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Jegal KH, Park HR, Choi BR, Kim JK, Ku SK. Synergistic Protective Effect of Fermented Schizandrae Fructus Pomace and Hoveniae Semen cum Fructus Extracts Mixture in the Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1602. [PMID: 37627597 PMCID: PMC10451898 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizandrae Fructus (SF), fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and Hoveniae Semen cum Fructus (HSCF), the dried peduncle of Hovenia dulcis Thunb., have long been used for alcohol detoxification in the traditional medicine of Korea and China. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic hepatoprotective effect of a combination mixture (MSH) comprising fermented SF pomace (fSFP) and HSCF hot water extracts at a 1:1 (w:w) ratio against ethanol-induced liver toxicity. Subacute ethanol-mediated hepatotoxicity was induced by the oral administration of ethanol (5 g/kg) in C57BL/6J mice once daily for 14 consecutive days. One hour after each ethanol administration, MSH (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was also orally administered daily. MSH administration significantly reduced the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Histological observation indicated that MSH administration synergistically and significantly decreased the fatty changed region of hepatic parenchyma and the formation of lipid droplet in hepatocytes. Moreover, MSH significantly attenuated the hepatic triglyceride accumulation through reducing lipogenesis genes expression and increasing fatty acid oxidation genes expression. In addition, MSH significantly inhibited protein nitrosylation and lipid peroxidation by lowering cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme activity and restoring the glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in liver. Furthermore, MSH synergistically decreased the mRNA level of tumor necrosis factor-α in the hepatic tissue. These findings indicate that MSH has potential for preventing alcoholic liver disease through inhibiting hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Jegal
- Department of Korean Medical Classics, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea;
- Nutracore Co., Ltd., Suwon 16514, Republic of Korea;
| | - Beom-Rak Choi
- Nutracore Co., Ltd., Suwon 16514, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea;
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Yan X, Liu X, Wang Y, Ren X, Ma J, Song R, Wang X, Dong Y, Fan Q, Wei J, Yu A, Sui H, She G. Multi-omics integration reveals the hepatoprotective mechanisms of ursolic acid intake against chronic alcohol consumption. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:115-126. [PMID: 34215920 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major health issue globally. In addition to pharmacotherapy, dietary support is also regarded as reliable strategy for ALD management. As a widely distributed natural constituent within edible plants, the present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ursolic acid (UA) against ALD and also to deepen insights into the underlying targets and mechanisms comprehensively. METHODS The hepatoprotective activity of UA against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury was investigated on Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet-based mouse model. In-depth RNA-seq transcriptomics and TMT-based proteomics analyses were conducted in parallel. Data integration as well as bioinformatics analysis were also performed to unravel the targets and mechanisms associated with the hepatoprotective activity of UA intake against alcoholic liver injury comprehensively. RESULTS The serum biomarkers and pathological characteristics indicated the hepatoprotective effects of UA intake on alcoholic liver injury. 567 target genes and 377 target proteins related to the hepatoprotective activity of UA were identified in transcriptomics and proteomics analysis respectively, most of which were associated with function of cellular process, cell part and binding. After data integration, 56 co-regulated targets, including ADH4, CYP450 enzymes, NQO1, apolipoproteins, glutathione-S-transferase, etc. which were consistently modulated on both mRNA and protein levels were identified. These co-regulated targets were found to be correlated with 70 KEGG pathways led by carcinogenesis, retinol metabolism and CYP450 metabolism pathways. CONCLUSION UA intake ameliorated chronic alcohol-induced liver injury. Given the role of the co-regulated targets in ALD and the bioinformatics analysis results, CYP450-, glutathione and redox homeostasis-dependent antioxidation, promotion of lipid transport, and restoration of ethanol metabolic capacity are the potentially underlying mechanisms. This information will further deepen our insights into the hepatoprotective effects of UA-rich edible plants, and provide us valuable instruction for ALD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiamu Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiuhuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Zahir M, Shariatzadeh S, Khosravi A, Alshaikh FA, Moradi P, Ghaderi M, Farsinejad P, Louyeh PA, Ilkhani S, Nakhaei P, Taheri A, Fagheh AF, Akhavan-Sigari R. High risk of drug toxicity in social isolation stress due to liver dysfunction: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2317. [PMID: 34333854 PMCID: PMC8413800 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that social isolation stress (SIS) could associate with several systemic diseases; however, the role of SIS on liver dysfunction has yet to be established. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SIS on liver function and possible drug toxicity through liver inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODS Male Naval Medical Research Institute mice in two groups of SIS and control were treated with typical anti-depressant and anxiolytic agents including fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, desipramine, and imipramine in both groups. Then blood concentrations (or their active metabolites) of these drugs were assessed. Liver function test, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin), oxidative activity, inflammatory cytokines, and the gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes were assessed. RESULTS We observed that the liver enzymes including AST and ALT was slightly higher in SIS animals. The blood concentrations of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, desipramine, and imipramine were significantly higher in SIS animals. The gene expression of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C29, and CYP2D were significantly decreased in SIS animals. Our results showed that SIS animals had significantly higher level of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. SIS could significantly decrease the activity of antioxidant agent (Glutathione). CONCLUSION We hypothesized that SIS could induce liver dysfunction and decrease the rate of drug clearance through liver inflammation and oxidative stress; therefore, the blood concentration of anti-depressant/anxiolytic agents should closely monitor in SIS due to the high toxicity of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Zahir
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Parichehr Moradi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Parsa Farsinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saba Ilkhani
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Nakhaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Taheri
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Todorović Vukotić N, Đorđević J, Pejić S, Đorđević N, Pajović SB. Antidepressants- and antipsychotics-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:767-789. [PMID: 33398419 PMCID: PMC7781826 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious health burden. It has diverse clinical presentations that can escalate to acute liver failure. The worldwide increase in the use of psychotropic drugs, their long-term use on a daily basis, common comorbidities of psychiatric and metabolic disorders, and polypharmacy in psychiatric patients increase the incidence of psychotropics-induced DILI. During the last 2 decades, hepatotoxicity of various antidepressants (ADs) and antipsychotics (APs) received much attention. Comprehensive review and discussion of accumulated literature data concerning this issue are performed in this study, as hepatotoxic effects of most commonly prescribed ADs and APs are classified, described, and discussed. The review focuses on ADs and APs characterized by the risk of causing liver damage and highlights the ones found to cause life-threatening or severe DILI cases. In parallel, an overview of hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and steatosis underlying DILI is provided, followed by extensive review and discussion of the pathophysiology of AD- and AP-induced DILI revealed in case reports, and animal and in vitro studies. The consequences of some ADs and APs ability to affect drug-metabolizing enzymes and therefore provoke drug–drug interactions are also addressed. Continuous collecting of data on drugs, mechanisms, and risk factors for DILI, as well as critical data reviewing, is crucial for easier DILI diagnosis and more efficient risk assessment of AD- and AP-induced DILI. Higher awareness of ADs and APs hepatotoxicity is the prerequisite for their safe use and optimal dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Todorović Vukotić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 12-14 Mike Petrovića Alasa, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Đaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski Trg, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Pejić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 12-14 Mike Petrovića Alasa, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Đorđević
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 12-14 Mike Petrovića Alasa, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana B Pajović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 12-14 Mike Petrovića Alasa, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 81 Blvd. Dr. Zorana Đinđića, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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Dennis KK, Go YM, Jones DP. Redox Systems Biology of Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. J Nutr 2019; 149:553-565. [PMID: 30949678 PMCID: PMC6461723 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet and nutrition contribute to both beneficial and harmful aspects of oxidative processes. The harmful processes, termed oxidative stress, occur with many human diseases. Major advances in understanding oxidative stress and nutrition have occurred with broad characterization of dietary oxidants and antioxidants, and with mechanistic studies showing antioxidant efficacy. However, randomized controlled trials in humans with free-radical-scavenging antioxidants and the glutathione precursor N-acetylcysteine have provided limited or inconsistent evidence for health benefits. This, combined with emerging redox theory, indicates that holistic models are needed to understand the interplay of nutrition and oxidative stress. The purpose of this article is to highlight how recent advances in redox theory and the development of new omics tools and data-driven approaches provide a framework for future nutrition and oxidative stress research. Here we describe why a holistic approach is needed to understand the impact of nutrition on oxidative stress and how recent advances in omics and data analysis methods are viable tools for systems nutrition approaches. Based on the extensive research on glutathione and related thiol antioxidant systems, we summarize the advancing framework for diet and oxidative stress in which antioxidant systems are a component of a larger redox network that serves as a responsive interface between the environment and an individual. The feasibility for redox network analysis has been established by experimental models in which dietary factors are systematically varied and oxidative stress markers are linked through integrated omics (metabolome, transcriptome, proteome). With this framework, integrated redox network models will support optimization of diet to protect against oxidative stress and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Glutathione and Transsulfuration in Alcohol-Associated Tissue Injury and Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:37-53. [PMID: 30362089 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol, attaining cellular concentrations in the millimolar range. GSH functions to protect cells against endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. In addition, GSH serves as a cofactor for the GSH peroxidase family of enzymes which metabolize H2O2 as well as lipid peroxides. Through the action of glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes, GSH is conjugated to a variety of electrophilic endogenous compounds and exogenous chemicals, and thereby facilitates their efficient and safe elimination. Through the transsulfuration pathway, GSH biosynthesis is metabolically linked with cellular methylation, which is pivotal for epigenetic gene regulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the underlying mechanisms of alcohol-associated tissue injury and carcinogenesis involve: (i) generation of the electrophilic metabolite acetaldehyde, (ii) induction of CYP2E1 leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and pro-carcinogen activation, and (iii) nutritional deficiencies, such as methyl groups, resulting in enhanced susceptibility to cancer development. In this context, clinical and experimental investigations suggest an intimate involvement of GSH and related enzymes in the development of alcohol-induced pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the GSH biosynthesis, cellular transsulfuration/transmethylation pathways, and their implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of alcohol-related disease and cancer.
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Khaksar M, Oryan A, Sayyari M, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Protective effects of melatonin on long-term administration of fluoxetine in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:564-574. [PMID: 28552630 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The degree and consequence of tissue injury are highly regarded during long-term exposure to selective antidepressant fluoxetine. Melatonin has been shown to palliate different lesions by scavenging free radicals, but its role in the reduction of the fluoxetine-induced injuries has been little known. Thirty-six mature male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. The experimental rats were included as following; 24mg/kg/bw fluoxetine for 4 weeks; 1mg/kg/bw melatonin for 4 weeks; fluoxetine+1-week melatonin, fluoxetine+2-week melatonin and fluoxetine+4-week melatonin. In the current experiment, we investigated weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters, pathological injuries and oxidative status. We noted the positive effect of melatonin in weight loss of fluoxetine-treated rats (p<0.05). The significant reduction of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities in blood, liver, and kidneys and changes in serum total antioxidant capacity caused by fluoxetine were reversed by melatonin (p<0.05). Melatonin reduced the increased lipid peroxidation and transaminase activity in rats received fluoxetine (p<0.05). We also showed the potency of fluoxetine in inducing leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and hypochromic and macrocytic anemia which was blunted by melatonin. Both RBCs and platelets indices were also corrected. Rats received melatonin in combination with fluoxetine showed a reduction in the severity of degeneration and inflammatory changes in different tissues, brain, heart, liver, lungs, testes and kidneys as compared to the fluoxetine group. Therefore, melatonin fundamentally reversed the side effects of fluoxetine in the rat model which is comparable to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khaksar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mansour Sayyari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the brain of socially isolated adult male rats demonstrating depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1-20. [PMID: 27033097 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors may disrupt the redox homeostasis of an organism by causing oxidative and nitrosative stress that may activate stressor-specific pathways and provoke specific responses. Chronic social isolation (CSIS) represents a mild chronic stress that evokes a variety of neurobehavioral changes in rats similar to those observed in people with psychiatric disorders, including depression. Most rodent studies have focused on the effect of social isolation during weaning or adolescence, while its effect in adult rats has not been extensively examined. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the involvement of oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult male rats exposed to CSIS, focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, behavior parameters, antioxidative defense systems, stress signaling mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitochondria-related proapoptotic signaling. Although increased concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) have been shown to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, we suggest a mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid paradox whereby a state of oxidative/nitrosative stress may exist under basal CORT levels. This review also highlights the differential susceptibility of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to oxidative stress following CSIS and suggests a possible cellular pathway of stress tolerance that preserves the hippocampus from molecular damage and apoptosis. The differential regulation of the transcriptional factor NF-κB, and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) following CSIS may be one functional difference between the response of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, thus identifying potentially relevant targets for antidepressant treatment.
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GEORGAKOULI KALLIOPI, MANTHOU EIRINI, FATOUROS IOANNISG, DELI CHARIKLIAK, SPANDIDOS DEMETRIOSA, TSATSAKIS ARISTIDISM, KOURETAS DEMETRIOS, KOUTEDAKIS YIANNIS, THEODORAKIS YANNIS, JAMURTAS ATHANASIOSZ. Effects of acute exercise on liver function and blood redox status in heavy drinkers. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2015-2022. [PMID: 26668589 PMCID: PMC4665762 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can induce oxidative stress, resulting in the development of several diseases. Exercise has been reported to prevent and/or improve a number of health issues through several mechanisms, including an improvement in redox status. It has also been previously suggested that exercise can help individuals with alcohol use disorders reduce their alcohol intake; however, research in this field is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigage the effects of acute exercise of moderate intensity on the liver function and blood redox status in heavy drinkers. For this purpose, a total of 17 heavy drinkers [age, 31.6±3.2 years; body mass index (BMI), 27.4±0.8 kg/m2; experimental group (EG)] and 17 controls [age, 33.5±1.3 years; BMI, 26.1±1.4 kg/m2; control group (CG), who did not exceed moderate alcohol consumption], underwent one trial of acute exercise of moderate intensity (50-60% of the heart rate reserve) for 30 min on a cycle ergometer, following an overnight fast, and abstaining from smoking and alcohol consumption. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise for later determination of the indices of liver function and blood redox status. The subjects in the EG had significantly higher (p<0.05) baseline γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) levels compared to the subjects in the CG. Exercise thus resulted in significantly higher γ-GT levels (p<0.005) only in the EG. No significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) baseline levels were observed between the 2 groups. Following exercise, the AST levels increased significantly (p<0.001) in both groups, whereas the ALT levels increased significantly (p<0.01) only in the EG. The baseline glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) and remained low following exercise in the EG. In addition, we observed a trend for higher (p=0.07) baseline levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), which remained elevated post-exercise in the EG compared to the CG. Significantly increased post-exercise total antioxidant capacity (TAC; p<0.01) and uric acid (UA; p<0.05) levels were noted in the CG, whereas the TAC (p=0.06) and UA (p=0.08) levels increased and approached significance post-exercise in the EG. No significant differences in the baseline levels of total bilirubin and protein carbonyl were observed between the 2 groups, even post-exercise. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate that even though heavy drinkers may be prone to oxidative stress, their exercise-induced antioxidant response is similar to that of individuals who do not drink heavily.
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Affiliation(s)
- KALLIOPI GEORGAKOULI
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
| | - EIRINI MANTHOU
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
| | - IOANNIS G. FATOUROS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University, Komotini 69100, Greece
| | - CHARIKLIA K. DELI
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
| | - DEMETRIOS A. SPANDIDOS
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - ARISTIDIS M. TSATSAKIS
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - DEMETRIOS KOURETAS
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - YIANNIS KOUTEDAKIS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- School of Sports, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Midlands WS1 3BD, UK
| | - YANNIS THEODORAKIS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
| | - ATHANASIOS Z. JAMURTAS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece
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Todorović N, Tomanović N, Gass P, Filipović D. Olanzapine modulation of hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in socially isolated rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 81:94-102. [PMID: 26474692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is efficient in stress associated psychiatric diseases, but its effect on the liver, a primary organ for drug activation and detoxification, still remains unclear. The effect of olanzapine administration (7.5mg/kg/day), on rat hepatic glutathione (GSH)-dependent defense and proinflammatory cytokines following 6weeks of chronic social isolation (CSIS), which causes depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in adult male Wistar rats, was investigated. The subcellular distribution of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cytosolic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels and hepatic histological alterations were also determined. Decreased GSH content and glutathione reductase activity associated with increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity following CSIS indicated hepatic oxidative stress. Moreover, CSIS caused NF-κB nuclear translocation and the concomitant increase in iNOS together with increase in interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha protein levels, but no effect on interleukin-6. Olanzapine treatment suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS expression and caused modulation of GSH-dependent defense systems but failed to reverse CSIS-induced increase in hepatic proinflammatory cytokines. Portal inflammation, focal hepatocyte necrosis and an increased number of Kupffer cells in CSIS rats (vehicle- or olanzapine-treated) were found. Olanzapine-treated socially reared rats showed portal inflammation and focal hepatocyte necrosis. Data suggest that CSIS compromised GSH-dependent defense, triggered a proinflammatory response and histological alterations in rat liver. Olanzapine treatment partially reversed the alterations in hepatic GSH-dependent defense, but showed no anti-inflammatory effect suggesting that it may provide protective effect against hepatic CSIS-induced oxidative stress, but not against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Tomanović
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Madrigal-Santillán E, Bautista M, Gayosso-De-Lucio JA, Reyes-Rosales Y, Posadas-Mondragón A, Morales-González &A, Soriano-Ursúa MA, García-Machorro J, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Morales-González JA. Hepatoprotective effect of Geranium schiedeanum against ethanol toxicity during liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7718-7729. [PMID: 26167072 PMCID: PMC4491959 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of an extract of Geranium schiedeanum (Gs) as a hepatoprotective agent against ethanol (EtOH)-induced toxicity in rats.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH); they were then divided into three groups (groups 1-3). During the experiment, animals in group 1 drank only water. The other two groups (2-3) drank an aqueous solution of EtOH (40%, v/v). Additionally, rats in group 3 received a Gs extract daily at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight intragastically. Subsequently, to identify markers of liver damage in serum, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin and bilirubin were measured by colorimetric methods. Glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were also determined. In addition, oxidative damage was estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation [using thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS)] in both plasma and the liver and by measuring the total concentration of antioxidants in serum and the total antioxidant capacity in the liver. In addition, a liver mass gain assessment, total DNA analysis and a morpho-histological analysis of the liver from animals in all three groups were performed and compared. Finally, the number of deaths observed in the three groups was analyzed.
RESULTS: Administration of the Geranium shiedeanum extract significantly reduced the unfavorable effect of ethanol on liver regeneration (restitution liver mass: PH-EtOH group 60.68% vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 69.22%). This finding was congruent with the reduced levels of hepatic enzymes and the sustained or increased levels of albumin and decreased bilirubin in serum. The extract also modified the metabolic processes that regulate glucose and lipid levels, as observed from the serum measurements. Lower antioxidant levels and the liver damage induced by EtOH administration appeared to be mitigated by the extract, as observed from the TBARs (PH-EtOH group 200.14 mmol/mg vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 54.20 mmol/mg; P < 0.05), total status of antioxidants (PH-EtOH group 1.43 mmol/L vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 1.99 mmol/L; P < 0.05), total antioxidant capacity values, liver mass gain and total DNA determination (PH-EtOH group 4.80 mg/g vs PH-Gs-EtOH 9.10 mg/g; P < 0.05). Overall, these processes could be related to decreased mortality in these treated animals.
CONCLUSION: The administered extract showed a hepatoprotective effect, limiting the EtOH-induced hepatotoxic effects. This effect can be related to modulating oxido-reduction processes.
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Analysis of DNA damage, plasma lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients among a south Indian population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Weeds as Alternative Useful Medicinal Source: Mimosa pudica Linn. on Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.995.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major reasons for mortality worldwide and numerous scientific studies are going on to find plausible solutions to overcome and manage diabetes and its related infirmities. Traditional medicines use medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents and despite being a disturbing weed to farming landMimosa pudicaLinn. has a high traditional usage for various purposes including anti-diabetic complications. The objective of this article is to accumulate and organise literatures based on traditional claims and correlate those with current findings on the use ofM. pudicain the management of diabetes mellitus.M. pudicais a creeping perennial shrub which is a common weed widely distributed in Southeast Asia specially in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, Philippine etc. This plant has various species of whichM. pudicais a well recognised plant of medicinal origin which has been traditionally used as folk medicine in India, Bangladesh and Philippine, Chinese, herbal and siddha medicines. It has wound healing, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-infections, anti-worm, anti-proliferative, anti-snake venom, anti-depressant and anxiolytic etc. activities. The objective of this article is to provide up-to-date information on the traditional and scientific studies based on this plant on the frontier of diabetes mellitus. The methodology followed was to methodically collect, organise and chart the recent advances in the use ofM. pudicain diabetes and its related complications like vascular complications, diabetic wound, hyperlipidemia etc. Various scientific studies and traditional literatures clearly support the use ofM. pudicaas an anti-diabetic agent among other uses. So far, the anti-diabetic compounds have not been isolated from this plant and this can be a good scientific study for the future anti-diabetic implications.
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He PY, Gao SM, Hou ZP, Ma LX, Li BQ. Resveratrol protects against alcohol-induced oxidative stress in human HepG2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1928-1935. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i14.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of resveratrol as an antioxidant on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: HepG2 cells were pretreated with resveratrol for 24 h before treatment with alcohol to induce oxidative stress. MTT assay was performed to detect the viability of resveratrol-treated HepG2 cells and control cells. ELISA was used to detect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of total intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of SOD1, SOD2 and catalase, which are key genes involved in anti-oxidation pathway.
RESULTS: In comparison with control cells (not treated with resveratrol), the toxicity of resveratrol (12.5, 25, 50, 100 μmol/L) towards HepG2 cells during pre-treatment was below 20%. Treatment with 300 mmol/L alcohol without pre-treatment with resveratrol resulted in the death of around 50% of cells. Resveratrol at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 μmol/L had an antagonistic effect against cytotoxicity of 300 mmol/L alcohol to HepG2 cells. SOD activity was significantly higher in cells pre-treated with 100 mmol/L resveratrol (0.391 ± 0.011) compared to non-treated controls (0.391 ± 0.011 vs 0.286 ± 0.019, P < 0.05). After alcohol induction, non-treated cells showed a higher ROS level compared to cells treated with 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L resveratrol (29234.79 ± 2288.00 vs 18023.26 ± 1359.66, 13528.44 ± 1078.99, 8219.87 ± 635.99). Compared to cells induced with 300 mM alcohol, resveratrol increased the expression levels of SOD1 (0.5535 ± 0.0035, 0.586 ± 0.0113, 0.623 ± 0.0127), SOD2 (1.249 ± 0.011, 1.369 ± 0.028, 1.377 ± 0.021, 1.401 ± 0.0578) and catalase (0.1955 ± 0.004, 0.2275 ± 0.00707).
CONCLUSION: Resveratrol as an antioxidant protects against alcohol-induced oxidative stress by regulating the expression of genes involved in anti-oxidant pathways.
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Zlatković J, Todorović N, Tomanović N, Bošković M, Djordjević S, Lazarević-Pašti T, Bernardi RE, Djurdjević A, Filipović D. Chronic administration of fluoxetine or clozapine induces oxidative stress in rat liver: a histopathological study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 59:20-30. [PMID: 24768740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress contributes to the etiology of mood disorders, and the liver as a target organ of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug metabolism is vulnerable to drug-induced toxicity. We investigated the effects of chronic administration of fluoxetine (15mg/kg/day) or clozapine (20mg/kg/day) on liver injury via the measurement of liver enzymes, oxidative stress and histopathology in rats exposed to chronic social isolation (21days), an animal model of depression, and controls. The activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the liver content of carbonyl groups, malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites were determined. We also characterized nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) protein expression as well as histopathological changes. Increased serum ALT activity in chronically-isolated and control animals treated with both drugs was found while increased AST activity was observed only in fluoxetine-treated rats (chronically-isolated and controls). Increased carbonyl content, MDA, GST activity and decreased GSH levels in drug-treated controls/chronically-isolated animals suggest a link between drugs and hepatic oxidative stress. Increased NO levels associated with NF-κB activation and the concomitant increased COX-2 expression together with compromised CuZnSOD expression in clozapine-treated chronically-isolated rats likely reinforce oxidative stress, observed by increased lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion. In contrast, fluoxetine reduced NO levels in chronically-isolated rats. Isolation induced oxidative stress but histological changes were similar to those observed in vehicle-treated controls. Chronic administration of fluoxetine in both chronically-isolated and control animals resulted in more or less normal hepatic architecture, while clozapine in both groups resulted in liver injury. These data suggest that clozapine appears to have a higher potential to induce liver toxicity than fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zlatković
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Tomanović
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Bošković
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tamara Lazarević-Pašti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rick E Bernardi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Oyinloye BE, Nwozo SO, Amah GH, Awoyinka AO, Ojo OA, Ajiboye BO, Tijani HA. Prophylactic effect of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum seeds on ethanol-induced toxicity in male rats. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:54-8. [PMID: 24611106 PMCID: PMC3944157 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is vulnerable to alcohol-related injury because it is the primary site of alcohol metabolism. Additionally, a number of potentially dangerous by-products are generated as alcohol is broken down in the liver. However, dietary supplements may prevent or relieve some of alcohol's deleterious effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum (SI) on ethanol induced toxicity in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, ethanol, pre-treatment, simultaneous and post-treatment groups. In the prophylactic experiment, Sesamum indicum, (200 mg/kg body weight) was administered by oral gavage for 28 days; two hours before, simultaneously with or two hours after ethanol exposure. Toxicity was induced by administering 45% ethanol (4.8 g/kg bw) by oral gavage. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were then determined in the liver, serum triglyceride (TG) levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were monitored and histological examination was carried out. The results revealed that ethanol administration led to significant elevation of TBARS level while depleting in the level of GSH as well as CAT, GPx, SOD and GST activities. Similarly, TG level and ALT and AST activities were elevated. The SI pre-treated group significantly inhibited TBARS, restored GSH level, enhanced CAT, GPx, SOD and GST activities and significantly decreased the elevated level of serum TG, ALT and AST activities. SI treatment (simultaneously with ethanol) exhibited similar effects to those of the SI pre-treated groups, while the SI post-treated group did not show the same protection as the Pre-treated group. S. indicum possesses antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, that eliminate the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Oyinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. ; Nutritional and Industrial Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S O Nwozo
- Nutritional and Industrial Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - G H Amah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-remo, Nigeria
| | - A O Awoyinka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - O A Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - B O Ajiboye
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - H A Tijani
- Nutritional and Industrial Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ; Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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Singh M, Gupta S, Singhal U, Pandey R, Aggarwal S. Evaluation of the oxidative stress in chronic alcoholics. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:1568-71. [PMID: 24086841 PMCID: PMC3782898 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5596.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted to assess the activity of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and its association with oxidative stress in alcoholics. METHOD Sixty male alcoholics with a history of alcohol abuse for more than five years were the subjects of this study. Twenty healthy male volunteers who matched in age and the socio-economic status, served as the control subjects. RESULTS GGT, reduced glutathione (GSH, a key intra-cellular antioxidant) and malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of the oxidative stress) were assayed in the plasma of the two groups, and the results were statistically analyzed. The activity of the plasma GGT, known as a marker of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD); was significantly higher in the alcoholics as compared to that in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION There was a significant positive correlation between the enzyme activity and the plasma levels of MDA and this indicated that there was an increased release of this enzyme with enhanced oxidative damage, due to the generation of oxygen free radicals in the study group. There was a significantly increased level of MDA and a decrease in the level of GSH in the alcoholics as compared to those in the controls. Significant negative correlations between GGT and GSH, and between MDA and GSH were observed. The present study demonstrates that alcoholics have a compromised antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Singh
- Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, NIMS Medical College (NIMS University), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Seema Gupta
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Udita Singhal
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pathology, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - S.K. Aggarwal
- Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan, H.P., India
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Peter N, Chiramel KJ, A R S. Effect of Alcohol Withdrawl on Glutathione S-transferase, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Amylase in Blood and Saliva of Alcohol-Dependent Males. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:797-800. [PMID: 23814713 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/4658.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol biomarkers help in the early detection of alcoholism and its complications. There is a paucity of studies in India on the salivary markers of systemic diseases in general and on salivary alcohol biomarkers in particular. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed at assessing the effect of alcohol withdrawal on the antioxidants and amylase in blood and saliva, and at finding the correlation between the blood and the salivary parameters in alcoholics. METHODS Sixty alcohol-dependent males who were in the age group of 30 - 70 years, who were admitted to the Deaddiction Centre for alcohol withdrawal treatment for one month, were the subjects of this study; age-matched healthy individuals were the controls. In the blood and saliva samples, the activities of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and amylase and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were assayed. RESULTS The alcohol-dependent subjects showed significantly lower GST and amylase activities and the TAC in blood and saliva as compared to those in the controls (P<0.001). The alcohol withdrawal caused a significant increase in the GST and amylase activities and the TAC to near-control values. In the alcohol-dependent subjects, there was a significant correlation between the values in blood and saliva with respect to GST and TAC. CONCLUSIONS Alcoholism causes an impaired antioxidant capacity and a decreased secretion of amylase, which is ameliorated due to the alcohol withdrawal regimen . The strong correlation between blood and saliva with respect to the antioxidants suggests the potential future use of saliva as a laboratory tool in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethumol Peter
- Lecturer in Biochemistry, Presentation College , Puthenvellikara, Kerala
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Kundu D, Roy A, Mandal T, Bandyopadhyay U, Ghosh E, Ray D. Oxidative stress in alcoholic and viral hepatitis. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 4:412-5. [PMID: 23050254 PMCID: PMC3456484 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India E-mail:
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Patere SN, Majumdar AS, Saraf MN. Exacerbation of alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats by polyunsaturated Fatty acids and iron load. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:152-8. [PMID: 22303057 PMCID: PMC3267298 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.91578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that excessive intake of vegetable oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron load precipitate alcohol-induced liver damage was investigated in a rat model. In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying this synergism, the serum levels of iron, total protein, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase in liver of rats treated with alcohol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron per se and in combination were examined. Alcohol was fed to the rats at a level of 10-30% (blood alcohol was maintained between 150-350 mg/dl by using head space gas chromatography), polyunsaturated fatty acids at a level of 15% of diet and carbonyl iron 1.5-2% of diet per se and in combination to different groups for 30 days. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by measuring serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, which was elevated and serum total protein, which was decreased significantly in rats fed with a combination of alcohol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron. It was also associated with increased lipid peroxidation and disruption of antioxidant defense in combination fed rats as compared to rats fed with alcohol or polyunsaturated fatty acids or iron. The present study revealed significant exacerbation of the alcohol-induced oxidative stress in presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Patere
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai-400 098, India
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Noorani AA, Kale MK. Pretreatment of Albino Rats with Methanolic Fruit Extract of Randia Dumetorum (L.) Protects against Alcohol Induced Liver Damage. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:125-30. [PMID: 22563258 PMCID: PMC3339288 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and its medical and social consequences are a major health problem in many areas of the world. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of methanolic fruit extract of Randia dumetorum (L.) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n=6), group I served as a control, group II received ethanol (3 ml/100 g/day p.o.), group III served as standard group and received silymarin (50 mg/kg p.o.), group IV and V served as extract treatment groups and received 50 & 100 mg/kg methanolic extract of R. dumetorum. All the treatment protocols followed 30 days and after rats were sacrificed blood and liver were used for biochemical and histological studies, respectively. The activities serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB) and lipid peroxidation were statistically increased in rats exposed to alcohol while total protein and glutathione decreased compared to control rats. Treatment with R. dumetorum significantly decreased the elevated levels of ALT, AST, TG, DB, TB and lipid peroxidation compared to the group exposed to alcohol only. R. dumetorum significantly resulted in increased levels of total protein and reduced glutathione compared to the group that received alcohol only. Histology of the liver section of the animals treated with R. dumetorum improved the hepatotoxicity caused by alcohol. Hence the study concluded that R. dumetorum has potential hepatoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ali Noorani
- Department of Pharmacology, Mandsaur Institute of Pharmacy, MIT Campus, Mandsaur 458-001, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Nagarsekar KS, Nagarsenker MS, Kulkarni SR. Antioxidant and antilipid peroxidation potential of supercritical fluid extract and ethanol extract of leaves of vitex negundo linn. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 73:422-9. [PMID: 22707827 PMCID: PMC3374559 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.95629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extract and ethanol extract of Vitex negundo Linn. were subjected to the chromatographic evaluation for identification of their constituents. Free radical scavenging activity of both extracts was studied by subjecting them to DPPH assay. IC(50) values of ethanol and supercritical fluid extract of Vitex negundo indicate that ethanol extract has stronger reducing potential and ability to scavenge free radicals as compared to the supercritical fluid extract. The in vivo effect of extracts on lipid peroxidation was studied using ethanol induced oxidative stress model in rat. Ingestion of extracts for 14 days exhibited significant reduction in plasma MDA level of stressed animals. Ethanol extract exhibited higher in vivo antilipid peroxidation potential as compared to supercritical fluid extract which correlated well with radical scavenging potential of extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Nagarsekar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai-400 098, India,Address for correspondence E-mail:
| | - M. S. Nagarsenker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - S. R. Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai-400 098, India
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Alcohol-induced deterioration in primary antioxidant and glutathione family enzymes reversed by exercise training in the liver of old rats. Alcohol 2010; 44:523-9. [PMID: 20705416 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption causes severe hepatic oxidative damage, particularly to old subjects by decreasing various antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we test the hypothesis that exercise training can protect the aging liver against alcohol-induced oxidative damage. Two different age groups of Wistar albino rats (3 months young, n=24; 18 months old, n=24) were evenly divided into four groups: control (Con), exercise trained (Tr, 23 m/min 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 2 months), ethanol drinking/treated (Et, 2.0 g/kg b.w. orally), and exercise training plus ethanol drinking/treated (Tr+Et). We found significantly (P<.001) lowered hepatic antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, selenium (Se)-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px), Se-non-dependent glutathione peroxidase (non-Se-GSH-Px), glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activities in aged rats compared with young. Age-related decrease in antioxidant enzyme status was further exacerbated with ethanol drinking, which indicates liver in aged rats is more susceptible to oxidative damage because of decreased free radical scavenging system in aged/old ethanol-drinking rats. However, the decrease in liver antioxidant enzymes status with ethanol consumption was ameliorated by 2 months exercise training in old and young rats. These results demonstrate that age-associated decrease in hepatic free radical scavenging system exacerbated by ethanol drinking. For the first time, we found that this deterioration was significantly reversed by exercise training in aging liver, thus protects against alcohol-induced oxidative damage.
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Kobal AB, Prezelj M, Horvat M, Krsnik M, Gibicar D, Osredkar J. Glutathione level after long-term occupational elemental mercury exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 107:115-23. [PMID: 17706633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many in vitro and in vivo studies have elucidated the interaction of inorganic mercury (Hg) and glutathione. However, human studies are limited. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of remote long-term intermittent occupational elemental Hg vapour (Hg degrees ) exposure on erythrocyte glutathione levels and some antioxidative enzyme activities in ex-mercury miners in the period after exposure. The study included 49 ex-mercury miners divided into subgroups of 28 still active, Hg degrees -not-exposed miners and 21 elderly retired miners, and 41 controls, age-matched to the miners subgroup. The control workers were taken from "mercury-free works". Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized disulphide glutathione (GSSG) concentrations in haemolysed erythrocytes were determined by capillary electrophoresis, while total glutathione (total GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio were calculated from the determined values. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in erythrocytes were measured using commercially available reagent kits, while urine Hg (U-Hg) concentrations were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption (CVAAS). No correlation of present U-Hg levels, GSH, GSSG, and antioxidative enzymes with remote occupational biological exposure indices were found. The mean CAT activity in miners and retired miners was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the controls. No differences in mean GPx activity among the three groups were found, whereas the mean GR activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in miners than in retired miners. The mean concentrations of GSH (mmol/g Hb) in miners (13.03+/-3.71) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control group (11.68+/-2.66). No differences in mean total GSH, GSSG levels, and GSH/GSSG ratio between miners and controls were found. A positive correlation between GSSG and present U-Hg excretion (r=0.41, p=0.001) in the whole group of ex-mercury miners was observed. The significantly lower GSH level (p<0.05) determined in the group of retired miners (9.64+/-1.45) seems to be age-related (r= -0.39, p=0.001). Thus, the moderate but significantly increased GSH level, GR and CAT activity in erythrocytes in the subgroup of miners observed in the period after exposure to Hg degrees could be an inductive and additive response to maintain the balance between GSH and antioxidative enzymes in interaction with the Hg body burden accumulated during remote occupational exposure, which does not represent a severely increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bogomir Kobal
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Njegoseva 4, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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