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Meewan I, Panmanee J, Petchyam N, Lertvilai P. HBCVTr: an end-to-end transformer with a deep neural network hybrid model for anti-HBV and HCV activity predictor from SMILES. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9262. [PMID: 38649402 PMCID: PMC11035669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are significant causes of chronic liver diseases, with approximately 350 million infections globally. To accelerate the finding of effective treatment options, we introduce HBCVTr, a novel ligand-based drug design (LBDD) method for predicting the inhibitory activity of small molecules against HBV and HCV. HBCVTr employs a hybrid model consisting of double encoders of transformers and a deep neural network to learn the relationship between small molecules' simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) and their antiviral activity against HBV or HCV. The prediction accuracy of HBCVTr has surpassed baseline machine learning models and existing methods, with R-squared values of 0.641 and 0.721 for the HBV and HCV test sets, respectively. The trained models were successfully applied to virtual screening against 10 million compounds within 240 h, leading to the discovery of the top novel inhibitor candidates, including IJN04 for HBV and IJN12 and IJN19 for HCV. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations identified IJN04, IJN12, and IJN19 target proteins as the HBV core antigen, HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and HCV NS3/4A serine protease, respectively. Overall, HBCVTr offers a new and rapid drug discovery and development screening method targeting HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittipat Meewan
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Jiraporn Panmanee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Petchyam
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pichaya Lertvilai
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Proulx J, Ghaly M, Park IW, Borgmann K. HIV-1-Mediated Acceleration of Oncovirus-Related Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040768. [PMID: 35453518 PMCID: PMC9024568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall survival has been improved, and the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers has also been remarkably reduced. However, non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated malignancies have increased significantly so that cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV in certain highly developed countries, such as France. However, it is currently unknown how HIV-1 infection raises oncogenic virus-mediated cancer risks in the HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infected patients, and thus elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for how HIV-1 expedites the oncogenic viruses-triggered tumorigenesis in the co-infected hosts is imperative for developing therapeutics to cure or impede the carcinogenesis. Hence, this review is focused on HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infection-mediated molecular processes in the acceleration of non-AIDS-defining cancers.
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Virzì A, Gonzalez-Motos V, Tripon S, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Profibrotic Signaling and HCC Risk during Chronic Viral Hepatitis: Biomarker Development. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050977. [PMID: 33801181 PMCID: PMC7957739 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite breakthroughs in antiviral therapies, chronic viral hepatitis B and C are still the major causes of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Importantly, even in patients with controlled infection or viral cure, the cancer risk cannot be fully eliminated, highlighting a persisting oncogenic pressure imposed by epigenetic imprinting and advanced liver disease. Reliable and minimally invasive biomarkers for early fibrosis and for residual HCC risk in HCV-cured patients are urgently needed. Chronic infection with HBV and/or HCV dysregulates oncogenic and profibrogenic signaling within the host, also displayed in the secretion of soluble factors to the blood. The study of virus-dysregulated signaling pathways may, therefore, contribute to the identification of reliable minimally invasive biomarkers for the detection of patients at early-stage liver disease potentially complementing existing noninvasive methods in clinics. With a focus on virus-induced signaling events, this review provides an overview of candidate blood biomarkers for liver disease and HCC risk associated with chronic viral hepatitis and epigenetic viral footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Virzì
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Gonzalez-Motos
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simona Tripon
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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Stability Analysis and Cauchy Matrix of a Mathematical Model of Hepatitis B Virus with Control on Immune System near Neighborhood of Equilibrium Free Point. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models are useful tools to describe the dynamics of infection and predict the role of possible drug combinations. In this paper, we present an analysis of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) model including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody responses, under distributed feedback control, expressed as an integral form to predict the effect of a combination treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The method presented in this paper is based on the symmetry properties of Cauchy matrices C(t,s), which allow us to construct and analyze the stability of corresponding integro-differential systems.
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Abd-Elsalam S, Elwan N, Soliman H, Ziada D, Elkhalawany W, Salama M, Hawash N, Arafa M, Badawi R, Shehata WM, Khalil HS, Elmashad N. Epidemiology of liver cancer in Nile delta over a decade: A single-center study. South Asian J Cancer 2020; 7:24-26. [PMID: 29600229 PMCID: PMC5865090 DOI: 10.4103/sajc.sajc_82_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Egypt, there has been a remarkable increase in the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among chronic liver diseases patients. This rising proportion may be explained by the increasing risk factors as hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, improvement of the diagnostic tools of HCC as well as the extended survival among patients with cirrhosis to allow time for some of them to develop HCC. The aim of this study was to study the epidemiology of HCC in Nile delta over the last decade. Methods: The study was carried out on patients diagnosed as HCC in liver cancer clinic in Tanta University Hospital, Egypt, from January 2005 to January 2015. This retrospective study reviewed the files of HCC patients with special stress on age, sex, residence, occupation, smoking, and viral markers. Results: Over the last decade, 1440 HCC patients were diagnosed or referred to liver cancer clinic in Tropical Medicine Department in Tanta University Hospital from January 2005 to January 2015. The mean age of HCC patients was 56.13 ± 9.53 years. Nearly, half of the patients with HCC were smokers and quarter of HCC patients were diabetics. HBV surface antigen-positive patients were only 3.26%, and the majority of patients were HCV-Ab positive (94.86% of patients). Conclusions: In Nile delta, hepatitis C rather than hepatitis B was linked to the development of HCC in our region which may be related to the high prevalence of HCV in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nadia Elwan
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hanan Soliman
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina Ziada
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa Elkhalawany
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marwa Salama
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehad Hawash
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mona Arafa
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab Badawi
- Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Shehata
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Haidy S Khalil
- Department of Microbiology, Helwan University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal Elmashad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
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Al-Saffar OB, Ad'hiah AH. Genetic variants in IL4RA, IL6, and IL12B genes and susceptibility to hepatitis B and C virus infections among Iraqi patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3448-3458. [PMID: 32652594 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are common causative pathogens of viral hepatitis. Progression of both infections is determined by virus- and host-related factors. Cytokines are important host genetic factors that may have a predisposing role in HBV and HCV infections. This case-control study evaluated the genetic association of IL4RA+1902 (rs1801275), IL6-174 (rs1800795), IL6-597 (rs1800797), and IL12B-1188 (rs3212227) variants with chronic HBV and HCV infections among Iraqi patients. A total of 220 viral hepatitis patients were enrolled in the study (113 HBV and 107 HCV), together with 141 healthy subjects. Sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction assay was the genotyping method. Results revealed that under a dominant genetic model, IL6-174 variant was significantly associated with HBV infection, whereas no association with the HCV risk was reported. However, the risk for both infections was markedly associated with IL6-597 variant under recessive, dominant, and codominant genetic models. Estimation of IL6-174 -IL6-597 haplotypes depicted that G-A haplotype was significantly associated with an increased risk to develop HBV infection, whereas a significantly decreased risk was associated with G-G and C-G haplotypes. For HCV, G-G and C-A haplotypes were significantly associated with risk of HCV infection. IL4RA+1902 and IL12B-1188 variants showed no association with HBV or HCV risk. Analysis of variance revealed no significant association between genotypes of the four determined single-nucleotide polymorphisms and HBV or HCV viral load. In conclusion, the study supports the concept that IL6-597 variant is associated with susceptibility to HBV and HCV infections among Iraqis. The risk of HBV infection is further associated with IL6-174 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama B Al-Saffar
- Biology Department, Madenat Al-elem University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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A distinctive protein signature induced by lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:1150-1156. [PMID: 32321639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver malignancy, ranking third in the overall global cancer-related mortality. A complex network of interacting proteins controls HCC growth and progression. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPAR) are commonly overexpressed in HCC. In particular, we have previously reported that the expression of LPAR6 sustains tumorigenesis and growth of HCC and results in a poor prognosis in HCC patients. Here, we applied a comparative proteomic approach to compare protein expression in both LPAR6 expressing (HLE-LPAR6) and nonexpressing HCC cells (HLE-neo). We found changes in the expression levels of 19 proteins, which include carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, redox and detoxification enzymes, and gene-expression regulatory proteins. Our findings support the role of LPAR6 in controlling the expression of a distinctive protein signature in HCC cells, which can offer a valuable resource for the identification of potential theranostic biomarkers.
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Long noncoding RNA CASC2c inhibited cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma by inactivated ERK1/2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:302-310. [PMID: 31625123 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis, but their biological functions and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Alternative splicing of five exons results in three transcript variants of cancer susceptibility 2 (CASC2): the lncRNAs CASC2a, CASC2b, and CASC2c. CASC2a/b have been found to have crucial regulatory functions in a number of malignancies, but few studies have examined the effects of CASC2c in cancers. The objective of the study was to investigate the role of CASC2c in the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS This study first investigated the expression levels of CASC2c in tumor tissues, corresponding non-tumor tissues and cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function and underlying molecular mechanism of CASC2c in human HCC were investigated in QGY-7703 cell line, as well as in gastric cancer (GC) cell and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell. RESULTS In the present work, we observed that CASC2c was significantly down-regulated in HCC tissues and cells. Moreover, its overexpression remarkably inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of HCC cells in vitro and promoted their apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CASC2c overexpression decreased p-ERK1/2 levels in HCC, GC, and CRC cells. Interestingly, while overexpression of CASC2c decreased β-catenin expression in HCC and GC cells, it increased that in CRC cells. CONCLUSION The lncRNA-CASC2c has a vital role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, and may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target in cancer treatment via down-regulation of the ERK1/2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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9
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Chen CC, Hsu HT, Chen YL, Chen RC, Wu WP, Chou CT. Diagnostic Accuracy of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) and Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin-Positive Mac-2-Binding Protein (WFA⁺-M2BP) in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7169-7174. [PMID: 31548540 PMCID: PMC6775795 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study assessed and compared the diagnostic accuracy of elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse, ARFI) with that of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) for estimating the stage of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease patients. Material/Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 70 chronic liver disease patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatic tumors. ARFI and WFA+-M2BP serum level, underlying liver disease, and laboratory data for all patients were recorded. The stage of fibrosis was determined from a surgical specimen. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) was measured to compare the diagnostic accuracy. Results The ARFI and serum WFA+-M2BP levels had good performances for detecting severe fibrosis (≥F3). The AUC in characterization of fibrosis stage ≥F3 was 0.79 for ARFI and 0.71 for serum WFA+-M2BP levels. When comparing the diagnostic performances between ARFI and serum WFA+-M2BP levels for the severity of fibrosis stage, no significant differences were found. Then all patients were divided into 2 subgroups, the AUC for serum WFA+-M2BP levels was higher in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgroup than in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgroup when characterizing fibrosis stages ≥F3. Conclusions WFA+-M2BP is an accurate biomarker and is as good as ARFI in detecting severe fibrosis for chronic liver disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Transplant Medicine and Surgery Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ran-Chou Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Chou
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Dayeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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Abd El Moety HA, Maharem DA, Gomaa SH. Serotonin: is it a marker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients? ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Aly Abd El Moety
- Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute , Alexandria University , 16 Alexander the Great , Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dalia Aly Maharem
- Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute , Alexandria University , 16 Alexander the Great , Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salwa Hamdy Gomaa
- Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute , Alexandria University , 16 Alexander the Great , Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
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Gilani U, Shaukat M, Rasheed A, Shahid M, Tasneem F, Arshad M, Rashid N, Shahzad N. The implication of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in combating human oncoviruses. J Med Virol 2018; 91:1-13. [PMID: 30133783 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is evidenced that 20% of all tumors in humans are caused by oncoviruses, including human papilloma viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma virus, human polyomaviruses, human T-lymphotrophic virus-1, and hepatitis B and C viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus is also involved in carcinogenesis, although not directly, but by facilitating the infection of many oncoviruses through compromising the immune system. Being intracellular parasites with the property of establishing latency and integrating into the host genome, these viruses are a therapeutic challenge for biomedical researchers. Therefore, strategies able to target nucleotide sequences within episomal or integrated viral genomes are of prime importance in antiviral or anticancerous armamentarium. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has emerged as a powerful genome editing tool. Standing out as a precise and efficient oncoviruses method, it has been extensively applied in recent experimental ventures in the field of molecular medicine, particularly in combating infections including tumor inducing viruses. This review is aimed at collating the experimental and clinical advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology in terms of its applications against oncoviruses. Primarily, it will focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating tumor viruses, types of mechanisms targeted, and the significant outcomes till date. The technical pitfalls of the CRISPR/Cas9 and the comparative approaches in evaluating this technique with respect to other available alternatives are also described briefly. Furthermore, the review also discussed the clinical aspects and the ethical, legal, and social issues associated with the use of CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Gilani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Memoona Shaukat
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arisha Rasheed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Shahid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hessein M, Saad EG, Mohamed AA, Kamel EAM, Abdel Hady AM, Amina M, Rogler CE. Hit-And-Run Mechanism of HBV-Mediated Progression to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 91:241-7. [PMID: 16206648 DOI: 10.1177/030089160509100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim and background Hepatitis B virus is implicated in the development of hepatocellular caracinoma. No oncogenes have been identified within the viral genome. Furthermore, it frequently fragments after integration into the hepatocyte genome. Simultaneous investigations of hepatitis B virus integration patterns and genetic changes in precancerous tissues are important to understand the role played by hepatitis B virus integration in hepatocellular caracinoma. Method We used a combination approach of dual characterization of highly polymorphic loci and the change in hepatitis B virus-DNA integration pattern. Large regenerative nodules were dissected from 6 explanted hepatitis B virus infected cirrhotic livers. Nodules within each liver segment were schematically mapped and histopathologically analyzed. Genomic DNA from each nodule was analyzed for hepatitis B virus integration and the genetic stability of 12 microsatellite loci including D3S2321, D8S1022, D17S1159, D4S2281, D5S1/2, D16S675, D16S685, D16S490, D16S526, D16S673, D16S677 and D16S690. Results Data from different liver segments revealed few viral integrations and average allele loss. The most exciting results came from a segment containing a set of clonally and spatially related nodules having similar histologic features, a progressive lineage of allele loss, HBV integration and loss of integration. Conclusions This model portrait, a scenario of genetic events that precede tumor formation where the acquisition and loss of hepatitis B virus integrations in clonally related regenerative nodules, might explain how the virus acts as a hit-and-run mutagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hessein
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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13
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Yoo J, Hann HW, Coben R, Conn M, DiMarino AJ. Update Treatment for HBV Infection and Persistent Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prospect for an HBV Cure. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020027. [PMID: 29677098 PMCID: PMC6023471 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al. in 1965, its genome, sequence, epidemiology, and hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated. Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still responsible for the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the sixth-most common cancer in the world and the second-most common cancer death. The ultimate goal of treating HBV infection is the prevention of HCC. Fortunately, anti-HBV treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), which began with lamivudine in 1998, has resulted in remarkable improvements in the survival of patients with chronic hepatitis B and a reduced incidence of HCC. These results were documented with lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir. Nonetheless, as the duration of antiviral treatment increases, the risk for HCC still remains despite undetectable HBV DNA in serum, as reported by different investigators with observation up to 4⁻5 years. In our own experience, we are witnessing the development of HCC in patients who have received antiviral treatment. Some have enjoyed negative serum HBV DNA for over 12 years before developing HCC. Current treatment with NAs can effectively suppress the replication of the virus but cannot eradicate the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that is within the nucleus of hepatocytes. There still remains a great need for a cure for HBV. Fortunately, several compounds have been identified that have the potential to eradicate HBV, and there are ongoing clinical trials in progress in their early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
- Liver Disease Prevention Center Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Robert Coben
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Mitchell Conn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Anthony J DiMarino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Fang X, Wu X, Li C, Zhou B, Chen X, Chen T, Yang F. Targeting selenium nanoparticles combined with baicalin to treat HBV-infected liver cancer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate baicalin-loaded selenium nanoparticles with a liver-targeting folic acid moiety to treat HBV-infected liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Xianlin Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Disease Center
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Chang'e Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Binwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Medical College
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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15
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Hepatitis C virus and schistosomiasis as a causative factor for hTERT amplification in hepatocellular carcinoma. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Polymerase chain reaction-free detection of hepatitis B virus DNA using a nanostructured impedance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:603-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Janevska D, Chaloska-Ivanova V, Janevski V. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:732-6. [PMID: 27275318 PMCID: PMC4877918 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most often primary cancer of the liver and is one if the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC has geographic distribution with the highest levels in countries with developing economies. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have poor prognosis despite the achievements in surgery techniques and other therapeutic procedures and it is a reason why continuous attention should be paid to this issue. This article provides an overview of this disease based on an extensive review of relevant literature. The article summarizes the current risk factors, diagnosis, staging and the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Janevska
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Viktorija Chaloska-Ivanova
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vlado Janevski
- University Clinic of Abdominal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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18
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Wu Q, Qiao L, Yang J, Zhou Y, Liu Q. Stronger activation of SREBP-1a by nucleus-localized HBx. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:561-5. [PMID: 25800871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein activates the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a (SREBP-1a). Here we examined the role of nuclear localization of HBx in this process. In comparison to the wild-type and cytoplasmic HBx, nuclear HBx had stronger effects on SREBP-1a and fatty acid synthase transcription activation, intracellular lipid accumulation and cell proliferation. Furthermore, nuclear HBx could activate HBV enhancer I/X promoter and was more effective on up-regulating HBV mRNA level in the context of HBV replication than the wild-type HBx, while the cytoplasmic HBx had no effect. Our results demonstrate the functional significance of the nucleus-localized HBx in regulating host lipogenic pathway and HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- VIDO-InterVac, Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ling Qiao
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- VIDO-InterVac, Veterinary Microbiology, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- VIDO-InterVac, Veterinary Microbiology, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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19
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Abdel Mohsen MA, Hussein NA, Ghazal AA, El-Ghandour MK, Farouk M, Abd El-Wahab AE, Yousef AI. Angiogenic output in viral hepatitis, C and B, and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdel Mohsen
- Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horria Ave., P.O. 21561, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Neveen A. Hussein
- Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horria Ave., P.O. 21561, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Ghazal
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horria Ave., P.O. 21561, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa K. El-Ghandour
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horria Ave., P.O. 21561, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abeer E. Abd El-Wahab
- Medical Biotechnology Department, City for Scientific Research & Technology Application, Egypt
| | - Amany I. Yousef
- Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horria Ave., P.O. 21561, Alexandria, Egypt
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20
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Park MS, Han KH, Kim SU. Non-invasive prediction of development of hepatocellular carcinoma using transient elastography in patients with chronic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:501-11. [PMID: 24939348 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.898563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease is determined by the extent and progression of liver fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver biopsy (LB) is regarded as the gold standard to estimate the extent of liver fibrosis. However, because LB has several limitations, the foremost being its invasiveness, several non-invasive methods for assessing liver fibrosis have been proposed. Of these, transient elastography (TE) provides an accurate representation of the extent of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, recent studies have focused on the usefulness of TE for assessing the risk of HCC development and HCC recurrence after curative treatment, and developed novel models to calculate the risk of HCC development based on TE findings. These issues are discussed in this expert review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Benencia F, Muccioli M, Alnaeeli M. Perspectives on reprograming cancer-associated dendritic cells for anti-tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:72. [PMID: 24778991 PMCID: PMC3984996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression of cancer has gained considerable attention. It has been shown that the TME is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance, thus favoring cancer cell growth and tumor metastasis. In particular, effects of the TME on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) include rendering these cells unable to promote specific immune responses or transform them into suppressive cells capable of inducing regulatory T cells. In addition, under the influence of the TME, DCs can produce growth factors that induce neovascularization, therefore further contributing to tumor development. Interestingly, cancer-associated DCs harbor tumor antigens and thus have the potential to become anti-tumor vaccines in situ if properly reactivated. This perspective article provides an overview of the scientific background and experimental basis for reprograming cancer-associated DCs in situ to generate anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Benencia
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
| | - Maria Muccioli
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
| | - Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
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22
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Leite STAP, Silva MBD, Pepato MA, Souto FJD, Santos RAD, Bassi-Branco CL. Increased frequency of micronuclei in the lymphocytes of patients chronically infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:15-20. [PMID: 24626305 PMCID: PMC4005534 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analysed the frequency of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges
(NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) and evaluated mutagen-induced sensitivity in the
lymphocytes of patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or
hepatitis C virus (HCV). In total, 49 patients with chronic viral hepatitis (28
HBV-infected and 21 HCV-infected patients) and 33 healthy, non-infected blood donor
controls were investigated. The frequencies (‰) of MN, NPBs and NBUDs in the controls
were 4.41 ± 2.15, 1.15 ± 0.97 and 2.98 ± 1.31, respectively. The frequencies of MN
and NPBs were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in the patient group (7.01 ±
3.23 and 2.76 ± 2.08, respectively) compared with the control group. When considered
separately, the HBV-infected patients (7.18 ± 3.57) and HCV-infected patients (3.27 ±
2.40) each had greater numbers of MN than did the controls (p < 0.0001). The
HCV-infected patients displayed high numbers of NPBs (2.09 ± 1.33) and NBUDs (4.38 ±
3.28), but only the HBV-infected patients exhibited a significant difference (NPBs =
3.27 ± 2.40, p < 0.0001 and NBUDs = 4.71 ± 2.79, p = 0.03) in comparison with the
controls. Similar results were obtained for males, but not for females, when all
patients or the HBV-infected group was compared with the controls. The lymphocytes of
the infected patients did not exhibit sensitivity to mutagen in comparison with the
lymphocytes of the controls (p = 0.06). These results showed that the lymphocytes of
patients who were chronically infected with HBV or HCV presented greater chromosomal
instability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilene Borges da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Instituto de Biociências , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
| | - Marco Andrey Pepato
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
| | - Francisco José Dutra Souto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
| | | | - Carmen Lucia Bassi-Branco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
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23
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Powles T, Macdonald D, Nelson M, Stebbing J. Hepatocellular cancer in HIV-infected individuals: tomorrow’s problem? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1553-8. [PMID: 17134360 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.11.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of cancers occur with increased frequency in individuals with HIV infection. There is a debate as to whether or not hepatocellular cancer is one of these tumors. This article reviews the current data regarding incidence etiology, treatment and outcome for HIV-related hepatocellular cancer. It also attempts to predict future areas of importance in the management of these patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powles
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, London, UK.
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24
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Emergence of hepatitis B virus genotype f in aligarh region of north India. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:846849. [PMID: 24381592 PMCID: PMC3870090 DOI: 10.1155/2013/846849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. HBV genotypes and subtypes are useful clinical and epidemiological markers. In this study prevalent HBV genotypes were assessed in relation to serological profile and clinical status. Material & Methods. 107 cases of HBV were genotyped. Detailed clinical history was elicited from them. HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc-IgM were assessed. HBV genotyping was performed using Kirschberg's type specific primers (TSP-PCR), heminested PCR, and Naito's monoplex PCR. Nucleotide sequencing was performed. Results. A total of 97 (91%) were genotyped following the methods of Kirschberg et al./Naito et al. Genotype D was by far the most prevalent genotype 91 (85.04%) in this region. A surprising finding was the detection of genotype F in 5 (4.67%) of our patients. Genotype A strangely was observed only in one case. In 85.7% genotype D was associated with moderate to severe liver disease, 43.9% HBeAg, and 18.7% anti-HBc-IgM positivity. Majority of genotype F (80%) was seen in mild to moderate liver disease. It was strongly associated with HBeAg 60% and 20% anti-HBc-IgM positivity. Conclusion. Emergence of genotype F in India merits further study regarding its clinical implications and treatment modalities. Knowledge about HBV genotypes can direct a clinician towards more informed management of HBV patients.
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25
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Should treatment of hepatitis B patients be based solely on liver fibrosis? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1500-2. [PMID: 23891926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which in turn causes resultant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Frequently, HCC recurs very soon even after a potentially curative treatment such as surgical interference or locoregional ablative therapies. Chronic HBV/HCV infection is often responsible for this recurrence, through secondary carcinogenesis. Antiviral therapy after a curative treatment of HCC plays an important role in preventing or delaying recurrence and improves survival in patients with HBV/HCV infection-related HCC. This article reviews the worldwide epidemiology of HBV/HCV infection, the association of viral infection with HCC, the mechanism of hepatitis virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis, and the paramount importance of antiviral therapy in the management of HCC.
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27
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Fassan M, Baffa R, Kiss A. Advanced precancerous lesions within the GI tract: the molecular background. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:159-69. [PMID: 23809238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mainstream carcinogenic processes involved within the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by phenotypic multistep progression cascades that eventually result in full-blown cancers. In this scenario, the understanding of the molecular dysregulations underlying the precancerous lesions is increasing but still remains incomplete. However, in recent years, the enthusiastic rise of innovative technologies (i.e., next-generation sequencing, high-throughput microarray analysis, mass spectrometry based proteomics) and the unexpected discovery of new classes of biomarkers (i.e., miRNA, long-noncoding RNAs) prompted new strength in the exploration of the accurate and comprehensive molecular characterization of premalignant and malignant neoplastic lesions. The challenge ahead lies in the reliable identification of disease progression-specific targets to enable molecular testing in the clinical management of the secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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28
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Impact of PIVKA-II in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Adv Res 2013; 4:539-46. [PMID: 25685463 PMCID: PMC4294786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer grows silently with mild or no symptoms until advanced. In the absence of an effective treatment for advanced stage of hepatic cancer hope lies in early detection, and screening for high-risk population. Among Egyptians viral hepatitis is the most common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current work was designed to determine the level of prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) in sera of patients suffering from HCC and hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients being the most common predisposing factor for HCC. Our ultimate goal is diagnosis of HCC at its early stage. The current study was carried out on 83 individuals within three groups; Normal control, HCV and HCC groups. Patients were subdivided into cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic. Complete clinicopathological examination was carried out for each individual to confirm diagnosis. Individuals’ sera were subjected to quantitative determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), PIVKA-II and other parameters. PIVKA-II proved to be superior to AFP for early detection of HCC patients being highly sensitive and specific. Furthermore it has the ability to discriminate between different histopathological grades of HCC and It has a powerful diagnostic validity to evaluate the thrombosis of portal vein and to differentiate between early and late stages of HCC. The direct relation between the level of PIVKA-II and the size of tumor makes it an attractive tool for early HCC diagnosis and surveillance. Using the best cut-off value of AFP (>28), showed a sensitivity of (44%) and specificity of (73.3%). While cut-off value of PIVKA-II (>53.7) showed 100% sensitivity and specificity.
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29
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Zhou P, Wu LL, Wu KM, Jiang W, Li JD, Zhou LD, Li XY, Chang S, Huang Y, Tan H, Zhang GW, He F, Wang ZM. Overexpression of MMSET is correlation with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 19:303-9. [PMID: 23225158 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET) involved in the t(4;14)(p16;q32) chromosomal translocation encodes a histone lysine methyltransferase. High expression of MMSET is common translocation in multiple myeloma (MM) and is associated with the worst prognosis. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of MMSET is significant in other tumor types compared to their normal tissues. However, little is known about its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In these study we investigate the expression of MMSET in HCC and to make correlations with clinicopathologic features. Twenty-eight pairs of HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues, and eight normal liver tissues were collected for MMSET detection by western blotting and real time-PCR analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of MMSET in HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 103 patients. Overexpression of MMSET was significantly associated with Edmondson stage, vascular invasion. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that MMSET upregulated was associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival in HCC patient. In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that overexpression of MMSET is an independent prognostic factor and is correlated with poor survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, 410008, Changsha, China
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30
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Muccioli M, Longstaff C, Benencia F. Absence of CD4 T-cell help provides a robust CD8 T-cell response while inducing effective memory in a preclinical model of melanoma. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:477-81. [PMID: 22642330 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies for cancer are focused on inducing effective and specific cytotoxic responses mediated by CD8 T cells. On the other hand, immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by the tumor, such as the generation of tumor-specific CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs, conspire against the efficacy of immunotherapies. It has been considered that, similar to what has been observed in the context of immunological responses towards microbes, CD4 help is indispensable for the development of a successful and long-lasting (memory) CD8 immune response. In the recent article, Côté et al. reported that, in a mouse model of melanoma, total ablation of CD4 help does not hamper the development of a specific antitumor memory CD8 response. In addition, ablation of CD4 was more successful than strategies to deplete CD25 Tregs in generating memory CD8 T cells. These data opens the door for therapies destined to induce effective antitumor immune responses by ablation of whole CD4 T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Molecular & Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, OH, USA
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31
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Wu Q, Liu Q. Do hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infections increase hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence through synergistically modulating lipogenic gene expression? Hepatol Res 2012; 42:733-40. [PMID: 22487144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections cause a wide range of liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of the similar modes of transmission, HBV HCV co-infections are found in approximately 7-20 million people globally. Compared with HBV or HCV mono-infections, co-infections are associated with more severe liver diseases and higher risk of HCC. Abnormal lipid biosynthesis and metabolism has been increasingly recognized as a cause for cancer. While HBV infection does not seem to significantly increase the risk of developing hepatic steatosis, steatosis is a prominent feature of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). In addition, steatosis in HBV or HCV mono-infections is a significant and independent risk factor for HCC. However, whether and how HBV HCV co-infections synergistically increase the risk of HCC development through modulating lipid metabolism is not well understood. Possible mechanisms by which steatosis causes HCC include: activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-mediated lipogenesis through the PI3K-Akt pathway, abnormal activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we review the potential mechanisms by which HBV HCV co-infections may increase HCC risk through modulation of lipogenic gene expression. We begin with reviewing the impact of HBV and HCV on host lipogenic gene expression and carcinogenesis. We then discuss the potential mechanisms by which HBV and HCV can increase carcinogenesis through synergistically activating lipid biosynthesis and metabolism. We end by sharing our thoughts on future research directions in this emerging paradigm with an ultimate goal of developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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32
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Dendritic cells the tumor microenvironment and the challenges for an effective antitumor vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:425476. [PMID: 22505809 PMCID: PMC3312387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical trials have been carried out or are in progress to assess the therapeutic potential of dendritic-cell- (DC-) based vaccines on cancer patients, and recently the first DC-based vaccine for human cancer was approved by the FDA. Herewith, we describe the general characteristics of DCs and different strategies to generate effective antitumor DC vaccines. In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cancer has been highlighted. It has been shown that the tumor microenvironment is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance. In particular, the effect of the tumor microenvironment on antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs, does not only render these immune cells unable to induce specific immune responses, but also turns them into promoters of tumor growth. We also describe strategies likely to increase the efficacy of DC vaccines by reprogramming the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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33
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Huang HY, Niu JL, Lu YH. Multidrug resistance reversal effect of DMC derived from buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus in human hepatocellular tumor xenograft model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:135-140. [PMID: 21780130 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in the chemotherapeutic treatment of many human cancers. 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae), was investigated for its reversal effects on cancer cell MDR. RESULTS A human hepatocellular tumor xenograft model was established with the BEL-7402/5-FU cell line. Combined 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and DMC (40 mg kg(-1) ) treatment significantly elevated tumor inhibition rate to 72.2%. DMC could also increase 5-FU concentrations in tumor tissues and increase caspase-3 activity. Also, combined therapy resulted in enhanced tumor apoptotic and reduced proliferative activities relative to 5-FU alone. Examining body weight and other signs of unwanted toxicity of the different treatment groups revealed no significant signs of adverse effects. CONCLUSION All results suggested that DMC reverses 5-FU resistance, with a benign side effects profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-ya Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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34
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis has been gaining noticeable attention because it may lead to end-stage liver cirrhosis and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, a precise estimation of the degree of liver fibrosis is crucial for predicting prognosis and deciding management of patients with chronic liver diseases. Many non-invasive approaches for the evaluation of liver fibrosis have been developed. Among these procedures, transient elastography has recently drawn great attention. Transient elastography has been reported to be well correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis by many investigators and various institutions. Since the degree of liver fibrosis is considered as a strong predictor of risk for hepatocellular carcinoma development, several trials have been performed to verify the usefulness of measurement of liver stiffness to predict the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma. From these studies, transient elastography seems to be a promising procedure to predict the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma; however, further cohorts with long-term monitoring of liver stiffness are needed to confirm the usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Nakao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist 2011; 15 Suppl 4:14-22. [PMID: 21115577 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-s4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have liver cirrhosis, which develops following long periods of chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis is characterized by a decrease in hepatocyte proliferation, indicating an exhaustion of the regenerative capacity of the liver, and results in an increase in fibrous tissue and a destruction of liver cells, which may ultimately lead to the development of cancerous nodules. Half of all cases of HCC are associated with hepatitis B virus infection, with a further 25% associated with hepatitis C virus. Other risk factors for developing HCC include alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, intake of aflatoxin-contaminated food, diabetes, and obesity. There are multiple factors involved in the etiology of HCC, all of which have a direct impact on patient characteristics and disease course, and although a causative agent can often be identified, HCC remains an extremely complex condition associated with a poor prognosis. Additionally, the geographic variation in etiology means that information from different countries is needed in order to optimize surveillance methods and develop effective chemoprevention strategies. Unfortunately, there are still many gaps in our current understanding, and further research efforts are needed to fully elucidate the diverse mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HCC and offer optimal prevention strategies for those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Sanyal
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Zakhary NI, El-Merzabani MM, El-Sawi NM, Saleh SM, Moneer MM, Mohamad RH. Impact of different biochemical markers in serum of patients with benign and malignant liver diseases. J Adv Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Kuo YH, Lu SN, Hung CH, Kee KM, Chen CH, Hu TH, Lee CM, Changchien CS, Wang JH. Liver stiffness measurement in the risk assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma for patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatol Int 2010; 4:700-6. [PMID: 21286340 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS [corrected] The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increased with progression of hepatic fibrosis as assessed by liver stiffness measurement (LSM). This study used LSM to assess the risk of HCC presence in patients with chronic hepatitis. METHODS The patients with liver tumor or chronic hepatitis indicated for biopsy were prospectively enrolled. LSM was performed on the same day as biopsy. The diagnostic performances of clinical parameters and LSM in predicting HCC presence were compared with the areas under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROC). The risk of HCC presence was assessed with stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLR). The cut-off values and its diagnostic validity were calculated for LSM. RESULTS A total of 435 patients, including 106 HCC and 329 chronic hepatitis, were enrolled. The AUROC in predicting HCC presence was 0.736, 0.733, 0.594, 0.579 and 0.532 for LSM, alpha-fetoprotein, platelet count, total bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase-platelet ratio index, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed liver stiffness was an independent factor for HCC presence (odds ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.09). SSLR for HCC presence by liver stiffness was 0.43 (95% CI 0.32-0.57) in <12 kPa, 1.28 (0.89-1.84) in 12-24 kPa, and 5.94 (3.77-9.35) in >24 kPa. With 12 and 24 kPa as the cut-offs in predicting HCC presence, the sensitivity was 69.8 and 41.5%, respectively. The specificity was 69.6 and 92.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LSM identified the risk group for HCC presence in chronic hepatitis patients and had high specificity in the prediction of HCC with the cut-off of 24 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Kuo
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 833 Taiwan
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Hepatitis B virus genotyping by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in Taiwan. Hepatol Int 2010; 4:601-7. [PMID: 21063483 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used in this study to detect genotypes of HBV, and the efficiency and precision of ELISA using the mAbs for HBV genotype detection were also estimated. METHODS The ELISA with mAbs method was used for the detection of HBV genotype in a Taiwanese population. The HBV genotypes of 100 chronic hepatitis B patients were determined by ELISA and were then compared with those obtained using RFLP. RESULTS Genotype B was found to be the most prevalent in this study (63% by RFLP; 62% by ELISA) followed by genotype C (31% by RFLP; 35% by ELISA). There was no significant difference between the results obtained by RFLP and ELISA (P = 0.75). The ELISA overall genotypeable rate, the correct genotyping rate from genotypeable specimens, and the concordance of the HBV genotyping assay was 96.00, 94.79, and 91.00%; for the ELISA HBV genotyping assay for genotype B specimens was 96.77, 100.00, and 96.77%; and for genotype C specimens was 97.14, 91.18, and 88.57%, respectively. The mean HBV DNA level was higher in the specimens that could be genotyped by both RFLP and ELISA samples (6.24 ± 1.77 vs. 2.34 ± 0.90, log IU/ml), and a significant difference in terms of HBV DNA level of more than 2 × 10(3) IU/ml was identified between the genotyped RFLP samples (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ELISA is a practical and a useful method for HBV genotyping in a clinical setting in Taiwan, in particular for patients with lower levels of HBV DNA.
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Chudapongse N, Kamkhunthod M, Poompachee K. Effects of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on HepG2 cell viability and oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:315-319. [PMID: 20488238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus urinaria is widely used as anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and hepatoprotective medicines in Asian countries such as India, China and Thailand. In Thailand, Phyllanthus urinaria is traditionally used as an adjuvant or alternative medicine for cancer patients, including liver cancer. However, there is limited scientific evidence supporting its use in cancer particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and the effect on oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepG2 cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria were treated with the 50% methanolic extract of Phyllanthus urinaria. Cytotoxicity of the extract was assessed by trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay. Rates of oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria were determined with a Clark oxygen electrode. RESULTS It was found that the hydromethanolic extract induced cell death of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The IC(50) of Phyllanthus urinaria extract measured by trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay were 431+/-65 microg/ml and 445+/-62 microg/ml, respectively. Morphological changes of the cells were also observed. With isolated rat liver mitochondria, the extract slightly stimulated mitochondrial state 4 respiration but profoundly depressed state 3 respiration and respiratory control ratio. CONCLUSIONS The extract impairs energy metabolism by acting as inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation and weak mitochondrial uncoupler. These mitochondrial effects may play a role in the cytotoxic action of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on HepG2 cells. These results provide preliminary experimental evidence supporting the use of Phyllanthus urinaria against hepatocellular carcinoma and open the possibility of considering this plant an adjunctive medicine for the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuannoi Chudapongse
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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Tsiambas E, Manaios L, Papanikolopoulos C, Rigopoulos DN, Tsounis D, Karameris A, Soultati A, Koliopoulou A, Kravvaritis C, Sergentanis T, Patsouris E, Dourakis S. Chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene/chromosome 7 numerical aberrations in hepatocellular carcinoma based on tissue microarrays. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 15:511-20. [PMID: 19145479 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) overexpression is observed frequently in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), specific gene deregulation mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic significance of the combined protein and gene/chromosome 7 numerical alterations. Using tissue microarray technology, thirty-five (n = 35) paraffin embedded histologically confirmed HCCs were cored and re-embedded in a paraffin block. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the determination of EGFR protein levels and evaluated by the performance of digital image analysis. Chromogenic in situ hybridization was also performed based on the use of EGFR gene and chromosome 7 centromeric probes, respectively. EGFR overexpression was observed in 26/35 (74.2%) cases and was correlated to the grade of the tumors and also to the history of the patients (p = 0.013, p = 0.036, respectively). Numerical alterations regarding gene and chromosome 7 were identified in 4/35 (11.4%) and 12/35 (43.2%) cases associated to the grade of the tumors (p = 0.019, p = 0.001, respectively) and to the survival rate of the patients (p = 0.037, p = 0.001, respectively). EGFR overall expression was also correlated to the gene copies (p = 0.020). EGFR gene numerical alterations -although rare- and also chromosome 7 aneuploidy maybe affect prognosis in HCC patients. To our knowledge this is the first chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis based on tissue microarrays in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Derbala M, Amer A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis C genotype 4 after viral clearance and in absence of cirrhosis: two case reports. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:7927. [PMID: 20181199 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-0002-0000007927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genotype 4 Hepatitis C virus represents approximately 20% of global Hepatitis C virus infection and is the source of a considerable burden to health-care providers across the globe. Many studies reported that interferon reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C.Hereby, we are reporting two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis C virus-genotype 4 after complete viral eradication and in absence of cirrhosis. We aim to highlight the possible direct oncogenic effect of Hepatitis C virus-genotype 4, particularly with concomitant bilharzial infection and the importance of life-log follow up of these patients even in absence of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutaz Derbala
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, P.O. Box #3050, Qatar.
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Abstract
Global transcriptome analysis has been successfully applied to characterize various human tumors, including hepatocellular carcinomas. This novel technology can facilitate early diagnosis, as well as prognostic and therapeutic diversification of cancer patients. To enhance access to the genomic information buried in archived pathology samples, we assessed RT-PCR amplification rates in paraffin-embedded tissues preserved in three different fixatives. Reliable amplification could be achieved from all paraffin-embedded specimens, when the amplicon size did not exceed 225 bp. A longer amplicon size resulted in rapid decrease of yield and reproducibility. In addition, formalin provided superior morphology and better reactivity with claudin-4 and -7 immunohistochemistry. Amplification of the initial sample is often required before transcriptome analysis of clinical specimens could be performed. We introduced a random nonamer primed T3 polymerase reaction into the conventional linear RNA amplification protocol. The modified T3T7 method generated a sense strand product ideal for synthesizing indirectly labeled cDNA templates. Microarray analysis of amplified frozen and laser-microdissected Myc and Myc/TGFalpha mouse liver tumors confirmed good reproducibility (r=0.9) of the reaction and conservation of original transcriptional patterns (r=0.78). Finally, we tested the utility of expression profiling for the classification of human HCC samples. By comparing expression data from HGF-treated c-Met conditional knock-out and control primary mouse hepatocytes, we identified 690 HGF/c-Met target genes. Functional analysis of the significant gene set implicated c-Met as key regulator of hepatocyte motility and oxidative homeostasis. Cross comparison of the c-Met-induced transcription signature with human HCC expression profiles revealed a group of tumors (27%) with potentially activated c-Met signaling (MET+). These tumors were characterized by higher vascular invasion rate, increased microvessel density, and shortened survival. A prediction model based on 111 cross-species conserved c-Met signature genes was able to diversify HCC patients into good and bad prognostic groups with 83-95% accuracy. Our results therefore demonstrate that careful experimental design and state-of-the-art laboratory methods could open the way for global expression profiling of archived and limited availability pathologic samples. Comparative functional genomics based analysis of the cancer transcriptome could lead to novel molecular classification systems which are essential for the introduction of individualized cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Kaposi-Novák
- Semmelweis Egyetem Klinikai Orvostudományok Doktori Iskola Budapest Semmelweis Egyetem II. sz. Patológiai Intézet 1091 Budapest Ulloi út 93, Hungary
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Experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma: developments and evolution. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:969-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gurtsevitch VE. Human oncogenic viruses: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses and their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:504-13. [PMID: 18605975 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infections caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the main risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. Both viruses cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from healthy carrier state to acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. HBV and HCV belong to different viral families (Hepadnoviridae and Flaviviridae, respectively); they are characterized by different genetic structures. Clinical manifestations of these viral infections result from the interaction between these viruses and host hepatocytes (i.e. between viral and cell genomes). Proteins encoded by both viruses play an important role in processes responsible for immortalization and transformation of these cells. Chronic inflammation determined by host immune response to the viral infection, hepatocyte death and their compensatory proliferation, as well as modulation of expression of some regulatory proteins of the cell (growth factors, cytokines, etc.) are the processes that play the major role in liver cancer induced by HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Gurtsevitch
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 115478, Russia.
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Macdonald DC, Nelson M, Bower M, Powles T. Hepatocellular carcinoma, human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in the HAART era. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1657-63. [PMID: 18350596 PMCID: PMC2695905 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is rising. HCC in HIV almost invariably occurs in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection and, on account of shared modes of transmission, this occurs in more than 33% and 10% of patients with HIV worldwide respectively. It has yet to be clearly established whether HIV directly accelerates HCC pathogenesis or whether the rising incidence is an epiphenomenon of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, wherein the increased longevity of patients with HIV allows long-term complications of viral hepatitis and cirrhosis to develop. Answering this question will have implications for HCC surveillance and the timing of HCV/HBV therapy, which in HIV co-infection presents unique challenges. Once HCC develops, there is growing evidence that HIV co-infection should not preclude conventional therapeutic strategies, including liver transplantation.
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Steiner I, Sriram S. The "one virus, one disease" model of multiple sclerosis is too constraining. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:529; author reply 529. [PMID: 17894376 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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hF-LANa, a human homologue of Derlin family, regulating the expression of cancer-related genes promotes NIH3T3 cell transformation. Cancer Lett 2007; 258:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Komura T, Mizukoshi E, Kita Y, Sakurai M, Takata Y, Arai K, Yamashita T, Ohta T, Shimizu K, Nakamoto Y, Honda M, Takamura T, Kaneko S. Impact of diabetes on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical treatment in patients with viral hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:1939-46. [PMID: 17573788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consensus has been reached that diabetes is a risk factor for development of HCC, but the impact on postoperative recurrence is still controversial. To clarify this point, we analyzed the relationship of postoperative recurrence rate of HCC and coexistence of diabetes in the patients with viral hepatitis. METHODS A total of 90 patients who had undergone curative resection for HCC were analyzed. They were divided into two groups with and without diabetes, and the recurrence-free survival rates after surgical treatment and the factors contributing to recurrence were examined. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the recurrence-free survival rates in the diabetic group were significantly lower than those in the nondiabetic group (P= 0.005) and overall survival rates in the diabetic group were significantly lower than those in the nondiabetic group (P= 0.005). These results were emphasized in the analysis of patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed diabetes was a significant factor contributing to HCC recurrence after treatment. Furthermore, multivariate analysis in HCC patients with diabetes showed Child-Pugh classification B (P= 0.001) and insulin therapy (P= 0.049) were significant factors contributing to HCC recurrence after treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that diabetes is a risk factor for the recurrence of HCV-related HCC and decreases the overall survival rates after surgical treatment. HCV-related HCC patients with diabetes should be closely followed for postoperative recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Komura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Clemente C, Elba S, Buongiorno G, Guerra V, D'Attoma B, Orlando A, Russo F. Manganese superoxide dismutase activity and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Child-Pugh class A liver cirrhosis: a 7-year follow-up study. Liver Int 2007; 27:791-7. [PMID: 17617122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate possible modifications in the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity during neoplastic transformation of a cirrhotic liver and to find out whether its assessment may have predictive value to identify cirrhotic patients at a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Seventy-one consecutive subjects with Child-Pugh class A liver cirrhosis were recruited. At the time of enrolment, HCC was diagnosed in 20 cirrhotic patients. The 51 cirrhotic patients without HCC were followed up for the occurrence of tumour by 6-monthly screening for 7 years. During follow-up, 16 patients developed HCC. Seventy healthy subjects formed the control group. MnSOD activity was assayed spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Serum MnSOD activity was significantly lower in 70 healthy subjects compared with 51 cirrhotic patients and 20 cirrhotic patients with HCC. Cirrhotic patients who developed HCC during follow-up showed significantly higher values of MnSOD activity than HCC-free patients. The best cut-off of MnSOD activity was 0.40 U/ml. At this cut-off, chi2 analysis revealed that MnSOD activity was significantly different between the HCC-free cirrhotic patients and cirrhotic patients who developed HCC. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that during neoplastic transformation of cirrhotic liver, an increase in MnSOD activity may occur already during the precancerous phase, making this enzyme a probable malignancy-associated parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Clemente
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Sciences, IRCCS S. De Bellis, Castellana Grotte (Ba) Italy.
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Choudhari SR, Khan MA, Harris G, Picker D, Jacob GS, Block T, Shailubhai K. Deactivation of Akt and STAT3 signaling promotes apoptosis, inhibits proliferation, and enhances the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to an anticancer agent, Atiprimod. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:112-21. [PMID: 17237271 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atiprimod is a novel anticancer and antiangiogenic drug candidate which is currently being evaluated in patients with liver carcinoid and multiple myeloma. In this study, we report that atiprimod selectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells that expressed either hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus, through deactivation of protein kinase B (Akt) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. In HepG2 AD38 cells, which express HBV genome under the control of a tetracycline-off promoter, both Akt and STAT3 were constitutively activated in response to HBV expression. However, this constitutive activation was not sensitive to lamivudine, a drug that inhibits HBV replication without affecting its gene expression, suggesting that HBV replication per se might not be responsible for the activation. Interestingly, the electrophoretic mobility of p-STAT3 protein bands on immunoblot was slower when AD38 cells were cultured in the absence of tetracycline, suggesting a differential phosphorylation in response to HBV expression. In HCC cells, interleukin 6 stimulates the phosphorylation of STAT3 both at serine 727 and at tyrosine 705 positions. The interleukin 6-stimulated activation of STAT3 and Akt was inhibited not only by atiprimod but also by LY294002, a phosphoinositide-3-kinase-specific inhibitor, and by NS398, a cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitor. The combination of these compounds did not produce any additive effect, implying that the mechanisms by which HBV activates Akt and STAT3 might also involve phosphoinositide-3-kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Collectively, these results suggest that atiprimod could be useful as a multifunctional drug candidate for the treatment of HCC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweeta R Choudhari
- Institute of Hepatitis and Virus Research/Drexel Institute of Biotechnology and Virology Research, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Room 254, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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