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Hlaoperm C, Sudjarwo WAA, Ehrenbrandtner J, Kiss E, Del Favero G, Choowongkomon K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Lieberzeit PA. Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticle Ensembles for Rapidly Identifying S. epidermidis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3526. [PMID: 37050585 PMCID: PMC10098556 DOI: 10.3390/s23073526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) belongs to methicillin-resistant bacteria strains that cause severe disease in humans. Herein, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles resulting from solid-phase synthesis on entire cells were employed as a sensing material to identify the species. MIP nanoparticles revealed spherical shapes with diameters of approximately 70 nm to 200 nm in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed. The interaction between nanoparticles and bacteria was assessed using height image analysis in AFM. Selective binding between MIP nanoparticles and S. epidermidis leads to uneven surfaces on bacteria. The surface roughness of S. epidermidis cells was increased to approximately 6.3 ± 1.2 nm after binding to MIP nanoparticles from around 1 nm in the case of native cells. This binding behavior is selective: when exposing Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to the same MIP nanoparticle solutions, one cannot observe binding. Fluorescence microscopy confirms both sensitivity and selectivity. Hence, the developed MIP nanoparticles are a promising approach to identify (pathogenic) bacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chularat Hlaoperm
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wisnu Arfian A. Sudjarwo
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Ehrenbrandtner
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Peter A. Lieberzeit
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Slime Producing Staphylococcus Spp. Obtained from Blood Samples of Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: to investigate the slime production in isolates of Staphylococcus spp., associated with bacteremia in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and to determine the relationship between the slime production and ica genes carriage, as well as the correlation of ica and methicillin resistance.
Materials and methods: Between 2019 and 2020, twenty-one clinically significant Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from blood cultures of 17 patients after HSCT. The species identification and the susceptibility to cefoxitin were determined by BD Phoenix M50. Two phenotypic tests (Congo red agar, CRA; Christensen’s method, TT) and PCR for icaA and icaD were used to detect slime production. A PCR method was also used to detect the mecA, mecC genes.
Results: In the studied group of 21 isolates (S. epidermidis, n = 12; S. haemolyticus, n = 4; S. hominis, n = 2; S. aureus, n = 3), the phenotypic tests were positive in 13 isolates. Ten isolates (47.6%) were identified as carriers of ica genes (S. epidermidis, n = 9, and S. haemolyticus, n = 1). Five isolates (23.8%) were detected as slime producers by all three methods. The mecA gene was identified in 18 isolates (85.7%). All ica positive isolates were also mecA carriers.
Conclusion: A relatively high proportion of the blood isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were slime producers, associ-ated with ica genes. A combination of both phenotypic and genetic methods should be used to detect alternative routes of slime production. The co-expression of ica and mecA is associ-ated with the occurrence of difficult-to-eradicate isolates.
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Suchý T, Vištejnová L, Šupová M, Klein P, Bartoš M, Kolinko Y, Blassová T, Tonar Z, Pokorný M, Sucharda Z, Žaloudková M, Denk F, Ballay R, Juhás Š, Juhásová J, Klapková E, Horný L, Sedláček R, Grus T, Čejka Z, Čejka Z, Chudějová K, Hrabák J. Vancomycin-Loaded Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Layers Electrospun on 3D Printed Titanium Implants Prevent Bone Destruction Associated with S. epidermidis Infection and Enhance Osseointegration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050531. [PMID: 34068788 PMCID: PMC8151920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop an orthopedic implant coating in the form of vancomycin-loaded collagen/hydroxyapatite layers (COLHA+V) that combine the ability to prevent bone infection with the ability to promote enhanced osseointegration. The ability to prevent bone infection was investigated employing a rat model that simulated the clinically relevant implant-related introduction of bacterial contamination to the bone during a surgical procedure using a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ability to enhance osseointegration was investigated employing a model of a minipig with terminated growth. Six weeks following implantation, the infected rat femurs treated with the implants without vancomycin (COLHA+S. epidermidis) exhibited the obvious destruction of cortical bone as evinced via a cortical bone porosity of up to 20% greater than that of the infected rat femurs treated with the implants containing vancomycin (COLHA+V+S. epidermidis) (3%) and the non-infected rat femurs (COLHA+V) (2%). The alteration of the bone structure of the infected COLHA+S. epidermidis group was further demonstrated by a 3% decrease in the average Ca/P molar ratio of the bone mineral. Finally, the determination of the concentration of vancomycin released into the blood stream indicated a negligible systemic load. Six months following implantation in the pigs, the quantified ratio of new bone indicated an improvement in osseointegration, with a two-fold bone ingrowth on the COLHA (47%) and COLHA+V (52%) compared to the control implants without a COLHA layer (27%). Therefore, it can be concluded that COLHA+V layers are able to significantly prevent the destruction of bone structure related to bacterial infection with a minimal systemic load and, simultaneously, enhance the rate of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Suchý
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; +420-777-608-280
| | - Lucie Vištejnová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Šupová
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - Pavel Klein
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Martin Bartoš
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Blassová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Tonar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pokorný
- R&D Department, Contipro Inc., 56102 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Zbyněk Sucharda
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - Margit Žaloudková
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - František Denk
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rastislav Ballay
- 1st Department of Orthopedics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;
| | - Štefan Juhás
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (Š.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Jana Juhásová
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (Š.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Eva Klapková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Medical School and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukáš Horný
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Radek Sedláček
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomáš Grus
- 2nd Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Čejka
- ProSpon Ltd., 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic; (Z.Č.J.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Zdeněk Čejka
- ProSpon Ltd., 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic; (Z.Č.J.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Kateřina Chudějová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jaroslav Hrabák
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
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Hassan PA, Khider AK. Correlation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance among clinical and soil isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iraq. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020; 67:161-170. [PMID: 31833386 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is reported as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the biofilm formation by A. baumannii clinical and soil isolates, to display their susceptibility to 11 antibiotics and to study a possible relationship between formation of biofilm and multidrug resistance. During 8 months period, from June 2016 to January 2017, a total of 52 clinical and 22 soil isolates of A. baumannii were collected and identified through conventional phenotypic, chromo agar, biochemical tests, API 20E system, and confirmed genotypically by PCR for blaOXA-51-like gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined by standard disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. The biofilm formation was studied using Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate methods. The clinical isolates were 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin, 96.15% to gentamicin, 96.15% to imipenem, 92.31% to meropenem, and 78.85% to amikacin. The soil A. baumannii isolates were 100% sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and gentamicin, and 90.1% to ciprofloxacin. All A. baumannii isolates (clinical and soil) were susceptible to polymyxin B. The percentage of biofilm formation in Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate assays was 10.81%, 63.51%, and 86.48%, respectively. More robust biofilm former population was mainly among non-MDR isolates. Isolates with a higher level of resistance tended to form weaker biofilms. The soil isolates exhibited less resistance to antibiotics than clinical isolates. However, the soil isolates produce stronger biofilms than clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakhshan A. Hassan
- 1 Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Adel K. Khider
- 2 Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
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Khasawneh AI, Himsawi N, Abu-Raideh J, Salameh MA, Al-Tamimi M, Al Haj Mahmoud S, Saleh T. Status of Biofilm-Forming Genes among Jordanian Nasal Carriers of Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 24:386-98. [PMID: 32660224 PMCID: PMC7601545 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.24.6.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Biofilm formation in Staphylococcusaureus is a major virulence factor. Both MSSA and MRSA are common causes of community- and hospital-acquired infections and are associated with biofilm formation. The status of biofilm-forming genes has not been explored in Jordanian nasal carriers of S. aureus. This study investigates antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of biofilm-forming genes between MSSA and MRSA in two distinct populations in Jordan. Methods: A total of 35 MSSA and 22 MRSA isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients and medical students at Prince Hamzah Hospital, Jordan. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disk diffusion method and Vitek 2 system. The phenotypic biofilm formation was tested using CRA and microtiter plate assays. The prevalence of the biofilm-forming genes was determined using multiplex PCR. Results: Among 57 S.aureus isolates, 22 (38.6%) isolates were MRSA and were highly resistant against benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, and imipenem. The frequencies of the icaADBC were 77.1%, 97.1%, 94.3%, and 97.1% respectively in MSSA compared to 86.4%, 100%, 100%, and 100% in MRSA isolates. On the other hand, the frequency of the fnbA, fnbB, clfA, fib, clfB, ebps, eno, and cna genes was 81.8%, 90.9%, 95.5%, 90.9%, 86.4%, 100%, 100%, and 40.9%, respectively in the MRSA isolates. Conclusion: In both groups, MRSA isolates, in comparison to MSSA, were significantly more resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, imipenem, tetracycline, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Unexpectedly, biofilm formation and gene prevalence between MRSA and MSSA isolates showed no significant difference, suggesting other potential virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf I Khasawneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Nisreen Himsawi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Jumana Abu-Raideh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Muna A Salameh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sameer Al Haj Mahmoud
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns, and the correlation between biofilm formation with virulence factors in uropathogenic E. coli isolated from urinary tract infections. Microb Pathog 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104196 [doi link]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns, and the correlation between biofilm formation with virulence factors in uropathogenic E. coli isolated from urinary tract infections. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104196. [PMID: 32283258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by the invasion of the pathogen in the urinary system that can manifest as symptomatic or asymptomatic bacteriuria. This study was conducted to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns, and the correlation between biofilm formations with virulence factors in uropathogenic E. coli isolates retrieved from UTI. We searched Scopus and Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of sciences for studies published in the English language between 1st 2005 to 31st December 2019. The Mesh terms and text words included "biofilms", OR "biofilm formation", AND "antibiotic resistance", OR "drug-resistance", OR "antimicrobial drug resistance", AND "urinary tract infections", OR "UTI", AND "biofilm related-genes", AND "virulence factors" AND "correlation", AND "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli", OR "Uropathogenic E. coli" AND "prevalence" AND "Iran". Data analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI). The combined rates of biofilm formation in Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates were achieved as 84.6% (95% CI: 72.7-91.9). Also, 24.8%, 26.1% and 44.6% of UPEC isolates were able to create strong, moderate and weak biofilm, respectively. The highest pooled antibiotic resistance was against Ampicillin followed by Tetracycline with resistance rates of 74.6% and 64.9%, respectively. Accordingly, some studies reported that biofilm production was significantly associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence genes (p < 0.05). This study showed a high tendency among UPEC isolates to form biofilm (more than 84%), also, most studies included in the present review reported a significant correlation between biofilm formation with antibiotic resistance and virulence factors.
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Samadi R, Ghalavand Z, Mirnejad R, Nikmanesh B, Eslami G. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Children Patients in Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3849-3857. [PMID: 31849502 PMCID: PMC6910858 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s229394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes high rates of mortality and a substantial burden to health systems worldwide. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolated from children referred to Children’s Medical Center in Tehran. Materials and methods A total of 98 MRSA isolates were collected from children. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined using the disk diffusion and E-test methods. The presence of biofilm encoding genes and the pvl gene were determined by PCR. We used the microtiter plate method to assess the ability of biofilm formation. The MRSA isolates were further analyzed using PFGE and SCCmec typing. Results Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the highest and the lowest antibiotic resistance percentage were related to erythromycin (62%) and minocycline (10%), respectively. Overall, 63% of MRSA isolates were biofilm producers. Resistance to two antibiotics such as erythromycin (72% vs 28%, P=0.01) and clindamycin (71% vs 29%, P=0.04) was higher among biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers. All strains had biofilm-forming genes and the prevalence of pvl gene was 41%. Most MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec IVa (75%) and SCCmec III (18%). In PFGE technique, 5 common types and 2 single types were identified; Common type 1 with 37 isolates was dominant clone. Conclusion We thus report preliminary data on the prevalence and distribution of MRSA genotypes in Tehran Children’s Hospital. These findings characterize the MRSA colonization dynamics in child patients in Iran and may aid the design of strategies to prevent MRSA infection and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Samadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghalavand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Nikmanesh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. Evaluation of methods to detect in vitro biofilm formation by staphylococcal clinical isolates. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:714. [PMID: 30305150 PMCID: PMC6180658 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Staphylococcus genus comprising both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are widely distributed in nature and can infect diversity of hosts. Indeed, staphylococci are the major pathogens causing biofilm associated infections caused by contaminated hospital indwelling devices. These infections are persistent in nature being highly refractory to various stresses including antibiotics. Implementation of efficient diagnostic techniques for the biofilm production would help minimize the disease burden. Thus, early detection of pathogenic strains producing biofilms warrant the utmost importance in diagnostic laboratories especially in resource limited settings. Result Among 375 isolates collected from different clinical specimens, 214 (57%) were identified as coagulase negative staphylococci and 161 (43%) S. aureus. Detection of In-vitro biofilm formation in these isolates were carried out by three commonly used phenotypic assays and a genotypic assay. While evaluating the results, tissue-culture method with supplemented glucose and sucrose showed the best correlation with the results of genotypic assay. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3820-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Manandhar
- Tri-Chandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Shanti Pandey
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India. .,Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Shrestha LB, Bhattarai NR, Khanal B. Comparative evaluation of methods for the detection of biofilm formation in coagulase-negative staphylococci and correlation with antibiogram. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:607-613. [PMID: 29731649 PMCID: PMC5926075 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s159764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are normal commensals of human skin and mucous membranes. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of CNS among clinical isolates, characterize them up to species level, compare the three conventional methods for detection of biofilm formation, and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and methods CNS were obtained from various clinical samples including blood, urine, central venous catheter tips, endotracheal tube aspirate, and pus during a 1-year period (July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2015). Characterization up to species level was done using biochemical tests, and biofilm formation was detected by tube adherence, Congo red agar, and tissue culture plate method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results A total of 71 CNS isolates, comprising of seven species were obtained. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species followed by S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus. We detected biofilm formation in 71.8% of isolates. Considering the fact that tissue culture plate method is the gold standard, sensitivity of tube adherence method and Congo red agar method was found as 82% and 78%, respectively. The isolates exhibited high resistance toward penicillin (90%), azithromycin (60%), co-trimoxazole (60%), and ceftriaxone (40%), while all were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Biofilm former isolates showed higher resistance than the non-formers. Conclusion Among 71 CNS isolated, S. epidermidis was the most common isolate followed by S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus. Biofilm formation was detected in 71.8% of the isolates. All of the methods were effective in detecting biofilm-producing CNS strains. The antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in biofilm formers than non-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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11
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Jin N, Semple KT, Jiang L, Luo C, Zhang D, Martin FL. Spectrochemical analyses of growth phase-related bacterial responses to low (environmentally-relevant) concentrations of tetracycline and nanoparticulate silver. Analyst 2018; 143:768-776. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental insults mostly occur at low levels, making it challenging to measure bacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Jin
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Longfei Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Chunling Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
- School of Environment
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Lancashire
- Preston PR1 2HE
- UK
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12
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Investigation of Biofilm Formation Among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Children. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.61635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Martini R, Hörner R, Graichen DÂS. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and research of mec A and erm genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from platelet concentrates bags. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Lee JS, Bae YM, Moon SK, Lee SY. Survival ofStaphylococcus aureuswith different characteristics (antibiotic susceptibility, presenceicaof gene, and colony morphology) in biofilms on stainless steel. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Su Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Young-Min Bae
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
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15
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Development of Congo red broth method for the detection of biofilm-forming or slime-producing Staphylococcus sp. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Van Kerckhoven M, Hotterbeekx A, Lanckacker E, Moons P, Lammens C, Kerstens M, Ieven M, Delputte P, Jorens PG, Malhotra-Kumar S, Goossens H, Maes L, Cos P. Characterizing the in vitro biofilm phenotype of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from central venous catheters. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 127:95-101. [PMID: 27196636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections are commonly caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis that is able to form a biofilm on the catheter surface. Many studies involving biofilm formation by Staphylococcus have been published each adopting an own in vitro model. Since the capacity to form a biofilm depends on multiple environmental factors, direct comparison of results obtained in different studies remains challenging. This study characterized the phenotype (strong versus weak biofilm-producers) of S. epidermidis from CVCs in four different in vitro biofilm models, covering differences in material type (glass versus polymer) and nutrient presentation (static versus continuous flow). A good correlation in phenotype was obtained between glass and polymeric surfaces independent of nutrient flow, with 85% correspondence under static growth conditions and 80% under dynamic conditions. A 80% correspondence between static and dynamic conditions on polymeric surfaces could be demonstrated as well. Incubation time had a significant influence on the biofilm phenotype with only 55% correspondence between the dynamic models at different incubation times (48h versus 17h). Screening for the presence of biofilm-related genes only revealed that ica A was correlated with biofilm formation under static but not under dynamic conditions. In conclusion, this study highlights that a high level of standardization is necessary to interpret and compare results of different in vitro biofilm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Van Kerckhoven
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - An Hotterbeekx
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lanckacker
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Moons
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Monique Kerstens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Intensive Care Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology (LMM), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Martini R, Hörner R, Rampelotto RF, Garzon LRL, Nunes MS, Teixeira MD, Graichen DÂS. INVESTIGATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION IN COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM PLATELET CONCENTRATE BAGS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:1. [PMID: 26910444 PMCID: PMC4793942 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet Concentrates (PCs) are the blood components with the highest rate of
bacterial contamination, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most
frequently isolated contaminants. This study investigated the biofilm formation of 16
contaminated units out of 691 PCs tested by phenotypic and genotypic methods.
Adhesion in Borosilicate Tube (ABT) and Congo Red Agar (CRA) tests were used to
assess the presence of biofilm. The presence of icaADC genes was assessed by means of
the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. With Vitek(r)2, Staphylococcus
haemolyticus was considered the most prevalent CoNS (31.25%). The CRA characterized
43.8% as probable biofilm producers, and for the ABT test, 37.5%. The icaADC genes
were identified in seven samples by the PCR. The ABT technique showed 85.7%
sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to the reference method (PCR), and
presented strong agreement (k = 0.8). This study shows that species identified as PCs
contaminants are considered inhabitants of the normal skin flora and they might
become important pathogens. The results also lead to the recommendation of ABT use in
laboratory routine for detecting biofilm in CoNS contaminants of PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiéli Martini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Rosmari Hörner
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Roberta Filipini Rampelotto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Litiérri Razia Litiérri Garzon
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Melise Silveira Nunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Mayza Dalcin Teixeira
- Laboratório de Evolução Genética, Centro de Educação Superior Norte, Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ;
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18
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Lee JS, Bae YM, Lee SY, Lee SY. Biofilm Formation ofStaphylococcus aureuson Various Surfaces and Their Resistance to Chlorine Sanitizer. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M2279-86. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Su Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Young-Min Bae
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Sook-Young Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon Anseong-si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
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19
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Thilakavathy P, Priyan RMV, Jagatheeswari PAT, Charles J, Dhanalakshmi V, Lallitha S, Rajendran T, Divya B. Evaluation of Ica Gene in Comparison with Phenotypic Methods for Detection of Biofilm Production by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC16-9. [PMID: 26435944 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11725.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm producing bacteria are responsible for several chronic infections and are difficult to treat as they show much greater resistance to antibiotics. The major virulence factor determining the pathogenicity of CoNS has now well defined and found to be biofilm production. OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to isolate and characterize Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and their ability to form biofilms was evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 clinical isolates of CoNS were characterized and subjected to biofilm detection by tissue culture plate method (TCP), tube method (TM), congo red agar method (CRA) and PCR. RESULTS Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly isolated species 76(79.17%). The ica gene was present in 35 (36.45%) of CoNS isolates which were detected as biofilm producers by TCP. Biofilm producing isolates showed higher antibiotic resistance(72.1%). Majority of biofilm producers had strong association with medical device related infections. CONCLUSION To compare PCR based dectection method for presence of ica genes with TCP, the test share the specific identification rates. The sensitivity and specificity of TCP method in detection of biofilm was high in comparison with TM and CRA. TCP can be recommended as a general screening test for biofilm detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thilakavathy
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute , Tamilnadu, India
| | - R M Vasantha Priyan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Madurai Medical College , Tamilnadu, India
| | - P A T Jagatheeswari
- Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology, Madurai Medical College , Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jhansi Charles
- Registrar, TN DR.MGR Medical University , Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Dhanalakshmi
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Madurai Medical College , Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Lallitha
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Theni Medical College , Tamilnadu, India
| | - T Rajendran
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute , Tamilnadu, India
| | - B Divya
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Mohan kumaramangalam Medical College , Salem, Tamilnadu, India
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20
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Casagrande Proietti P, Stefanetti V, Hyatt DR, Marenzoni ML, Capomaccio S, Coletti M, Bietta A, Franciosini MP, Passamonti F. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of canine pyoderma isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for biofilm formation. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:945-51. [PMID: 25892615 PMCID: PMC4565817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming ability is increasingly being recognized as an important virulence factor in several Staphylococcus species. This study evaluated the biofilm-forming ability of sixty canine derived clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius, using three phenotypic methods, microtiter plate test (MtP), Congo red agar method (CRA) and tube adherence test, and the presence and impact of biofilm-associated genes (icaA and icaD). The results showed that icaA and icaD genes were detected concomitantly in 55 (91.7%) of 60 isolates. A majority (88.3%) of the strains screened had matching results by the tube adherence test, MtP and PCR analysis. Better agreement (95%) was found between the PCR-based analysis and the CRA. Results of the icaA and icaD gene PCRs showed good agreement with CRA results, with a kappa of 0.7. Comparing the phenotypic methods,
the statistical analysis showed that the agreement among the phenotypical tests using categorical data was generally good. Considering two classes (biofilm producer and biofilm non-producer), the percentage of matching results between the CRA method and the tube adherence test and between the CRA method and the MtP was 93.3%. A concordance of 100% was revealed between the MtP and the tube adherence test. The results indicate a high prevalence of the ica genes within S. pseudintermedius isolates, and their presence is associated with in vitro formation of a biofilm. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests is recommended for investigating biofilm formation in S. pseudintermedius.
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Samek O, Bernatová S, Ježek J, Šiler M, Šerý M, Krzyžánek V, Hrubanová K, Zemánek P, Holá V, Růžička F. Identification of individual biofilm-forming bacterial cells using Raman tweezers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:051038. [PMID: 25734616 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for in vitro identification of individual bacterial cells is presented. The method is based on a combination of optical tweezers for spatial trapping of individual bacterial cells and Raman microspectroscopy for acquisition of spectral “Raman fingerprints” obtained from the trapped cell. Here, Raman spectra were taken from the biofilm-forming cells without the influence of an extracellular matrix and were compared with biofilm-negative cells. Results of principal component analyses of Raman spectra enabled us to distinguish between the two strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thus, we propose that Raman tweezers can become the technique of choice for a clearer understanding of the processes involved in bacterial biofilms which constitute a highly privileged way of life for bacteria, protected from the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Bernatová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ježek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmir Šerý
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Krzyžánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Hrubanová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holá
- Masaryk University and St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pekarská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Masaryk University and St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pekarská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wojtyczka RD, Orlewska K, Kępa M, Idzik D, Dziedzic A, Mularz T, Krawczyk M, Miklasińska M, Wąsik TJ. Biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from a hospital environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4619-33. [PMID: 24776724 PMCID: PMC4053877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hospital environment microflora comprise a wide variety of microorganisms which are more or less pathogenic and where staphylococci are one of the most common types. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the prevalence of the biofilm forming coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in a hospital environment as a risk factor for nosocomial infections. Among 122 isolated and tested strains of CoNS the most frequent were: S. epidermidis-32 strains, S. haemolyticus-31 strains, S. capitis subsp. capitis- 21 strains, S. hominis-11 strains, S. cohnii subsp. cohnii-nine strains. In case of CoNS, the main molecule responsible for intercellular adhesion is a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded on the ica gene operon. The analysis revealed the presence of the icaADBC operon genes in 46.88% of S. epidermidis isolates. IcaA and icaD were present in 34.38% and 28.13% of strains respectively while IcaC gene was present in 37.50% of strains. IcaB gene was found in 21.88% of S. epidermidis strains. In 15 (63%) strains all icaADBC operon genes were observed. The assessment of antibacterial drugs susceptibility demonstrated that analyzed CoNS strains were highly resistant to macrolides and lincosamides and more sensitive to rifampicin and linezolid. Our data indicates that the hospital environment can be colonized by biofilm forming coagulase-negative staphylococci and transmission of these strains can cause an increased risk of serious nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Wojtyczka
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Kamila Orlewska
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kępa
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Danuta Idzik
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Dziedzic
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Mularz
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Michał Krawczyk
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Maria Miklasińska
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Tomasz J Wąsik
- Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Antimicrobial activity of zinc and titanium dioxide nanoparticles against biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kadlec R, Jakubec M, Jaglic Z. A novel flotation technique for the separation of nonadherent micro-organisms from a substrate. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 58:604-9. [PMID: 24527951 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An understanding of adherence ability is crucial in many areas, for example, in research on biofilms, evaluation of probiotics or in biotechnology. In all these analyses, the reproducible washing is very important in the prevention of false results. During washing, the force, direction of the flow, position of the pipette tip, number of washing cycles, type of washing solution and the way of removing the washing solution can be sources of inappropriate stress to attached cells. To overcome these problems, we here propose the use of high mass density solutions as flotation agents. As the density of bacteria is lower than that of the flotation solutions, nonattached or weakly attached bacteria are moved to the surface due to hydrostatic force. Caesium chloride, ammonium nitrate and sodium diatrizoate solutions, which are commonly used as FAs, were compared with a standard method of rinsing. Several concentrations of agents were used to investigate the optimal concentration and influence of hydrostatic pressure on adhered micro-organisms. We show that flotation is a rapid method for distinguishing between adhered and weakly attached or loosed cells with reproducible results. Due to its range of possible mass density concentration, the best FA was shown to be caesium chloride. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study that suggests using flotation agents to separate planktonic from adhered bacteria. When a high-density solution is used, buoyancy of bacteria ensures their segregation in the solution. Flotation agents could be used instead of washing procedure, which is inaccurate and hardly reproducible. High-density flotation agents could be used for more precise evaluation of bacterial adherence in many assays, such as research of biofilms or evaluation of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kadlec
- Dairy Research Institute, Ltd., Prague, Czech Republic
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Bernatová S, Samek O, Pilát Z, Šerý M, Ježek J, Jákl P, Šiler M, Krzyžánek V, Zemánek P, Holá V, Dvořáčková M, Růžička F. Following the mechanisms of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal action using Raman spectroscopy. Molecules 2013; 18:13188-99. [PMID: 24284484 PMCID: PMC6270526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics cure infections by influencing bacterial growth or viability. Antibiotics can be divided to two groups on the basis of their effect on microbial cells through two main mechanisms, which are either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria and bacteriostatic antibiotics suppress the growth of bacteria (keep them in the stationary phase of growth). One of many factors to predict a favorable clinical outcome of the potential action of antimicrobial chemicals may be provided using in vitro bactericidal/bacteriostatic data (e.g., minimum inhibitory concentrations—MICs). Consequently, MICs are used in clinical situations mainly to confirm resistance, and to determine the in vitro activities of new antimicrobials. We report on the combination of data obtained from MICs with information on microorganisms’ “fingerprint” (e.g., DNA/RNA, and proteins) provided by Raman spectroscopy. Thus, we could follow mechanisms of the bacteriostatic versus bactericidal action simply by detecting the Raman bands corresponding to DNA. The Raman spectra of Staphylococcus epidermidis treated with clindamycin (a bacteriostatic agent) indeed show little effect on DNA which is in contrast with the action of ciprofloxacin (a bactericidal agent), where the Raman spectra show a decrease in strength of the signal assigned to DNA, suggesting DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Bernatová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-5-41514-284; Fax: +420-5-41514-402
| | - Zdeněk Pilát
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Mojmír Šerý
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jan Ježek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Petr Jákl
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Vladislav Krzyžánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Science of the Czech republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (S.B.); (Z.P.); (M.Š.); (J.J.); (P.J.); (M.Š.); (V.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Veronika Holá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne’s Faculty Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.H.); (M.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Milada Dvořáčková
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne’s Faculty Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.H.); (M.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne’s Faculty Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.H.); (M.D.); (F.R.)
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Wasfi R, El-Rahman OAA, Mansour LE, Hanora AS, Hashem AM, Ashour MS. Antimicrobial activities against biofilm formed by Proteus mirabilis isolates from wound and urinary tract infections. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 30:76-80. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.93044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Characteristics related to antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of widespread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ST2 and ST23 lineages in Rio de Janeiro hospitals, Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 72:32-40. [PMID: 22100013 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, mostly associated with the use of medical devices in seriously ill or immunocompromised patients. Currently, the characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolates from Rio de Janeiro hospitals are unknown. In this study, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) types, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, biofilm formation genes, and multilocus sequence types (MLST) were investigated in 35 MRSE clinical isolates. The collection of isolates was previously well characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) into 2 main genotypes (A and B, 22 isolates) and 10 sporadic genotypes (13 isolates). MLST revealed a total of 8 different sequence types (STs), but ST2 and ST23, which were icaAB-positive, represented the majority (71.4%) of MRSE isolates tested. Almost all isolates (91.4%) belonged to clonal complex 2. SCCmec types III and IV were identified among 71.4% of the isolates, while the remaining was nontypeable. The predominant MRSE genotypes were defined as SCCmec type III/ST2 (PFGE type A) and SCCmec type IV/ST23 (PFGE type B) isolates, which were both associated with high antimicrobial resistance and presence of biofilm-related genes.
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Hassan A, Usman J, Kaleem F, Omair M, Khalid A, Iqbal M. Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in the clinical isolates. Braz J Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(11)70197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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29
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Iorio NLP, Lopes APDCN, Schuenck RP, Barcellos AG, Olendzki AN, Lopez GL, dos Santos KRN. A combination of methods to evaluate biofilm production may help to determine the clinical relevance of Staphylococcus in blood cultures. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:28-33. [PMID: 21175771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus is the most prevalent pathogen causing bacteremia and many of its isolates possess the ability to form biofilm. In this study Staphylococcus isolates from the blood of patients with bacteremia were analyzed by two biofilm detection phenotypic methods: Congo red agar (CRA) and microtiter-plate adherence (MPA) in relation to the presence of ica genes, detected by PCR. Their oxacillin susceptibility was also evaluated. Among 127 isolates evaluated, 47 were S. aureus and 80 were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). Seventy-four (58.3%) isolates were mecA gene positive (27.7%S. aureus and 76.3% CNS isolates). Among the 40 S. aureus isolates which were positive for the ica genes, 25 (62.5%) were positive in MPA and 27 (67.5%) in CRA, whereas both methods combined detected 34 (85%) isolates as biofilm producers. Among 12 S. epidermidis isolates carrying ica genes, 8 were positive in MPA and 5 in CRA. The combination of CRA and MPA methods provided a better prediction of the presence of ica genes in S. aureus isolates than did either method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lopes Pontes Iorio
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Marcilio Dias Naval Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Oliveira A, Cunha MDLR. Comparison of methods for the detection of biofilm production in coagulase-negative staphylococci. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:260. [PMID: 20946672 PMCID: PMC2973941 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of biofilm formation seems to play an essential role in the virulence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The most clearly characterized component of staphylococcal biofilms is the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) encoded by the icaADBC operon. Biofilm production was studied in 80 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains isolated from clinical specimens of newborns with infection hospitalized at the Neonatal Unit of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu, and in 20 isolates obtained from the nares of healthy individuals without signs of infection. The objective was to compare three phenotypic methods with the detection of the icaA, icaD and icaC genes by PCR. FINDINGS Among the 100 CNS isolates studied, 82% tested positive by PCR, 82% by the tube test, 81% by the TCP assay, and 73% by the CRA method. Using PCR as a reference, the tube test showed the best correlation with detection of the ica genes, presenting high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS The tube adherence test can be indicated for the routine detection of biofilm production in CNS because of its easy application and low cost and because it guarantees reliable results with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Oliveira
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute Bacteriology Laboratory, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Wang C, Fan J, Niu C, Wang C, Villaruz AE, Otto M, Gao Q. Role of spx in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 59:152-60. [PMID: 20402773 PMCID: PMC3413199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by the leading nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis are characterized by biofilm formation on implanted medical devices. In a previous study, we found that ClpP protease plays an essential role in biofilm formation of S. epidermidis. However, the mechanism by which ClpP impacts S. epidermidis biofilms has remained unknown. Here, we show that the Spx protein accumulates in the clpP mutant strain of S. epidermidis and controls biofilm formation of S. epidermidis via a pronounced effect on the transcription of the icaADBC operon coding for the production of the biofilm exopolysaccharide polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA). Notably, in contrast to Staphylococcus aureus, Spx controls PIA expression via an icaR-independent mechanism. Furthermore, Spx affected primary surface attachment, although not by regulating the production of the autolysin AtlE. Our results indicate that ClpP enhances the formation of S. epidermidis biofilms by degrading Spx, a negative regulator of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Amer E. Villaruz
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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32
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Holá V, Ruzicka F, Horka M. Microbial diversity in biofilm infections of the urinary tract with the use of sonication techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:525-8. [PMID: 20602639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the urinary tract account for >40% of nosocomial infections; most of these are infections in catheterized patients. Bacterial colonization of the urinary tract and catheters causes not only the particular infection but also a number of complications, for example blockage of catheters with crystallic deposits of bacterial origin, generation of gravels and pyelonephritis. Infections of urinary catheters are only rarely single-species infections. The longer a patient is catheterized, the higher the diversity of biofilm microbial communities. The aims of this study were to investigate the microbial diversity on the catheters and to compare the ability to form biofilm among isolated microbial species. The next aim was to discriminate particular causative agents of infections of the urinary tract and their importance as biofilm formers in the microbial community on the urinary catheter. We examined catheters from 535 patients and isolated 1555 strains of microorganisms. Most of the catheters were infected by three or more microorganisms; only 12.5% showed monomicrobial infection. Among the microorganisms isolated from the urinary catheters, there were significant differences in biofilm-forming ability, and we therefore conclude that some microbial species have greater potential to cause a biofilm-based infection, whereas others can be only passive members of the biofilm community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Holá
- Microbiological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital, Czech Republic.
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33
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Schlegelová J, Babák V, Holasová M, Dendis M. The biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in raw materials, foodstuffs and on contact surfaces in processing plants. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 53:500-4. [PMID: 19381474 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Isolates from the "farm to fork" samples (182 isolates from 2779 samples) were examined genotypically (icaAB genes) and phenotypically (in vitro biofilm formation, typical growth on Congo red agar; CRA) with the aim to assess the risk of penetration of virulent strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis into the food chain. The contamination of meat and milk products was significantly higher in comparison with raw materials. Contamination of contact surfaces in the meat-processing plants was significantly lower than that of contact surfaces in the dairy plants. The ica genes (which precondition the biofilm formation) were concurrently detected in 20 isolates that also showed a typical growth on CRA. Two ica operon-negative isolates produced biofilm in vitro but perhaps by an ica-independent mechanism. The surfaces in the dairy plants and the milk products were more frequently contaminated with ica operon-positive strains (2.3 and 1.2 % samples) than the other sample types (0-0.6 % samples).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schlegelová
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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34
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Walencka E, Rózalska S, Sadowska B, Rózalska B. The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus-derived surfactants on staphylococcal adhesion and biofilm formation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:61-6. [PMID: 18481220 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of surfactants obtained from three Lactobacillus acidophilus strains to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis biofilms was evaluated. Their influence was determined on bacterial initial adhesion, biofilm formation and dispersal using MTT-reduction assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy and image PHLIP analysis. The number of adhering S. aureus and S. epidermidis cells after a 3-h co-incubation with biosurfactants was reduced by 5-56 % in a strain-and dose-dependent manner. S. epidermidis-and, to a lower extent, in S. aureus-biofilm formation was also inhibited in the presence of the tested surfactants. The addition of surfactants to preformed mature biofilms accelerated their dispersal, and changed the parameters of biofilm morphology. The L. acidophilus-derived surfactants inhibit bacterial deposition rate and biofilm development (and also its maturation) without affecting cell growth probably due to the influence on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Walencka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Łódź, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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35
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Liberto MC, Matera G, Quirino A, Lamberti AG, Capicotto R, Puccio R, Barreca GS, Focà E, Cascio A, Focà A. Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of slime production by conventional and molecular microbiological techniques. Microbiol Res 2007; 164:522-8. [PMID: 17928210 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine staphylococcal isolates from different clinical samples were tested for slime production: phenotypic characterization was carried out using Christensen test (tube test) and Congo red agar plate test (CRA plate test), while the presence and expression of icaA and icaD genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. In 79.3% of studied strains there was a concordance between slime production and presence of icaA and icaD genes, and between lack of slime production and absence of both or only one of the tested genes. In four of five strains where positive phenotype was not associated with the presence of ica genes, gene co-expression (evaluated by mRNA determination) was lacking, while in only a case out of five, there was the presence of transcripts without phenotype. Our study, for the first time, introduces real-time PCR for the detection of both icaA and icaD genes and their mRNA and, furthermore, addresses the relationship between slime phenotype absence and mRNA expression, in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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36
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Růzicka F, Holá V, Votava M, Tejkalová R. Importance of biofilm in Candida parapsilosis and evaluation of its susceptibility to antifungal agents by colorimetric method. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:209-14. [PMID: 17702457 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of C. parapsilosis (an important cause of nosocomial infections) to produce biofilm was evaluated in 32 bloodstream isolates and 85 strains isolated from skin. The biofilm formation was found in 19 (59%) blood isolates and only in 33 (39%) isolates from skin. The antifungal susceptibility was assessed for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole in planktonic and biofilm form of the 19 biofilm-positive bloodstream strains by broth microdilution method according to NCCLS standards. The method was modified by the use of resazurin as a colorimetric indicator of the metabolically active cells which makes the determination of the effect of antifungal agents easier. Biofilm forms of all strains were more resistant than their planktonic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Růzicka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czechia.
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37
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Di Bonaventura G, Stepanović S, Picciani C, Pompilio A, Piccolomini R. Effect of environmental factors on biofilm formation by clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:86-90. [PMID: 17571802 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of environmental factors (temperature, aerobiosis-anaerobiosis, static-dynamic conditions, pH) was determined on biofilm formation by 51 S. maltophilia clinical isolates. The strains produced more biofilm at 32 degrees C than at 37 or 18 degrees C. Aerobic and 6% CO2 atmosphere yielded comparable biofilm amounts, higher than under anaerobic conditions. Biofilm production was not affected by static vs. agitated culture conditions. Biofilm production at pH 7.5 and 8.5 was comparable but significantly higher than at pH 5.5. The capacity of individual strains to form biofilm and thus contribute to the severity of some diseases is influenced by host traits and environmental conditions at the site of infection, and play an important role in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-related disease caused by S. maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Bonaventura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Italy.
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38
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Ruzicka F, Horka M, Hola V, Votava M. Capillary Isoelectric Focusing — Useful tool for detection of the biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 68:530-5. [PMID: 17157942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biofilm formation is an important factor of S. epidermidis virulence. Biofilm-positive strains might be clinically more important than biofilm-negative ones. Unlike biofilm-negative staphylococci, biofilm-positive staphylococci are surrounded with an extracellular polysaccharide substance. The presence of this substance on the surface can affect physico-chemical properties of the bacterial cell, including surface charge. 73 S. epidermidis strains were examined for the presence of ica operon, for the ability to form biofilm by Christensen test tube method and for the production of slime by Congo red agar method. Isoelectric points (pI) of these strains were determined by means of Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. The biofilm negative strains focused near pI value 2.3, while the pI values of the biofilm positive strains were near 2.6. Isoelectric point is a useful criterion for the differentiation between biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative S. epidermidis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ruzicka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic.
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39
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Walencka E, Sadowska B, Rózalska S, Hryniewicz W, Rózalska B. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm as a target for single or repeated doses of oxacillin, vancomycin, linezolid and/or lysostaphin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:381-6. [PMID: 17176756 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to high resistance, standard chemotherapy of biofilm-associated staphylococcal infections is ineffective and a number of alternative approaches to antimicrobial treatment have been proposed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) of oxacillin (Oxa), vancomycin (Van), linezolid (Lzd) and lysostaphin (Lss) as well as the possible synergistic effect of the antibiotics and lysostaphin were determined. The Lss susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and bio-film cultures varied and was strain-dependent. The synergistic effect of sub-BIC(Lss)+Oxa was observed for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSa) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MrSa), but not for heterogeneously vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (V(h)Sa) biofilm. Van with sub-BICL(Lss) was effective against M(s)Sa and MrSa biofilm, when applied in three subsequent doses. Only sub-BICL(Lss)+Lzd combination, given as three cycles therapy, was effective in disruption of all 3 (M(s)Sa, M(r)Sa, V(h)Sa) biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Walencka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lódz, Poland
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40
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de Araujo GL, Coelho LR, de Carvalho CB, Maciel RM, Coronado AZ, Rozenbaum R, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Figueiredo AMS, Teixeira LA. Commensal isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis are also well equipped to produce biofilm on polystyrene surfaces. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:855-64. [PMID: 16551694 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study biofilm production and to detect icaAD, atlE and aap genes in 137 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) obtained from healthy individuals from the community (35 isolates), from hospitalized patients at the Antônio Pedro University Hospital (25 isolates) and from individuals from a home-care system (HCS; 77 isolates). METHODS Biofilm production was determined in vitro using polystyrene inert surfaces. icaAD, atlE and aap genes were detected using PCR. Hybridization experiments were also carried out to confirm some PCR results. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the NCCLS methods. RESULTS Although many of the commensal MRSE isolates produced biofilms, the percentage of biofilm producers was significantly higher (P = 0.0107) among hospital isolates (76%) than among isolates from the community (60%) and from the HCS (57%). An association was observed between multiresistance and biofilm production for isolates obtained from healthy individuals from the community and from household contacts from the HCS (P < 0.0001). The concomitant presence of the ica operon and atlE and aap genes was associated with the strong biofilm-producer phenotype (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Because many of the commensal MRSE isolates obtained from nares produced biofilms and carried icaAD, aap and atlE genes, biofilms or such genetic elements should not be used as markers for clinical significance. The biofilm environment seems to increase genetic exchanges and hence may contribute to multiresistance phenotypes.
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Harjai K, Khandwahaa RK, Mittal R, Yadav V, Gupta V, Sharma S. Effect of pH on production of virulence factors by biofilm cells ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:99-102. [PMID: 16110911 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effect of pH on production of extracellular virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on catheter in biofilm was determined. Alginate and proteinase production was higher at pH 8; in contrast, siderophores (pyochelin and pyoverdin) were synthesized more intensively at pH 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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