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Deng Z, Jang KB, Jalukar S, Du X, Kim SW. Efficacy of Feed Additive Containing Bentonite and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:433. [PMID: 37505702 PMCID: PMC10467124 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary exposure to fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of four possible treatments: a control diet of conventional corn; a diet of corn contaminated with fumonisin and aflatoxin; a diet of mycotoxin-contaminated corn with 0.2% of feed additive; and a diet of mycotoxin contaminated corn with 0.4% of feed additive. We observed lower average weight gain and average daily feed intake in pigs that were fed only mycotoxin-contaminated corn compared to the control group. Feed additive supplementation linearly increased both average weight gain and feed intake, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the jejunum, there was an observed decrease in immunoglobulin A and an increase in claudin-1. Additionally, feed additive supplementation increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control. In conclusion, feed additives containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on the growth performance of newly weaned pigs by improving intestinal integrity and positively modulating immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Deng
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (Z.D.); (K.B.J.)
| | - Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (Z.D.); (K.B.J.)
| | - Sangita Jalukar
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Ewing, NJ 02628, USA;
| | - Xiangwei Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (Z.D.); (K.B.J.)
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Ren Q, Wang X, Gao Q, Wang G, Chen X, Liu C, Gao S, Li Y. Glycerol Monolaurate to Ameliorate Efficacy of Inactivated Pseudorabies Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:891157. [PMID: 36187807 PMCID: PMC9521419 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.891157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on the growth performance and immune enhancement of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-inactivated vaccine in the early-weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty-five 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, no vaccine and no challenge), challenge control group (C-CON), inactivated PRV vaccine group (IPV), IPV + 500 mg/kg GML group (L-GML), and IPV + 1,000 mg/kg GML group (H-GML) during the entire 28-day experimental period. All the data analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons. Our results showed that the final weight, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of H-GML were the highest in each group, and F/G of H-GML was increased but there was no significant difference with CON (p > 0.05). Levels of PRV glycoprotein B (gB) antibody and immunoglobulin in serum of L-GML and H-GML were higher than those of IPV, but only gB antibody levels and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in H-GML were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared with IPV, the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum of L-GML (TNF-α and IL-1β: p > 0.05, IL-6: p < 0.05, respectively) and H-GML (p < 0.01, both) were all decreased, and the content of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in H-GML was increased (p > 0.05). Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments proved that L-GML and H-GML were both superior to IPV in inhibiting the expression of TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p > 0.05), and IL-1β (p < 0.01) mRNAs and promoting the expression of IL-10 mRNA (L-GML: p > 0.05, H-GML: p < 0.05, respectively) in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Histopathological examination found mild congestion in the lung and inguinal lymph nodes of IPV, while the tissues (brain, lung, and inguinal lymph nodes) of L-GML and H-GML were the same as CON with no obvious lesions. The above results indicate that GML may improve the growth performance of weaned piglets and enhance the immunity of PRV-inactivated vaccine by increasing the levels of PRV gB antibody and immunoglobulin and regulating cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Ren
- College of Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gaiqin Wang
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Taicang, China
| | | | - Chunxue Liu
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Taicang, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yubao Li
- College of Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- *Correspondence: Yubao Li
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Raskova Kafkova L, Brokesova D, Krupka M, Stehlikova Z, Dvorak J, Coufal S, Fajstova A, Srutkova D, Stepanova K, Hermanova P, Stepankova R, Uberall I, Skarda J, Novak Z, Vannucci L, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Jiraskova Zakostelska Z, Sinkora M, Mestecky J, Raska M. Secretory IgA N-glycans contribute to the protection against E. coli O55 infection of germ-free piglets. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:511-522. [PMID: 32973324 PMCID: PMC7946640 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are colonized by highly diverse commensal microbiota. Coating with secretory IgA (SIgA) promotes the survival of commensal bacteria while it inhibits the invasion by pathogens. Bacterial coating could be mediated by antigen-specific SIgA recognition, polyreactivity, and/or by the SIgA-associated glycans. In contrast to many in vitro studies, only a few reported the effect of SIgA glycans in vivo. Here, we used a germ-free antibody-free newborn piglets model to compare the protective effect of SIgA, SIgA with enzymatically removed N-glycans, Fab, and Fc containing the secretory component (Fc-SC) during oral necrotoxigenic E. coli O55 challenge. SIgA, Fab, and Fc-SC were protective, whereas removal of N-glycans from SIgA reduced SIgA-mediated protection as demonstrated by piglets' intestinal histology, clinical status, and survival. In vitro analyses indicated that deglycosylation of SIgA did not reduce agglutination of E. coli O55. These findings highlight the role of SIgA-associated N-glycans in protection. Further structural studies of SIgA-associated glycans would lead to the identification of those involved in the species-specific inhibition of attachment to corresponding epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Raskova Kafkova
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Brokesova
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Krupka
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Stehlikova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Coufal
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Fajstova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Stepankova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Uberall
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Skarda
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Novak
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Jiraskova Zakostelska
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sinkora
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Milan Raska
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Splichalova A, Splichal I, Chmelarova P, Trebichavsky I. Alarmin HMGB1 is released in the small intestine of gnotobiotic piglets infected with enteric pathogens and its level in plasma reflects severity of sepsis. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:488-97. [PMID: 21225449 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is essential for correct DNA folding and transcription. It can be released from damaged cells or secreted by stimulated cells. HMGB1 has been detected in serum or plasma as a late marker of sepsis, but its suitability as a marker of sepsis has been disputed. METHODS One-week-old germ-free piglets were orally infected/colonized with enteric bacterial pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium or Escherichia coli O55) or with probiotic bacteria (E. coli Nissle 1917) for 24 h. The transcriptions of HMGB1, interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 (quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction), their protein levels (ELISA), and clinical state of the piglets (somnolence, anorexia, diarrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, and tremor) were estimated. RESULTS The piglets infected with enteric pathogens suffered from infections. HMGB1 was transcribed in the terminal ileum constitutively, regardless of any bacterial presence. In contrast, the transcription of cytokines was upregulated by virulent bacteria. HMGB1, IL-8, and TNF-α levels in the ileum were increased by both enteric pathogens, while IL-10 levels increased in E. coli O55-infected piglets only. HMGB1 significantly increased in the plasma of piglets infected with virulent E. coli only, but cytokine levels were in most cases increased by both virulent bacteria. HMGB1 and cytokine levels in ileum lavages and plasma of piglets colonized with probiotic E. coli remained comparable to those of the non-stimulated germ-free piglets. CONCLUSION The local and systemic expression of HMGB1, its relationship to the inflammatory cytokines, and clinical findings showed HMGB1 as a suitable marker of severity of sepsis in the gnotobiotic piglet infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Doly 183, 549 22, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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Mestecky J, Russell MW. Specific antibody activity, glycan heterogeneity and polyreactivity contribute to the protective activity of S-IgA at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Lett 2009; 124:57-62. [PMID: 19524784 PMCID: PMC2697127 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An explanation of the principles and mechanisms involved in peaceful co-existence between animals and the huge, diverse, and ever-changing microbiota that resides on their mucosal surfaces represents a challenging puzzle that is fundamental in everyday survival. In addition to mechanical barriers and a variety of innate defense factors, mucosal immunoglobulins (Igs) provide protection by two complementary mechanisms: specific antibody activity and innate, Ig glycan-mediated binding, both of which serve to contain the mucosal microbiota in its physiological niche. Thus, the interaction of bacterial ligands with IgA glycans constitutes a discrete mechanism that is independent of antibody specificity and operates primarily in the intestinal tract. This mucosal site is by far the most heavily colonized with an enormously diverse bacterial population, as well as the most abundant production site for antibodies, predominantly of the IgA isotype, in the entire immune system. In embodying both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms within a single molecule, S-IgA maintains comprehensive protection of mucosal surfaces with economy of structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35295-2170, USA.
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Olsson E, Smyth CJ, Söderlind O, Svennerholm AM, Möllby R. Development of intestinal antibodies against Escherichia coli antigens in piglets with experimental neonatal E. coli diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol 1986; 12:119-33. [PMID: 3529605 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(86)90074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal immune responses to Escherichia coli antigens were studied in conventionally reared piglets orally infected on the first day of life with a virulent enterotoxigenic E. coli (O149: K88). During the first week of life intestinal antibodies were produced against the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as against the K88 antigen and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). On Day 7, anti-LPS antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in most piglets, whereas anti-K88 antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes predominated; antibodies against the enterotoxin were usually of the IgG class. In 21-day-old piglets antibodies of all immunoglobulin classes had usually been produced. In most cases, the levels of intestinal antibodies were substantially higher on Day 21 compared to Day 7, but the levels varied considerably both between and within litters. The intestinal immune responses did not correlate with the severity of clinical symptoms. One-, 7- and 21-day-old piglets reared in a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herd lacked significant intestinal antibodies to the antigens examined. The oral challenge did not stimulate systemic immune responses. After colostral intake, all piglets had high antibody levels in the circulation. These levels decreased continuously during the 3-week study period. The possibility that high amounts of antibodies in colostrum could interfere with this early intestinal antibody formation should be considered when planning vaccination programmes against E. coli diarrhoea in piglets.
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Talafantová M, Mandel L. Protective activity of Streptococcus faecalis against pathogenic action of Escherichia coli O55 in gnotobiotic pigs. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985; 30:329-33. [PMID: 3924801 DOI: 10.1007/bf02923528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroral administration of Streptococcus faecalis suppresses the lethal effect of simultaneous or subsequent infection with pathogenic Escherichia coli O55 in gnotobiotic colostrum-free piglets. The presence of S. faecalis in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes in artificially diassociated colostrum-free piglets influences neither multiplication of E. coli in the intestine nor its penetration into the organism.
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Ruban SZ, Chakhava OV, Shustrova NM. Immunoglobulins A and G in intestinal secretion of conventional and germfree rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00837003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Cerná J, Mandel L. Peroral immunization of germfree piglets: appearance of antibody-forming cells and antibodies of different isotypes. Scand J Immunol 1981; 13:467-72. [PMID: 7198287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1981.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Precolostral germfree piglets were perorally immunized with sheep erythrocytes daily, beginning on the 5th day of life. At different intervals the numbers of IgM, IgG and IgA antibody-forming cells were estimated in the spleens, lymph nodes and intestinal mucosa by the haemolytic plaque method. In the beginning of the response IgM antibody-forming cells were detected in intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes. IgA plaque-forming cells appeared later and were predominant during the whole period in all organs tested. In all lymphatic organs tested the appearance of IgG antibody-producing cells followed that of IgA plaque-forming cells. The development of immunoglobulins and antibody of different isotypes in intestinal contents and sera was compared with the cellular kinetics found in these young animals after local stimulation.
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Porter P. Structural and functional characteristics of immunoglobulins of the common domestic species. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1979; 23:1-21. [PMID: 399159 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039223-0.50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Michalek SM, McGhee JR. Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to Streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infect Immun 1977; 17:644-50. [PMID: 903178 PMCID: PMC421176 DOI: 10.1128/iai.17.3.644-650.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat dams, given intravenous injections of heat-killed Streptococcus mutans 6715, mutant C211 demonstrated significant agglutinin activity to the homologous S. mutans in colostrum, milk, and serum. This antibody activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. High titers of anti-S. mutans antibody associated with the IgG class were also exhibited in the sera and saliva of the offspring that suckled these dams. After challenge with the homologous, live S. mutans, these offspring developed significantly fewer caries on all molar surfaces than did nonimmunized infected controls. A secretory immune response (manifested by the presence of specific IgA antibody to S. mutans in colostrum and milk) was elicited (i) in rat dams locally injected, in the region of the mammary gland, with heat-killed S. mutans antigen, and (ii) in other rat dams that were provided formalin-killed S. mutans in their drinking water. Offspring suckling these dams were challenged with virulent S. mutans before weaning and developed significantly fewer caries than did their infected controls. These findings clearly suggest that passively derived IgG or IgA antibodies to S. mutans are protective against dental caries.
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