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Sivitskaya L, Vaikhanskaya T, Danilenko N, Liaudanski A, Davydenko O, Zhelev N. New deletion in LAMP2 causing familial Danon disease. Effect of the X-chromosome inactivation. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2022; 64:853-862. [PMID: 36876541 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.64.e66292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Danon disease (DD), a rare X-linked genetic illness with a poor prognosis, is caused by a mutation in the lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 gene (LAMP2). Three main clinical features of this pathology are cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and mental retardation. Most Danon disease mutations create premature stop codons resulting in the decrease or absence of LAMP2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Danilenko
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aleh Liaudanski
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oleg Davydenko
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
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2
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Rodrigues B, Gonçalves A, Sousa V, Maia N, Marques I, Vale-Fernandes E, Santos R, Nogueira AJA, Jorge P. Use of the FMR1 Gene Methylation Status to Assess the X-Chromosome Inactivation Pattern: A Stepwise Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:419. [PMID: 35327973 PMCID: PMC8951761 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a developmental process to compensate the imbalance in the dosage of X-chromosomal genes in females. A skewing of the XCI pattern may suggest a carrier status for an X-linked disease or explain the presence of a severe phenotype. In these cases, it is important to determine the XCI pattern, conventionally using the gold standard Human Androgen-Receptor Assay (HUMARA), based on the analysis of the methylation status at a polymorphic CAG region in the first exon of the human androgen receptor gene (AR). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the methylation status of the fragile mental retardation protein translational regulator gene (FMR1) can provide an XCI pattern similar to that obtained by HUMARA. A set of 48 female carriers of FMR1 gene normal-sized alleles was examined using two assays: HUMARA and a FMR1 methylation PCR (mPCR). Ranges were defined to establish the XCI pattern using the methylation pattern of the FMR1 gene by mPCR. Overall, a 77% concordance of the XCI patterns was obtained between the two assays, which led us to propose a set of key points and a stepwise analysis towards obtaining an accurate result for the XCI pattern and to minimize the underlying pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rodrigues
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gonçalves
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Sousa
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Nuno Maia
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emídio Vale-Fernandes
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Medically Assisted Procreation/Public Gamete Bank, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4050-651 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Santos
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. A. Nogueira
- CESAM—Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Paula Jorge
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Radic CP, Rossetti LC, Abelleyro MM, Tetzlaff T, Candela M, Neme D, Sciuccati G, Bonduel M, Medina-Acosta E, Larripa IB, de Tezanos Pinto M, De Brasi CD. Phenotype-genotype correlations in hemophilia A carriers are consistent with the binary role of the phase between F8 and X-chromosome inactivation. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:530-9. [PMID: 25611311 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recessive X-linked disorder hemophilia A (HA) is rarely expressed in female carriers, most of whom express about half of normal factor VIII activity ( FVIII C). OBJECTIVE To propose an integrative assessment model for the binary role of the phase between the mutated F8 and the active X-chromosome (Xa) in FVIII C in HA carriers. METHODS We studied 67 females at risk of severe HA, comprising five symptomatic females ( FVIII C < 1.5 IU dL(-1) ) and 14 controls. A correlation study between FVIII C (observed vs. expected) and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) patterns (XIPs; androgen receptor gene [AR] system) in blood leukocyte DNA was performed in carriers, by comparison of a model correlating FVIII C and XIP with arbitrary models devoid of biological significance, and with FVIII C levels in non-carriers (mean model) as a proxy from background data dispersion not influenced by XIP. RESULTS We provide proof-of-concept example from a family presenting with extremely skewed XIPs in which the severe HA phenotype appeared in a heterozygous carrier of a crossover between AR and F8 loci that phased the mutated F8 with the maternally inherited Xa. Furthermore, four cases of severe HA affected women who had a combination of a heterozygous F8 mutation and extremely skewed XIPs in leukocytes or oral mucosa are presented. Correlation analyses between FVIII C levels and XIPs in carriers (n = 38) but not in non-carriers (n = 20) showed highly significant differences between the proposed correlation model and models without biological significance. The data support a binary influence of XCI, either increasing or decreasing the FVIII C, subject to the underlying phase set between the F8 mutation and XCI. CONCLUSIONS Our evidence suggests that the phase between XCI and mutated F8 acts as a molecular switch conditioning FVIII C levels and HA expression in carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Radic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Chen XL, Zhao Y, Ke HP, Liu WT, Du ZF, Zhang XN. Detection of somatic and germline mosaicism for the LAMP2 gene mutation c.808dupG in a Chinese family with Danon disease. Gene 2012; 507:174-6. [PMID: 22750798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Danon disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease characterized by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy and mental retardation, and is due to a primary defect in lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP 2). More than 26 mutations in the LAMP2 gene have been described, including a small number of de novo mutations, some of which are suspected to be caused by germline mosaicism. Here, we describe the first molecularly documented evidence of somatic mosaicism for a LAMP2 mutation, identified in the asymptomatic mother of a boy with Danon disease caused by the frameshift mutation c.808dupG (p.A270Gfx3) within exon 6. In addition, in order to gain insight into the possible explanation for the mother's lack of phenotype, the level of somatic mosaicism and the X-chromosome inactivation pattern were investigated. This study provides new insight into the causes of phenotypic variability in female mutation-carriers and underlines the importance of parental molecular testing for accurate genetic counseling for Danon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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5
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Chen YF, Tung CL, Chang Y, Hsiao WC, Su LJ, Sun HS. Analysis of global methylation using a Zta-expressing nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Genomics 2011; 97:205-13. [PMID: 21195163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EBV infects more than 90% of the human population and persists in most individuals as a latent infection where the viral genome is silenced by host-driven methylation. The lytic cycle is initiated when the viral protein Zta binds to methylated BRLF1 and BRRF1 promoters. Although studies reveal the role of Zta and methylation changes in the viral genome upon EBV infection to reactivation, whether Zta plays any role in alteration of methylation in the host genome remains unknown. Using an inducible model, we demonstrate that global DNA methylation, based on whole-genome 5-methylcytosine content, and regional DNA methylation in repetitive elements, imprinting genes and the X chromosome, remains unchanged in response to Zta expression. Expression of DNA methyltransferases was also unaffected by ectopically expressed Zta. Our data imply that alteration of host gene expression following EBV reactivation may reflect methylation-independent Zta-mediated gene activation and not epigenetic modification of the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fan Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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6
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Low burden of a JAK2-V617F mutated clone in monoclonal haematopoiesis in a Japanese woman with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Int J Hematol 2009; 89:517-522. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Mattei D, Bassan R, Mordini N, Rapezzi D, Rambaldi A, Strola G, Peretti C, Del Grosso F, Ferraris AM, Castellino C, Gallamini A. Expansion of B cell precursors after unrelated cord blood transplantation for an adult patient. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40:283-5. [PMID: 17529999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/immunology
- Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
- Cyclosporine/administration & dosage
- Cyclosporine/adverse effects
- Diarrhea/drug therapy
- Diarrhea/etiology
- Diarrhea/genetics
- Diarrhea/immunology
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage
- Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Ileus/drug therapy
- Ileus/etiology
- Ileus/genetics
- Ileus/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Infliximab
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/complications
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/pathology
- Transplantation Chimera/genetics
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation Conditioning
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8
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Butler MG, Theodoro MF, Bittel DC, Kuipers PJ, Driscoll DJ, Talebizadeh Z. X-chromosome inactivation patterns in females with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:469-75. [PMID: 17036338 PMCID: PMC5459689 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of paternally expressed genes from the 15q11-q13 region generally due to a paternally-derived deletion of the 15q11-q13 region or maternal disomy 15 (UPD). Maternal disomy 15 is usually caused by maternal meiosis I non-disjunction associated with advanced maternal age and after fertilization with a normal sperm leading to trisomy 15, a lethal condition unless trisomy rescue occurs with loss of the paternal chromosome 15. To further characterize the pathogenesis of maternal disomy 15 process in PWS, the status of X-chromosome inactivation was calculated to determine whether non-random skewing of X-inactivation is present indicating a small pool of early embryonic cells. We studied X-chromosome inactivation in 25 females with PWS-UPD, 35 with PWS-deletion, and 50 controls (with similar means, medians, and age ranges) using the polymorphic androgen receptor (AR) gene assay. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.5, P = 0.01) was seen between X-chromosome inactivation and age for only the UPD group. Furthermore, a significantly increased level (P = 0.02) of extreme X-inactivation skewness (>90%) was detected in our PWS-UPD group (24%) compared to controls (4%). This observation could indicate that trisomy 15 occurred at conceptus with trisomy rescue in early pregnancy leading to extreme skewness in several PWS-UPD subjects. Extreme X-inactivation skewness may also lead to additional risks for X-linked recessive disorders in PWS females with UPD and extreme X-chromosome skewness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
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9
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Amos-Landgraf JM, Cottle A, Plenge RM, Friez M, Schwartz CE, Longshore J, Willard HF. X chromosome-inactivation patterns of 1,005 phenotypically unaffected females. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:493-9. [PMID: 16909387 PMCID: PMC1559535 DOI: 10.1086/507565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation is widely believed to be random in early female development and to result in a mosaic distribution of cells, approximately half with the paternally derived X chromosome inactive and half with the maternally derived X chromosome inactive. Significant departures from such a random pattern are hallmarks of a variety of clinical states, including being carriers for severe X-linked diseases or X-chromosome cytogenetic abnormalities. To evaluate the significance of skewed patterns of X inactivation, we examined patterns of X inactivation in a population of >1,000 phenotypically unaffected females. The data demonstrate that only a very small proportion of unaffected females show significantly skewed inactivation, especially during the neonatal period. By comparison with this data set, the degree of skewed inactivation in a given individual can now be quantified and evaluated for its potential clinical significance.
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10
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Talebizadeh Z, Bittel DC, Veatch OJ, Kibiryeva N, Butler MG. Brief report: non-random X chromosome inactivation in females with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 35:675-81. [PMID: 16167093 PMCID: PMC6744835 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a 3-4 times higher sex ratio in males than females. X chromosome genes may contribute to this higher sex ratio through unusual skewing of X chromosome inactivation. We studied X chromosome skewness in 30 females with classical autism and 35 similarly aged unaffected female siblings as controls using the polymorphic androgen receptor (AR) gene. Significantly, increased X chromosome skewness (e.g., >80:20%) was detected in our autism group (33%) compared to unaffected females (11%). X chromosome skewness was also seen in 50% of the mothers with autistic daughters. No mutation was seen in the promoter region of the XIST gene reported to be involved in X chromosome inactivation in our subjects. X chromosome skewness has been reported in female carriers of other neurological disorders such as X-linked mental retardation, adrenoleukodystrophy and Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Talebizadeh
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - D. C. Bittel
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - O. J. Veatch
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - N. Kibiryeva
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M. G. Butler
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA; Tel.: +1-816-234-3290; Fax: +1-816-346-1378;
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11
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Karasawa M, Yamane A, Mitsui T, Irisawa H, Sakura T, Matsushima T, Tsukamoto N, Nojima Y, Miyawaki S. Long-term persistence of host cells detected by X-chromosome gene-based assay in patients undergoing gender-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol 2005; 80:101-5. [PMID: 16184584 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using our recently developed human androgen receptor (HUMARA) gene-based chimerism assay, long-term chimerism was investigated in female patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) with cells from male donors. After restriction digestion of samples, we detected a small number of female-derived cells within a large population of male-derived cells, with a sensitivity from 0.1% to 0.05%. Chimerism was examined in four patients with myeloid malignancies: two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and one patient each with AML M3 and AML M4. All patients underwent myeloablative conditioning regimens and exhibited good clinical results during a median follow-up period of 6.6 years (range, 3.4-7.5 years). Female-derived cells were detected throughout the entire follow-up period in all bone marrow samples, but they became undetectable in the peripheral blood samples of 3 patients. Moreover, the HUMARA band pattern suggests that these residual host cells were normal cells. This study confirms the usefulness of the HUMARA gene-based assay, which showed that patients undergoing HCT frequently show mixed chimerism (MC) for a long period, especially in bone marrow, although the possibility of contamination by host stromal cells cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Karasawa
- Blood Transfusion Service, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
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12
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Saxena A, de Lagarde D, Leonard H, Williamson SL, Vasudevan V, Christodoulou J, Thompson E, MacLeod P, Ravine D. Lost in translation: translational interference from a recurrent mutation in exon 1 of MECP2. J Med Genet 2005; 43:470-7. [PMID: 16155192 PMCID: PMC2593027 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.036244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X linked neuro-developmental disorder affecting mostly girls. Mutations in the coding region of MECP2 are found in 80% of classic RTT patients. Until recently, the region encoding MECP2 was believed to comprise exons 2, 3, and 4 with the ATG start site located at the end of exon 2 (MeCP2_e2). METHODS Recent reports of another mRNA transcript transcribed from exon 1 (MeCP2_e1) prompted us to screen exon 1 among RNA samples from 20 females with classic or atypical RTT. RESULTS A previously reported 11 base pair deletion in exon 1 was detected in one subject with a milder phenotype. Although RNA expression for both protein isoforms was detected from the mutant allele, evaluation of MeCP2 protein in uncultured patient lymphocytes by immunocytochemistry revealed that MeCP2 protein production was restricted to only 74-76% of lymphocytes. X chromosome inactivation studies of genomic DNA revealed similar XCI ratios at the HUMARA locus (73:27 with HpaII and 74:26 with McrBC). We have demonstrated that translation but not transcription of the MeCP2_e2 isoform is ablated by the 11 nucleotide deletion, 103 nucleotides upstream of the e2 translation start site. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that nucleotides within the deleted sequence in the 5'-UTR of the MeCP2_e2 transcript, while not required for transcription, are essential for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saxena
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Level 2, North Block, Perth 6000, WA, Australia
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13
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Ferraris AM, Pujic N, Mangerini R, Rapezzi D, Gallamini A, Racchi O, Casciaro S, Gaetani GF. Clonal granulocytes in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia have shortened telomeres. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:391-3. [PMID: 16042688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate telomere length in peripheral blood granulocytes and mononuclear cells collected from 22 women with polycythaemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythaemia (ET). PV and ET are chronic myeloproliferative diseases whose heterogeneity of stem cell origin and clonal development has been established through analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns. The results from clonality assay and determination of telomere length show that only clonal granulocytes have shortened telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ferraris
- Ematologia Oncologica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy.
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14
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Ferraris AM, Mangerini R, Pujic N, Racchi O, Rapezzi D, Gallamini A, Casciaro S, Gaetani GF. High telomerase activity in granulocytes from clonal polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Blood 2005; 105:2138-40. [PMID: 15494424 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are chronic myeloproliferative disorders that share the involvement of a multipotent progenitor cell and dominance of the transformed clone over normal hematopoiesis. On the other hand, the heterogeneity of these diseases with respect to clonal development from a common progenitor has been well established. To identify useful prognostic indicators, we analyzed telomerase activity (TA), a known marker of neoplastic proliferation, in granulocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) from 22 female patients with ET and PV. Clonality status was determined by investigation of X chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs). We found a statistically significant positive correlation between high TA and monoclonal pattern of XCIP. Therefore, our data suggest that the use of multiple tumor markers may contribute to a better understanding of the deregulated physiology of these disorders and provide useful prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ferraris
- Ematologia Oncologica Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, the Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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15
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Ishiyama K, Chuhjo T, Wang H, Yachie A, Omine M, Nakao S. Polyclonal hematopoiesis maintained in patients with bone marrow failure harboring a minor population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-type cells. Blood 2003; 102:1211-6. [PMID: 12676778 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a minor population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-type blood cells is often detected in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and refractory anemia (RA), the significance of such cells in the pathophysiology of bone marrow (BM) failure remains obscure. We therefore examined clonality in peripheral blood granulocytes from 118 female patients with AA or myelodysplastic syndrome using the X chromosome inactivation pattern. Clonality, defined as a clonal population accounting for 35% or more of total granulocytes, was confirmed in 22 of 68 (32.4%) AA patients, in 13 of 44 (29.5%) RA patients, in all 4 RA with excess blasts (RAEB) patients, and in 4 patients with PNH. When the frequency of patients with granulocyte clonality was compared with respect to the presence of increased PNH-type cells, the frequency was significantly lower in AA patients with (PNH+; 21.2%) than without (PNH-; 42.9%) increased numbers of PNH-type cells (P =.049). Clonality was absent in granulocytes from the 15 PNH+ RA patients but present in 13 of 29 (44.8%) PNH- RA patients (P =.0013). The absence of clonality in AA and RA patients before treatment was strongly associated with positive response to immunosuppressive therapy (without clonality, 74.4%; with clonality, 33.3%; P =.0031) in all patients as well as in PNH+ patients (without clonality, 96.2%; with clonality, 66.6%, P =.026). These results suggest that AA and RA with a minor population of PNH-type cells are benign types of BM failure with immune pathophysiology that have little relationship to clonal disorders such as RAEB or acute myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Anemia, Aplastic/blood
- Anemia, Aplastic/drug therapy
- Anemia, Aplastic/genetics
- Anemia, Aplastic/pathology
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/blood
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Female
- Granulocytes/pathology
- Hematopoiesis
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/blood
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/genetics
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/pathology
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/blood
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ishiyama
- Cellular Transplantation Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan
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Yamane A, Karasawa M, Maehara T, Tsukamoto N, Nojima Y. X chromosome methylation-based chimerism assay for sex-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:969-73. [PMID: 11753553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2001] [Accepted: 09/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of hematopoietic chimerism is important for monitoring engraftment, graft failure, and disease recurrence. Although several techniques are now available, their sensitivity is unsatisfactory. In sex-mismatched stem cell transplantation (SCT) with a female donor, Y chromosome-specific sequences have proven the most sensitive marker. However, in the case of a male donor, no such reliable marker has been available to date. In this study, we report a novel method we developed to detect microchimerism in female recipients who receive SCT from male donors. The X-linked human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) contains a highly polymorphic CAG trinucleotide repeat. Near this polymorphic site are methyl-sensitive HpaII restriction enzyme sites. After HpaII digestion, unmethylated male HUMARA sequences are completely digested, while methylated female ones remain intact among the male origin cells. This allows a highly efficient detection of a small number of female cells. Combined with the nested PCR technique, the X chromosome methylation-based chimerism assay could attain a 10(-4) level of sensitivity, which is 1000-fold higher than that of conventional assays. The applicability of the method was confirmed in two transplant cases. This highly sensitive method can also be applied to detect minimal residual disease or microchimerism in conditions other than hematopoietic SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamane
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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