhibited incorporation only 10-15%. The derivative is a nonionic molecule with much different solubility properties than the parent compound and should readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Alabama, Florence 35632, USA
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