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Garcia-Prat M, Batlle-Masó L, Parra-Martínez A, Franco-Jarava C, Martinez-Gallo M, Aguiló-Cucurull A, Perurena-Prieto J, Castells N, Urban B, Dieli-Crimi R, Soler-Palacín P, Colobran R. Role of Skewed X-Chromosome Inactivation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:54. [PMID: 38265673 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The term common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) encompasses a clinically diverse group of disorders, mainly characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, insufficient specific antibody production, and recurrent infections. The genetics of CVID is complex, and monogenic defects account for only a portion of cases, typically <30%. Other proposed mechanisms include digenic, oligogenic, or polygenic inheritance and epigenetic dysregulation. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in CVID. Within our cohort of 131 genetically analyzed CVID patients, we selected female patients with rare variants in CVID-associated genes located on the X-chromosome. Four patients harboring heterozygous variants in BTK (n = 2), CD40LG (n = 1), and IKBKG (n = 1) were included in the study. We assessed XCI status using the HUMARA assay and an NGS-based method to quantify the expression of the 2 alleles in mRNA. Three of the 4 patients (75%) exhibited skewed XCI, and the mutated allele was predominantly expressed in all cases. Patient 1 harbored a hypomorphic variant in BTK (p.Tyr418His), patient 3 had a pathogenic variant in CD40LG (c.288+1G>A), and patient 4 had a hypomorphic variant in IKBKG (p.Glu57Lys) and a heterozygous splice variant in TNFRSF13B (TACI) (c.61+2T>A). Overall, the analysis of our cohort suggests that CVID in a small proportion of females (1.6% in our cohort) is caused by skewed XCI and highly penetrant gene variants on the X-chromosome. Additionally, skewed XCI may contribute to polygenic effects (3.3% in our cohort). These results indicate that skewed XCI may represent another piece in the complex puzzle of CVID genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garcia-Prat
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Batlle-Masó
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Parra-Martínez
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Franco-Jarava
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mónica Martinez-Gallo
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aina Aguiló-Cucurull
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Janire Perurena-Prieto
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Castells
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Blanca Urban
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romina Dieli-Crimi
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Roger Colobran
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Nicolì V, Tabano SM, Colapietro P, Maestri M, Ricciardi R, Stoccoro A, Fontana L, Guida M, Miozzo M, Coppedè F, Migliore L. Preferential X Chromosome Inactivation as a Mechanism to Explain Female Preponderance in Myasthenia Gravis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 35456502 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular autoimmune disease characterized by prevalence in young women (3:1). Several mechanisms proposed as explanations for gender bias, including skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and dosage or sex hormones, are often involved in the development of autoimmunity. The skewed XCI pattern can lead to an unbalanced expression of some X-linked genes, as observed in several autoimmune disorders characterized by female predominance. No data are yet available regarding XCI and MG. We hypothesize that the preferential XCI pattern may contribute to the female bias observed in the onset of MG, especially among younger women. XCI analysis was performed on blood samples of 284 women between the ages of 20 and 82. XCI was tested using the Human Androgen Receptor Assay (HUMARA). XCI patterns were classified as random (XCI < 75%) and preferential (XCI ≥ 75%). In 121 informative patients, the frequency of skewed XCI patterns was 47%, significantly higher than in healthy controls (17%; p ≤ 0.00001). Interestingly, the phenomenon was observed mainly in younger patients (<45 years; p ≤ 0.00001). Furthermore, considering the XCI pattern and the other clinical characteristics of patients, no significant differences were found. In conclusion, we observed preferential XCI in MG female patients, suggesting its potential role in the aetiology of MG, as observed in other autoimmune diseases in women.
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Carrillo-Tapia E, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Perez-Perez D, Gonzalez-Serrano ME, Berron-Ruiz L, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Rodriguez-Alba JC, Mújica-Guzman F, Yokoyama-Rebollar E, García-Flores JR, Herrera-González NE, Scheffler-Mendoza S, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Staines-Boone AT, Lopez-Herrera G. Improved HUMARA for the Detection of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Carriers. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:220-227. [PMID: 35394812 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fragment analysis of exon 1 of the human androgen receptor, known as HUMARA, is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for detecting X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) carriers. This method takes advantage of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female cells. XLA is caused by mutations in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, located in Xq22.1. In this study, XCI is nonrandom or skewed in B cells. B cells with an active X-chromosome carrying a BTK mutation do not mature. Peripheral B cells in XLA carriers inactivate the mutated X-chromosome. Methods: HUMARA was performed using DNA from purified B cells and total leukocytes. DNA was digested using methylation-sensitive HhaI. The PCR of the HUMARA polymorphic marker was performed with the HhaI digested samples. The lengths of the PCR product were determined. If a suspected carrier showed skewed XCI in B cells, the marker length that corresponded with the length determined in the index patient indicated their carrier status. Results: HUMARA was conducted on purified B cells; this allowed easier identification of the mutated or inactive allele, as the active allele was enzymatically digested. Analysis of 30 possible carriers using modified HUMARA corroborated that the carrier status in all samples that were heterozygous for the marker using XCI calculation for leukocytes showed a Gaussian distribution, while the carrier B cell DNA showed a skewed XCI. Conclusion: Carrier status was successfully determined for most of the analyzed samples. B cell enrichment resulted in precise carrier determination data, reduced the sample size, and facilitated inactive and active allele identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E Espinosa-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniela Perez-Perez
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Laura Berron-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Fabiola Mújica-Guzman
- Laboratorio de Hematología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Jose R García-Flores
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Lopez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
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Romão P, Souza ÍDC, Silva I, Guimarães VR, Camargo JAD, Dos Santos GA, Viana NI, Srougi M, Leite KRM, Reis ST, Pimenta R. Additional activation of the AR gene may be involved in the development of the castration resistance phenotype in prostate cancer. Actas Urol Esp 2022; 46:78-84. [PMID: 35123885 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have already shown that changes in the AR gene may be associated with a more aggressive disease phenotype and even castration-resistant prostate cancer. Thus, we investigated cytogenetic and molecular alterations linked to AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate AR methylation, we performed a cytogenetic-molecular analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization that uses specific probes for the AR gene (Xq11.12) and the X chromosome centromere. For AR activity, we performed a qualitative analysis of human androgen receptor activity. To analyze the expression of AR in PC3 and LNCaP cell lines, we used qPCR assays. RESULTS In the qPCR assay, we found downregulation of AR in the PC3 cell line compared with the LNCaP. We found the presence of X chromosome polysomy in PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines by FISH assay. In the HUMARA-Q assay, we found two X chromosomes/cell and the activity of both AR in the PC-3 cell line. In LNCaP cells, we found two X chromosomes/cell and methylation of only one AR. CONCLUSION Castration-resistant prostate cancer phenotype represents a significant challenge in the setting of urological management. The X chromosomes and AR-linked alterations may contribute to a better understanding of the disease. However, further studies should be performed in an attempt to elucidate as much as possible the role of AR in the castration-resistant prostate cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romão
- University of Sao Paulo City, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - I Silva
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - V R Guimarães
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Alves de Camargo
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G A Dos Santos
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N I Viana
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Srougi
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K R Moreira Leite
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Genoa Biotechonology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S T Reis
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Pimenta
- Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Rodrigues B, Gonçalves A, Sousa V, Maia N, Marques I, Vale-Fernandes E, Santos R, Nogueira AJA, Jorge P. Use of the FMR1 Gene Methylation Status to Assess the X-Chromosome Inactivation Pattern: A Stepwise Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:419. [PMID: 35327973 PMCID: PMC8951761 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a developmental process to compensate the imbalance in the dosage of X-chromosomal genes in females. A skewing of the XCI pattern may suggest a carrier status for an X-linked disease or explain the presence of a severe phenotype. In these cases, it is important to determine the XCI pattern, conventionally using the gold standard Human Androgen-Receptor Assay (HUMARA), based on the analysis of the methylation status at a polymorphic CAG region in the first exon of the human androgen receptor gene (AR). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the methylation status of the fragile mental retardation protein translational regulator gene (FMR1) can provide an XCI pattern similar to that obtained by HUMARA. A set of 48 female carriers of FMR1 gene normal-sized alleles was examined using two assays: HUMARA and a FMR1 methylation PCR (mPCR). Ranges were defined to establish the XCI pattern using the methylation pattern of the FMR1 gene by mPCR. Overall, a 77% concordance of the XCI patterns was obtained between the two assays, which led us to propose a set of key points and a stepwise analysis towards obtaining an accurate result for the XCI pattern and to minimize the underlying pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rodrigues
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gonçalves
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Sousa
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Nuno Maia
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emídio Vale-Fernandes
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Medically Assisted Procreation/Public Gamete Bank, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4050-651 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Santos
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. A. Nogueira
- CESAM—Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Paula Jorge
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUPorto), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (B.R.); (A.G.); (V.S.); (N.M.); (I.M.); (R.S.)
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Rossanti R, Nozu K, Fukunaga A, Nagano C, Horinouchi T, Yamamura T, Sakakibara N, Minamikawa S, Ishiko S, Aoto Y, Okada E, Ninchoji T, Kato N, Maruyama S, Kono K, Nishi S, Iijima K, Fujii H. X-chromosome inactivation patterns in females with Fabry disease examined by both ultra-deep RNA sequencing and methylation-dependent assay. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021. [PMID: 34128148 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-021-02099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding α-galactosidase A. Males are usually severely affected, while females have a wide range of disease severity. This variability has been assumed to be derived from organ-dependent skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) patterns in each female patient. Previous studies examined this correlation using the classical methylation-dependent method; however, conflicting results were obtained. This study was established to ascertain the existence of skewed XCI in nine females with heterozygous pathogenic variants in the GLA gene and its relationship to the phenotypes. METHODS We present five female patients from one family and four individual female patients with Fabry disease. In all cases, heterozygous pathogenic variants in the GLA gene were detected. The X-chromosome inactivation patterns in peripheral blood leukocytes and cells of urine sediment were determined by both classical methylation-dependent HUMARA assay and ultra-deep RNA sequencing. Fabry Stabilization Index was used to determine the clinical severity. RESULTS Skewed XCI resulting in predominant inactivation of the normal allele was observed only in one individual case with low ⍺-galactosidase A activity. In the remaining cases, no skewing was observed, even in the case with the highest total severity score (99.2%). CONCLUSION We conclude that skewed XCI could not explain the severity of female Fabry disease and is not the main factor in the onset of various clinical symptoms in females with Fabry disease.
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7
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Wang Y, Wu RC, Shwartz LE, Haley L, Lin MT, Shih IM, Kurman RJ. Clonality analysis of combined Brenner and mucinous tumours of the ovary reveals their monoclonal origin. J Pathol 2015; 237:146-51. [PMID: 26095692 DOI: 10.1002/path.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The derivation of ovarian intestinal-type mucinous tumours is not well established. Some are derived from teratomas but the origin of the majority is not clear. It has been recently proposed that the non-germ cell group may be derived from Brenner tumours, as the association of a mucinous tumour with a Brenner tumour is frequently observed. In order to explore the histogenesis of these neoplasms, we undertook a clonality analysis of the two components of ten combined Brenner and mucinous tumours using a human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) assay. All eight informative cases of ten showed a concordant X-chromosome inactivation pattern between the two tumour components, indicative of a shared clonal origin (p = 0.0039). Microsatellite genotyping in five of the combined tumours displayed an identical heterozygous pattern with paired Fallopian tube tissue, indicative of a somatic cell origin. In addition, paired box protein 8, a highly sensitive Müllerian epithelial marker, was not detected by immunohistochemistry in either tumour component in any of the ten tumours, suggesting that this subset of mucinous tumours does not originate from Müllerian-derived epithelium. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in combined mucinous and Brenner tumours, there is a shared clonal relationship between the two different tumour components and suggests that some pure mucinous tumours may develop from a Brenner tumour in which the Brenner tumour component becomes compressed and obliterated by an expanding mucinous neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ren-chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lauren Ende Shwartz
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Haley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming-tse Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ie-ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kurman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Nakazawa T, Kondo T, Tahara I, Kasai K, Inoue T, Oishi N, Mochizuki K, Kubota T, Katoh R. Multicentric occurrence of multiple papillary thyroid carcinomas-- HUMARA and BRAF mutation analysis. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1272-80. [PMID: 25882744 PMCID: PMC4559038 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) occasionally form multiple tumor foci in different sites of the same thyroid gland. However, it is controversial whether discrete nodules of PTC arise independently (multicentric occurrence) or are seeded from a single tumor via lymphatic channels (intraglandular metastasis). In order to determine the clonal origin of multiple PTCs, we examined X-chromosome inactivation patterns using a human androgen receptor gene-based assay (HUMARA) and the BRAF mutation using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) in 32 microdissected cancerous tissues from 14 Japanese women with multifocal PTC. All tumor foci were greater than 3 mm in size and met the criteria for microscopic classical PTC. Samples from 13 of the 14 patients were informative based on HUMARA. Tumor foci from two cases (15.4%) displayed a discordant X-chromosome inactivation pattern. Foci from the other 11 cases (84.6%) showed a concordant inactivation pattern of the X-chromosome. AS-PCR indicated that BRAF mutational status between the tumor foci was discordant in three (25%) and concordant in nine (75%) of 12 available cases. When the results of these two molecular analyses were combined, 28.6% of the cases were discordant in X-chromosome inactivation pattern and/or BRAF mutation, suggesting multicentric origin. Some of the remaining concordant cases also may be of multicentric origin. These results support a hypothesis that multicentric occurrence in multiple PTCs may be common, possibly greater than 30%. Although the exact mechanism of multicentric occurrence is still unclear, our findings contribute to the understanding the histogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Nakazawa
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ippei Tahara
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kasai
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubota
- Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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