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Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wang S, Wang Z. Recent advance on carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114606. [PMID: 35858523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly worldwide, has brought enormous challenge to the society. Due to its extremely complex pathogeneses, the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) becomes the major strategy for combating AD. Carbamate moiety, as an essential building block in the development of MTDLs, exhibits structural similarity to neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and has piqued extensive attention in discovering multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors. To date, numerous preclinical studies demonstrate that carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors can prominently increase the level of ACh and improve cognition impairments and behavioral deficits, providing a privileged strategy for the treatment of AD. Based on the recent research focus on the novel cholinesterase inhibitors with multiple biofunctions, this review aims at summarizing and discussing the most recent studies excavating the potential carbamate-based MTDLs with cholinesterase inhibition efficacy, to accelerate the pace of pleiotropic cholinesterase inhibitors for coping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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2
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Overview of the Neuroprotective Effects of the MAO-Inhibiting Antidepressant Phenelzine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:225-242. [PMID: 33839994 PMCID: PMC8732914 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenelzine (PLZ) is a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant with anxiolytic properties. This multifaceted drug has a number of pharmacological and neurochemical effects in addition to inhibition of MAO, and findings on these effects have contributed to a body of evidence indicating that PLZ also has neuroprotective/neurorescue properties. These attributes are reviewed in this paper and include catabolism to the active metabolite β-phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH) and effects of PLZ and PEH on the GABA-glutamate balance in brain, sequestration of reactive aldehydes, and inhibition of primary amine oxidase. Also discussed are the encouraging findings of the effects of PLZ in animal models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis, as well other actions such as reduction of nitrative stress, reduction of the effects of a toxin on dopaminergic neurons, potential anticonvulsant actions, and effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neural cell adhesion molecules, an anti-apoptotic factor, and brain levels of ornithine and N-acetylamino acids.
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3
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Abd Rashed A, Abd Rahman AZ, Rathi DNG. Essential Oils as a Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:1107. [PMID: 33669787 PMCID: PMC7922935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in life expectancy, neurodegenerative conditions have arguably become the most dreaded maladies of older people. The neuroprotective and anti-ageing potentials of essential oils (EOs) are widely evaluated around the globe. The objective of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of EOs as neuroprotective remedies among the four common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The literature was extracted from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) between the years of 2010 to 2020 using the medical subject heading (MeSH) terms "essential oil", crossed with "Alzheimer's disease (AD)", "Huntington's disease (HD)", "Parkinson's disease (PD)" or "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)". Eighty three percent (83%) of the studies were focused on AD, while another 12% focused on PD. No classifiable study was recorded on HD or ALS. EO from Salvia officinalis has been recorded as one of the most effective acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, only Cinnamomum sp. has been assessed for its effectiveness in both AD and PD. Our review provided useful evidence on EOs as potential neuroprotective remedies for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswir Abd Rashed
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abd Rahman
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Devi Nair Gunasegavan Rathi
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
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4
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Oyeleye SI, Ogunsuyi OB, Adedeji V, Olatunde D, Oboh G. Citrus spp. essential oils improve behavioral pattern, repressed cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and production of reactive species in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13558. [PMID: 33179303 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Much emphasis has been placed on the biological activities of citrus peel's essential oils (CPEOs) against human ailments. This study investigated the effect of Citrus limon and Citrus reticulata peel's essential oils (EOs) on behavioral and neurochemical imbalance in transgenic and Harwish (Wild) fruit flies. Flies were divided into seven groups comprising of the control and those that were fed with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/ml of the dietary inclusions of study CPEOs for 7 days. Thereafter, behavioral profile was examined using lethality response and negative geotaxis assays. Effect of the EOs on cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and antioxidative parameters were determined. The result showed a significant improvement of behavioral pattern and biochemical parameters of the flies fed with studied CPEOs inclusive diets. Conclusively, both EOs exert neuroprotective capability by reducing cholinesterases and monoamine activities, and also prevent oxidative stress, which are implicated in neuronal dysfunction in humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: With the growing increase in the search for safer alternatives, having no side effects, for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, a large proportion of the populace is beginning to find solace in the use of natural products. Also, the wide array of similarities between the humans and the dipteran insects, fruit flies is a perfect organism for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study presents the neuroprotective potentials of lemon and tangerine peels-derived EOs, and the possibility of their exploration as neuroactive agents and alternative in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Adedeji
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Olatunde
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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5
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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6
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Chen H, Bauer U, Engkvist O. Merged Multiple Ligands. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674381.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Udo Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
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7
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Xu YX, Wang H, Li XK, Dong SN, Liu WW, Gong Q, Wang TDY, Tang Y, Zhu J, Li J, Zhang HY, Mao F. Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:33-47. [PMID: 29172081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel propargylamine-modified pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives (1-3) were designed and synthesized as multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy, and their potential was evaluated through various biological experiments. Among these derivatives, compound 1b displayed good selective inhibitory activity against AChE (vs BuChE, IC50 = 0.324 μM, SI > 123) and MAO-B (vs MAO-A, IC50 = 1.427 μM, SI > 35). Molecular docking study showed that the pyrimidinylthiourea moiety of 1b could bind to the catalytic active site (CAS) of AChE, and the propargylamine moiety interacted directly with the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) of MAO-B. Moreover, 1b demonstrated mild antioxidant ability, good copper chelating property, effective inhibitory activity against Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation, moderate neuroprotection, low cytotoxicity, and appropriate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in vitro and was capable of ameliorating scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. These results indicated that 1b has the potential to be a multifunctional candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tian-Duan-Yi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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8
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Hroch L, Guest P, Benek O, Soukup O, Janockova J, Dolezal R, Kuca K, Aitken L, Smith TK, Gunn-Moore F, Zala D, Ramsay RR, Musilek K. Synthesis and evaluation of frentizole-based indolyl thiourea analogues as MAO/ABAD inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1143-1152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Tripathi RKP, Rai GK, Ayyannan SR. Exploration of a Library of 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)aniline-Derived Semicarbazones as Dual Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase and Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1145-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rati K. P. Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Gopal K. Rai
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Senthil R. Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 221005 Uttar Pradesh India
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10
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Jourdan JP, Since M, El Kihel L, Lecoutey C, Corvaisier S, Legay R, Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Cresteil T, Malzert-Fréon A, Rochais C, Dallemagne P. Novel benzylidenephenylpyrrolizinones with pleiotropic activities potentially useful in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:365-79. [PMID: 27046230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and the biological evaluation of novel benzylidenephenylpyrrolizinones as potential antioxidant, metal chelating or amyloid β (βA) aggregation inhibitors. Some derivatives exhibited interesting results in regard to several of the performed evaluations and appear as valuable Multi-Target Directed Ligands with potential therapeutic interest in Alzheimer's disease. Among them, compound 29 particularly appears as a valuable radical and NO scavenger, a Cu(II) and Fe(II) chelating agent and exhibits moderate βA aggregation inhibition properties. These activities, associated to a good predictive bioavailability and a lack of cytotoxicity, design it as a promising hit for further in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Jourdan
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Marc Since
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Laïla El Kihel
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Cédric Lecoutey
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Sophie Corvaisier
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Rémi Legay
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | | | - Thierry Cresteil
- CIBLOT, IPSIT - IFR14, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Aurélie Malzert-Fréon
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France.
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France.
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11
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Propargylamine as functional moiety in the design of multifunctional drugs for neurodegenerative disorders: MAO inhibition and beyond. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:609-29. [PMID: 25921401 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in designing analogues that can potentially confer neuroprotection against debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, yet the multifactorial pathogenesis of this cluster of diseases remains a stumbling block for the successful design of an 'ultimate' drug. However, with the growing popularity of the "one drug, multiple targets" paradigm, many researchers have successfully synthesized and evaluated drug-like molecules incorporating a propargylamine function that shows potential to serve as multifunctional drugs or multitarget-directed ligands. It is the aim of this review to highlight the reported activities of these propargylamine derivatives and their prospect to serve as drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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12
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Venkatesan R, Ji E, Kim SY. Phytochemicals that regulate neurodegenerative disease by targeting neurotrophins: a comprehensive review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:814068. [PMID: 26075266 PMCID: PMC4446472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/814068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive dementia and deterioration of cognitive function, is an unsolved social and medical problem. Age, nutrition, and toxins are the most common causes of AD. However, currently no credible treatment is available for AD. Traditional herbs and phytochemicals may delay its onset and slow its progression and also allow recovery by targeting multiple pathological causes by antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiamyloidogenic properties. They also regulate mitochondrial stress, apoptotic factors, free radical scavenging system, and neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophins such as BDNF, NGF, NT3, and NT4/5 play a vital role in neuronal and nonneuronal responses to AD. Neurotrophins depletion accelerates the progression of AD and therefore, replacing such neurotrophins may be a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the phytochemicals that mediate the signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection specifically neurotrophin-mediated activation of Trk receptors and members of p75(NTR) superfamily. We focus on representative phenolic derivatives, iridoid glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroidal saponins as regulators of neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotection. Although these phytochemicals have attracted attention owing to their in vitro neurotrophin potentiating activity, their in vivo and clinical efficacy trials has yet to be established. Therefore, further research is necessary to prove the neuroprotective effects in preclinical models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Venkatesan
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, No. 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
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13
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Xie S, Chen J, Li X, Su T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Huang L, Li X. Synthesis and evaluation of selegiline derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitor, antioxidant and metal chelator against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3722-9. [PMID: 25934229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds with monoamine oxidase inhibition and biometal chelation activities were designed, synthesised and evaluated as agents against Alzheimer's disease. The in vitro assay shows that most target compounds exhibit good MAO-B activities with submicromolar IC50 values and antioxidant activity (1.49-5.67 ORAC-FL values). The selected compounds were used to determine the biometal chelating ability using UV-vis spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which confirm that they can effectively interact with copper(II), iron(II) and zinc(II). The ThT fluorescence binding assay indicates that the synthetic compounds can inhibit Cu(II)-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay shows that most target compounds can cross the BBB. Based on these results, compound 8a was selected as a potential multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishun Xie
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiruo Li
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xingshu Li
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Rochais C, Lecoutey C, Gaven F, Giannoni P, Hamidouche K, Hedou D, Dubost E, Genest D, Yahiaoui S, Freret T, Bouet V, Dauphin F, Sopkova de Oliveira Santos J, Ballandonne C, Corvaisier S, Malzert-Fréon A, Legay R, Boulouard M, Claeysen S, Dallemagne P. Novel multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and serotonergic subtype 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonist activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease: the design of donecopride. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3172-87. [PMID: 25793650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDL) displaying both nanomolar dual-binding site (DBS) acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects and partial 5-HT4R agonist activity, among which donecopride was selected for further in vivo evaluations in mice. The latter displayed procognitive and antiamnesic effects and enhanced sAPPα release, accounting for a potential symptomatic and disease-modifying therapeutic benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rochais
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Cédric Lecoutey
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Florence Gaven
- ‡CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,§Inserm, U1191, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,∥Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrizia Giannoni
- ‡CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,§Inserm, U1191, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,∥Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Katia Hamidouche
- ⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Damien Hedou
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Emmanuelle Dubost
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - David Genest
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- ⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- ⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - François Dauphin
- ⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | | | - Céline Ballandonne
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Sophie Corvaisier
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France.,⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Aurélie Malzert-Fréon
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Remi Legay
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- ⊥UNICAEN, GMPc5 (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Sylvie Claeysen
- ‡CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,§Inserm, U1191, F-34000 Montpellier, France.,∥Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- †UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
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15
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Cai Z. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: promising therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1533-41. [PMID: 24626484 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated monoamine oxidase (MAO) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the formation of amyloid plaques from amyloid β peptide (Aβ) production and accumulation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive impairment via the destruction of cholinergic neurons and disorder of the cholinergic system. Several studies have indicated that MAO inhibitors improve cognitive deficits and reverse Aβ pathology by modulating proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and decreasing Aβ protein fragments. Thus, MAO inhibitors may be considered as promising therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui 237005, P.R. China
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16
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Sun Y, Chen J, Chen X, Huang L, Li X. Inhibition of cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B activity by Tacrine–Homoisoflavonoid hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7406-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Mandel S, Amit T, Kalfon L, Youdim MB. Applying transcriptomic and proteomic knowledge to Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1225-40. [PMID: 23496130 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is recognised that in both genetic and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD), the basis of its etiopathology resides in the particular vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to oxidative stress and in the failure to adequately remove abnormal proteins. These observations have been confirmed recently by microarray transcriptomic studies in human SN from PD brains and have extended understanding of the molecular pathways underlying the PD pathology. This article reviews recent gene expression profiling studies in sporadic PD postmortem SN and highlights gene candidates as putative molecular signatures for early disease diagnosis. In addition, the application of transcriptomics and proteomics in the quest for multifunctional neuroprotective-neurorescue drugs that might possess disease-modifying action is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Efron Street, PO Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel +972 4 8295289 ; +972 4 8513145 ;
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18
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Song MS, Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, Duchcherer M, Mousseau DD, Baker GB. An update on amine oxidase inhibitors: multifaceted drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:118-24. [PMID: 23410524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although not used as extensively as other antidepressants for the treatment of depression, the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors continue to hold a niche in psychiatry and to have a relatively broad spectrum with regard to treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Experimental and clinical research on MAO inhibitors has been expanding in the past few years, primarily because of exciting findings indicating that these drugs have neuroprotective properties (often independently of their ability to inhibit MAO). The non-selective and irreversible MAO inhibitors tranylcypromine (TCP) and phenelzine (PLZ) have demonstrated neuroprotective properties in numerous studies targeting elements of apoptotic cascades and neurogenesis. l-Deprenyl and rasagiline, both selective MAO-B inhibitors, are used in the management of Parkinson's disease, but these drugs may be useful in the treatment of other neurodegenerative disorders given that they demonstrate neuroprotective/neurorescue properties in a wide variety of models in vitro and in vivo. Although the focus of studies on the involvement of MAO inhibitors in neuroprotection has been on MAO-B inhibitors, there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that MAO-A inhibitors may also have neuroprotective properties. In addition to MAO inhibition, PLZ also inhibits primary amine oxidase (PrAO), an enzyme implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These multifaceted aspects of amine oxidase inhibitors and some of their metabolites are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sook Song
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Propargylamine-derived multitarget-directed ligands: fighting Alzheimer’s disease with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:893-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Designing drugs with multi-target activity: the next step in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:115-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.744746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
| | - Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
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21
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Samadi A, de los Ríos C, Bolea I, Chioua M, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Bartolini M, Andrisano V, Gálvez E, Valderas C, Unzeta M, Marco-Contelles J. Multipotent MAO and cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, pharmacological analysis and molecular modeling of heterocyclic substituted alkyl and cycloalkyl propargyl amine. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:251-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Luo Z, Qin F, Yan S, Li X. An efficient and promising method to prepare Ladostigil (TV3326) via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyzed by Ru–Cs-DPEN in an HCOONa–H2O–surfactant system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Bolea I, Juárez-Jiménez J, de Los Ríos C, Chioua M, Pouplana R, Luque FJ, Unzeta M, Marco-Contelles J, Samadi A. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of donepezil and N-[(5-(benzyloxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine hybrids as new multipotent cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8251-70. [PMID: 22023459 DOI: 10.1021/jm200853t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new family of multitarget molecules able to interact with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as well as with monoamino oxidase (MAO) A and B, has been synthesized. Novel compounds (3-9) have been designed using a conjunctive approach that combines the benzylpiperidine moiety of the AChE inhibitor donepezil (1) and the indolyl propargylamino moiety of the MAO inhibitor N-[(5-benzyloxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine (2), connected through an oligomethylene linker. The most promising hybrid (5) is a potent inhibitor of both MAO-A (IC50=5.2±1.1 nM) and MAO-B (IC50=43±8.0 nM) and is a moderately potent inhibitor of AChE (IC50=0.35±0.01 μM) and BuChE (IC50=0.46±0.06 μM). Moreover, molecular modeling and kinetic studies support the dual binding site to AChE, which explains the inhibitory effect exerted on Aβ aggregation. Overall, the results suggest that the new compounds are promising multitarget drug candidates with potential impact for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquı́mica i Biologı́a Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment and dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are common and often have devastating effects upon the patient and their family. Early cognitive impairment in PD is frequent, and the functional impact may be underestimated. Optimal management will rely upon better identification of the predominant symptoms and greater knowledge of their pathophysiological basis. The management of dementia in PD (PD-D) also has to consider the significant neuropsychiatric burden that frequently accompanies the cognitive decline, as well as fluctuations in attention. Atypical anti-psychotics have a limited role at present in treating PD-D, although new drugs are under development. The mainstay of drug management for people with PD-D is cholinesterase inhibitors, although recent trials have suggested that the N-methyl-D aspartate antagonist memantine may also have some benefit. Disease modification remains the ultimate goal for preventing the inexorable decline in PD-D, although effective interventions are still some way off. Limited benefit may, however, be possible through exercise programmes and so-called "medical foods", although randomised trials are required to confirm largely anecdotal observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Burn
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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25
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Youdim MBH. Why do we need multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders? Rambam Maimonides Med J 2010; 1:e0011. [PMID: 23908783 PMCID: PMC3678780 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are severe neurodegenerative disorders, with no drugs that are currently approved to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic in brains of patients suffering from PD and AD, and all drug treatments are symptomatic and monomodal in their action. Due to the complex pathophysiology, including a cascade of neurotoxic molecular events that result in neuronal death and predisposition to depression and eventual dementia, and etiology of these disorders, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorestoration (neurorescue) is the development and use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals which can act at different brain regions and neurons. Such drugs target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to the cascades that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. In this short review, we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective-neurorestorative therapeutics in PD and AD, some of which are under development. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources.
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26
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Chen S, Zhang XJ, Li L, Le WD. Current experimental therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 5:127-34. [PMID: 18615180 DOI: 10.2174/157015907780866901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, enormous efforts have been devoted to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been transferred into extensive experimental approaches aimed at reversing disease progression. The trend in future AD therapy has been shifted from traditional anti-acetylcholinesterase treatment to multiple mechanisms-based therapy targeting amyloid plaques formation and amyloid peptides (Abeta)-mediated cytotoxicity, and neurofibrillary tangles generation. This review will cover current experimental studies with the focus on secretases-based drug development, immunotherapy, and anti-neurofibrillary tangles intervention. The outcome of these on-going studies may provide high hope that AD can be cured in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Institutes of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Gal S, Abassi ZA, Youdim MBH. limited potentiation of blood pressure in response to oral tyramine by the anti-Parkinson brain selective multifunctional monoamine oxidase-AB inhibitor, M30. Neurotox Res 2009; 18:143-50. [PMID: 19894083 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the limitations of non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors as anti-depressant or anti-Parkinson drugs is their ability to potentiate the cardiovascular effect of oral tyramine, resulting from inhibition of systemic MAO-A and release of noradrenaline. We have investigated the cardiovascular effect of oral tyramine in response to the novel multifunctional, brain selective MAO-AB inhibitor, M30 [5-(N-methyl-N-propargylaminomethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline], and compared it to the classical non-selective inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) in rats. We also measured MAO-A and B in the striatum, hippocampus, liver, and small intestine and determined brain levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. At the doses employed, intraperitoneal (i.p.) M30 (5 and 10 mg/kg) selectively inhibited brain MAO-A and B by more than 85%, with little inhibition of liver and small intestine enzymes while raising striatal levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. In contrast to TCP (10 mg/kg, i.p.), which fully inhibits both enzymes in the brain and systemic organs and significantly potentiates the tyramine pressor effect, M30 had a limited pressor effect as compared to it and controls. The limited potentiation of tyramine pressor effect by M30, its ability to raise brain levels of aminergic neurotransmitters together with its neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities make this drug potentially important as an anti-depressant and anti-Parkinsonian agent, for which it is being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunit Gal
- Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and US National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Efron St, PO Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
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28
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Restoration of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons in Post-MPTP Treatment by the Novel Multifunctional Brain-Permeable Iron Chelator-Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drug, M30. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:15-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Robles A. Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? Open Neurol J 2009; 3:27-44. [PMID: 19461897 PMCID: PMC2684708 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x00903010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1993 and 2000 four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were marketed as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as memantine in 2003. Current research is focused on finding drugs that favorably modify the course of the disease. However, their entrance into the market does not seem to be imminent. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The aim of AD research is to find substances that inhibit certain elements of the AD pathogenic chain (beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, alpha-secretase stimulants, beta-amyloid aggregability reducers or disaggregation and elimination inductors, as well as tau-hyperphosphorylation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage reducers, among other action mechanisms). Demonstrating a disease's retarding effect demands longer trials than those necessary to ascertain symptomatic improvement. Besides, a high number of patients (thousands of them) is necessary, all of which turns out to be difficult and costly. Furthermore, it would be necessary to count on diagnosis and progression markers in the disease's pre-clinical stage, markers for specific phenotypes, as well as high-selectivity molecules acting only where necessary. In order to compensate these difficulties, drugs acting on several defects of the pathogenic chain or showing both symptomatic and neuroprotective action simultaneously are being researched. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Robles
- La Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago León de Caracas street, no. 1, 15706 – Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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30
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Abstract
The marked decline in FDA-approved new drug candidates in recent years suggests the possibility that the "low-hanging fruit" has been almost entirely harvested. This might be particularly applicable to drugs acting on the central nervous system. Fortunately, there are several examples extant for the utility of multifunctional drugs, compounds, or drug mixtures that act on multiple additive or synergistic targets. However, to exploit this approach may require the willingness to consider the possibility that drug targets might be addressed by molecules of rather low specificity and moderate potency. The expectation is that single target molecules with high specificity might not have access to complex interacting neural pathways, and that moderate potency could engender fewer off-target side effects. Though novel compounds might be developed by combining the active functional groups of two or more drug molecules, the approach still lends itself to high throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Multifunctional compounds might be designed with the ability to: 1) offer both palliative and disease modifying actions, 2) act on targets that produce additive or synergistic therapeutic responses, 3) simultaneously evoke a therapeutic response at the desired target and prevent an undesired response mediated by an alternate target, 4) allow one component to promote the drugable characteristics (e.g., brain penetration) of the therapeutic component, and 5) prolong the duration of effectiveness of one compound by contributing the pharmacodynamic actions of another. The author takes the liberty to include examples of the situations just mentioned from studies in his laboratory in the following discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Buccafusco
- Alzheimer's Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia 30904, USA.
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31
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Tumiatti V, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Milelli A, Matera R, Melchiorre C. Progress in acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.4.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V, Recanatini M, Melchiorre C. Multi-target-directed ligands to combat neurodegenerative diseases. J Med Chem 2008; 51:347-72. [PMID: 18181565 DOI: 10.1021/jm7009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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33
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Palomo T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Archer T. Treatment consideration and manifest complexity in comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:43-60. [PMID: 17513199 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders may co-occur in the same individual. These include, for example, substance abuse or obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizophrenia, and movement disorders or epilepsy with affective dysfunctional states. Medications may produce iatrogenic effects, for example cognitive impairments that co-occur with the residual symptoms of the primary disorder being treated. The observation of comorbid disorders in some cases may reflect diagnostic overlap. Impulsivity, impulsiveness or impulsive behaviour is implicated in a range of diagnostic conditions including substance abuse, affective disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These observations suggest a need to re-evaluate established diagnostic criteria and disorder definitions, focusing instead on symptoms and symptom-profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Palomo
- Psychiatry Service, 12 de Octubre, University Hospital, Madrid 28041, Spain
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34
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Magic bullets or novel multimodal drugs with various CNS targets for Parkinson's disease? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Archer T, Beninger RJ. Movement disorders: neurodevelopment and neurobehavioural expression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:XXXIII-XLI. [PMID: 17024325 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Braak and co-workers have recently shown that movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease develop progressively over years with early neuronal losses in brainstem regions caudal to the substantia nigra. The relevance of this finding to notions of comorbidity between movement disorders and psychiatric symptoms was recognised at the recent meeting concerning, "Implications of Comorbidity for the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders" held in Oct. 2005 in Mazagon, Spain. The identification of stages in the early development of neurodegenerative disorders appeared to unify multiple, diverse findings. These included: novel therapeutic innovations for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression in the aged; the neurochemical ontogeny of drug-induced oral dyskinesias; the types of chemical agents abused in neuropsychiatric states; postnatal iron overload effects upon the functional and interactive role of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways that contribute to the expression of movement disorders; and the spectrum of motor symptoms expressed in schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the eventual treatment of these disorders. A continued focus on a number of neuropsychiatric diseases as progressive disorders may lead to further advances in understanding their etiology and in developing better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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