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Norouzkhani N, Afshari S, Sadatmadani SF, Mollaqasem MM, Mosadeghi S, Ghadri H, Fazlizade S, Alizadeh K, Akbari Javar P, Amiri H, Foroughi E, Ansari A, Mousazadeh K, Davany BA, Akhtari kohnehshahri A, Alizadeh A, Dadkhah PA, Poudineh M. Therapeutic potential of berries in age-related neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1348127. [PMID: 38783949 PMCID: PMC11112503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1348127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging significantly impacts several age-related neurological problems, such as stroke, brain tumors, oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dementia), neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity. Current treatments for these conditions often come with side effects like hallucinations, dyskinesia, nausea, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal distress. Given the widespread availability and cultural acceptance of natural remedies, research is exploring the potential effectiveness of plants in common medicines. The ancient medical system used many botanical drugs and medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, including age-related neurological problems. According to current clinical investigations, berries improve motor and cognitive functions and protect against age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, berries may influence signaling pathways critical to neurotransmission, cell survival, inflammation regulation, and neuroplasticity. The abundance of phytochemicals in berries is believed to contribute to these potentially neuroprotective effects. This review aimed to explore the potential benefits of berries as a source of natural neuroprotective agents for age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Norouzkhani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Afshari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | | | - Shakila Mosadeghi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hani Ghadri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safa Fazlizade
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Keyvan Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Pouyan Akbari Javar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Amiri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Elaheh Foroughi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Kourosh Mousazadeh
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ata Akhtari kohnehshahri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alaleh Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Alsadat Dadkhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Gu X, Xie Y, Cao Q, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Wang W. Fisetin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating Sirt1/Foxc1/Ubqln1 pathway-mediated proteostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111742. [PMID: 38452414 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is pathologically associated with protein damage. The flavonoid fisetin has good therapeutic effects on cerebral IRI. However, the role of fisetin in regulating protein damage during cerebral IRI development remains unclear. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of fisetin on protein damage during cerebral IRI progression and defined the underlying mechanism of action. METHODS In vivo and in vitro models of cerebral IRI were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MACO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment, respectively. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining was performed to detect cerebral infarct size, and the modified neurologic severity score was used to examine neurological deficits. LDH activity and protein damage were assessed using kits. HT22 cell vitality and apoptosis were examined using CCK-8 assay and TUNEL staining, respectively. Interactions between Foxc1, Ubqln1, Sirt1, and Ezh2 were analyzed using CoIP, ChIP and/or dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS Fisetin alleviated protein damage and ubiquitinated protein aggregation and neuronal death caused by MCAO/R and OGD/R. Ubqln1 knockdown abrogated the inhibitory effect of fisetin on OGD/R-induced protein damage, ubiquitinated protein aggregation, and neuronal death in HT22 cells. Further experiments demonstrated that Foxc1 functions as a transcriptional activator of Ubqln1 and that Sirt1 promotes Foxc1 expression by deacetylating Ezh2 and inhibiting its activity. Furthermore, Sirt1 knockdown abrogated fisetin-mediated biological effects on OGD/R-treated HT22 cells. CONCLUSION Fisetin improved proteostasis during cerebral IRI by regulating the Sirt1/Foxc1/Ubqln1 signaling axis. Our findings strongly suggest that fisetin-mediated inhibition of protein damage after ischemic stroke is a part of the mechanism through which fisetin is neuroprotective in cerebral IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunhu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuqin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanchang medical College, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhuo Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Rosiak N, Tykarska E, Cielecka-Piontek J. Mechanochemical Approach to Obtaining a Multicomponent Fisetin Delivery System Improving Its Solubility and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3648. [PMID: 38612460 PMCID: PMC11011862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, binary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs, fisetin-Eudragit®) and ternary amorphous solid inclusions (ASIs, fisetin-Eudragit®-HP-β-cyclodextrin) of fisetin (FIS) were prepared by the mechanochemical method without solvent. The amorphous nature of FIS in ASDs and ASIs was confirmed using XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction). DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) confirmed full miscibility of multicomponent delivery systems. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared analysis) confirmed interactions that stabilize FIS's amorphous state and identified the functional groups involved. The study culminated in evaluating the impact of amorphization on water solubility and conducting in vitro antioxidant assays: 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-ABTS, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity-CUPRAC, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power-FRAP and in vitro neuroprotective assays: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase-AChE and butyrylcholinesterase-BChE. In addition, molecular docking allowed for the determination of possible bonds and interactions between FIS and the mentioned above enzymes. The best preparation turned out to be ASI_30_EPO (ASD fisetin-Eudragit® containing 30% FIS in combination with HP-β-cyclodextrin), which showed an improvement in apparent solubility (126.5 ± 0.1 µg∙mL-1) and antioxidant properties (ABTS: IC50 = 10.25 µg∙mL-1, DPPH: IC50 = 27.69 µg∙mL-1, CUPRAC: IC0.5 = 9.52 µg∙mL-1, FRAP: IC0.5 = 8.56 µg∙mL-1) and neuroprotective properties (inhibition AChE: 39.91%, and BChE: 42.62%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rosiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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Jiang Y, Tang X, Deng P, Jiang C, He Y, Hao D, Yang H. The Neuroprotective Role of Fisetin in Different Neurological Diseases: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6383-6394. [PMID: 37453993 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases place a substantial burden on public health and have a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. Despite the multifaceted pathological process involved in the occurrence and development of these neurological diseases, each disease has its own unique pathological characteristics and underlying molecular mechanisms which trigger their onset. Thus, it is unlikely to achieve effective treatment of neurological diseases by means of a single approach. To this end, we reason that it is pivotal to seek an efficient strategy that implements multitherapeutic targeting and addresses the multifaceted pathological process to overcome the complex issues related to neural dysfunction. In recent years, natural medicinal plant-derived monomers have received extensive attention as new neuroprotective agents for treatment of neurological disorders. Fisetin, a flavonoid, has emerged as a novel potential molecule that enhances neural protection and reverses cognitive abnormalities. The neuroprotective effects of fisetin are attributed to its multifaceted biological activity and multiple therapeutic mechanisms associated with different neurological disorders. In this review article, we summarize recent research progression regarding the pharmacological effects of fisetin in treating several neurological diseases and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Basic Medical school Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Basic Medical school Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Basic Medical school Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yuqing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Pluta R, Miziak B, Czuczwar SJ. Apitherapy in Post-Ischemic Brain Neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's Disease Proteinopathy: Focus on Honey and Its Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids. Molecules 2023; 28:5624. [PMID: 37570596 PMCID: PMC10420307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration of the brain after ischemia is a major cause of severe, long-term disability, dementia, and mortality, which is a global problem. These phenomena are attributed to excitotoxicity, changes in the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and ultimately neuronal death. In addition, genetic factors such as post-ischemic changes in genetic programming in the expression of amyloid protein precursor, β-secretase, presenilin-1 and -2, and tau protein play an important role in the irreversible progression of post-ischemic neurodegeneration. Since current treatment is aimed at preventing symptoms such as dementia and disability, the search for causative therapy that would be helpful in preventing and treating post-ischemic neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease proteinopathy is ongoing. Numerous studies have shown that the high contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids in honey have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-amyloid, anti-tau protein, anticholinesterase, serotonergic, and AMPAK activities, influencing signal transmission and neuroprotective effects. Notably, in many preclinical studies, flavonoids and phenolic acids, the main components of honey, were also effective when administered after ischemia, suggesting their possible use in promoting recovery in stroke patients. This review provides new insight into honey's potential to prevent brain ischemia as well as to ameliorate damage in advanced post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.M.); (S.J.C.)
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Rachmian N, Krizhanovsky V. Senescent cells in the brain and where to find them. FEBS J 2023; 290:1256-1266. [PMID: 36221897 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a process in which cells change their characteristic phenotype in response to stress and enter a state of prolonged cell cycle arrest accompanied by a distinct secretory phenotype. Cellular senescence has both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. With age, senescent cells progressively accumulate in tissues and might be the bridge connecting ageing to many age-related pathologies. In recent years, evidence emerged supporting the accumulation of brain senescent cells during neurological disorders and ageing. Here, we will discuss the different brain cell populations that exhibit a senescent phenotype. Subsequently, we will explore several senolytic strategies which have been developed to eliminate senescent cells. Finally, we will examine their potential to directly eliminate these senescent brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rachmian
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Brain Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Choudhary N, Tewari D, Nabavi SF, Kashani HRK, Lorigooini Z, Filosa R, Khan FB, Masoudian N, Nabavi SM. Plant based food bioactives: A boon or bane for neurological disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3279-3325. [PMID: 36369694 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the foremost occurring diseases across the globe resulting in progressive dysfunction, loss of neuronal structure ultimately cell death. Therefore, attention has been drawn toward the natural resources for the search of neuroprotective agents. Plant-based food bioactives have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on various plant food bioactive, mechanisms, therapeutic targets, in vitro and in vivo studies in the treatment of neurological disorders to explore whether they are boon or bane for neurological disorders. In addition, the clinical perspective of plant food bioactives in neurological disorders are also highlighted. Scientific evidences point toward the enormous therapeutic efficacy of plant food bioactives in the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, identification of food bioactive components accountable for the neuroprotective effects, mechanism, clinical trials, and consolidation of information flow are warranted. Plant food bioactives primarily act by mediating through various pathways including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, specific proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversing neurodegeneration and can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In conclusion, the plant based food bioactives are boon for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adesh University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551 United Arab Emirates
| | - Nooshin Masoudian
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Khurana N, Singh SK, Khurana S, Verma S, Sharma N, Vyas M, Dua K, Khursheed R, Awasthi A, Vishwas S. Improved neuroprotective activity of Fisetin through SNEDDS in ameliorating the behavioral alterations produced in rotenone-induced Parkinson's model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50488-50499. [PMID: 35230633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. However, it loses its importance as an effective phytochemical due to its poor water solubility and lower bioavailability. In the present study, the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of fisetin was developed in order to improve its pharmacological activity. The developed SNEDDS of fisetin was evaluated for improving the rotenone-induced behavioral changes in the rats, and its efficacy was compared with naïve fisetin. It was noticed that fisetin loaded in the SNEDDS formulation significantly (p < 0.001) ameliorated the rotenone-induced alteration in the body weight, grip strength, beam walk, postural instability, etc., in rats when compared to the effect of naïve fisetin. Naïve fisetin significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the effect of rotenone on the level of dopamine only at a higher dose. Whereas, SNEDDS of fisetin produced a significant (p < 0.05) effect at both dose levels when compared with the diseased group as well as also produced a significant (p < 0.05) effect when compared with the naïve fisetin group. The results of histopathological examination revealed about the neuroprotective effect of SNEDDS loaded with fisetin as observed through the protection of neuronal damage. From this study, it was concluded that SNEDDS improved the anti-Parkinsonian activity of fisetin by improving the behavioral alteration produced by rotenone due to enhancement in its solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shelly Khurana
- Department of Pharmacy, Government Polytechnic College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Surajpal Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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Cardozo V, Vaamonde L, Parodi-Talice A, Zuluaga MJ, Agrati D, Portela M, Lima A, Blasina F, Dajas F, Bedó G. Multitarget neuroprotection by quercetin: Changes in gene expression in two perinatal asphyxia models. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105064. [PMID: 33951501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) causes mortality and long-term neurologic morbidities in newborns, affecting pathways related to energy failure, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that often lead to cell death. The whole process of HIE injury is coupled to changes in the expression of a great array of proteins. A nanoliposomal preparation of the flavonoid quercetin has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in perinatal asphyxia models. This study aimed to identify neonatal HIE markers and explore the effect of quercetin administration in two perinatal asphyxia models: newborn rats and piglets. In the rat model, nanoliposomal quercetin administration reduced mortality after asphyxia. In the piglet model, quercetin partially overrode the reduction of HIF-1α mRNA levels in the cortex induced by asphyxia. Quercetin administration also reduced increased level of HO-1 mRNA in asphyctic piglets. These results suggest that quercetin neuroprotection might be involved in the regulation of HIF-1α, HO-1 and their targets. A proteomic approach revealed that the glycolytic pathway is strongly regulated by quercetin in both species. We also identified a set of proteins differentially expressed that could be further considered as markers. In piglets, this set includes Acidic Leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32A), associated with nervous system differentiation, proteins related with death pathways and alpha-enolase which can be converted to neuron-specific enolase, a glycolytic enzyme that may promote neuroprotection. In newborn rats, other promising proteins associated with neurogenesis and neuroprotection emerged, such as dihydropyrimidinase-related proteins, catalytic and regulatory subunits of phosphatases and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK). Our results show that a nanoliposomal preparation of quercetin, with protective effect in two HIE mammal models, modulates the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and other putative neuroprotective signals in the cortex. Identification of these signals could reveal potential molecular pathways involved in disease onset and the novel quercetin neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardozo
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Vaamonde
- Dept. Neonatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Parodi-Talice
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M J Zuluaga
- Sección Fisiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D Agrati
- Sección Fisiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Lima
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F Blasina
- Dept. Neonatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - F Dajas
- Dept. Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Bedó
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: A Comprehensive Review of their Neuroprotective Properties, Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052524. [PMID: 33802413 PMCID: PMC7959318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation to the brain due to birth asphyxia or reduced cerebral blood perfusion, and it often leads to lifelong limiting sequelae such as cerebral palsy, seizures, or mental retardation. HI remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide, and current therapies are limited. Hypothermia has been successful in reducing mortality and some disabilities, but it is only applied to a subset of newborns that meet strict inclusion criteria. Given the unpredictable nature of the obstetric complications that contribute to neonatal HI, prophylactic treatments that prevent, rather than rescue, HI brain injury are emerging as a therapeutic alternative. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds present in the diet or used as dietary supplements that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antiapoptotic properties. This review summarizes the preclinical in vivo studies, mostly conducted on rodent models, that have investigated the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals in preventing and reducing HI-induced brain damage and cognitive impairments. The natural products reviewed include polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, plant-derived compounds (tanshinones, sulforaphane, and capsaicin), and endogenous compounds (melatonin, carnitine, creatine, and lactate). These nutraceuticals were administered before the damage occurred, either to the mothers as a dietary supplement during pregnancy and/or lactation or to the pups prior to HI induction. To date, very few of these nutritional interventions have been investigated in humans, but we refer to those that have been successful in reducing ischemic stroke in adults. Overall, there is a robust body of preclinical evidence that supports the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals, and these may represent a safe and inexpensive nutritional strategy for the prevention of neonatal HI encephalopathy.
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Drug delivery platforms for neonatal brain injury. J Control Release 2021; 330:765-787. [PMID: 33417984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), initiated by the interruption of oxygenated blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in newborns. The pathogenesis of HIE involves a complex interplay of excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress that results in acute to long term brain damage and functional impairments. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only approved treatment for HIE but has limited effectiveness for moderate to severe brain damage; thus, pharmacological intervention is explored as an adjunct therapy to hypothermia to further promote recovery. However, the limited bioavailability and the side-effects of systemic administration are factors that hinder the use of the candidate pharmacological agents. To overcome these barriers, therapeutic molecules may be packaged into nanoscale constructs to enable their delivery. Yet, the application of nanotechnology in infants is not well examined, and the neonatal brain presents unique challenges. Novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to magnify therapeutic effects in the damaged brain, mitigate side-effects associated with high systemic doses, and evade mechanisms that remove the drugs from circulation. Encouraging pre-clinical data demonstrates an attenuation of brain damage and increased structural and functional recovery. This review surveys the current progress in drug delivery for treating neonatal brain injury.
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Parrella E, Gussago C, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. From Preclinical Stroke Models to Humans: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010085. [PMID: 33383852 PMCID: PMC7823436 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are an important family of molecules of vegetal origin present in many medicinal and edible plants, which represent important alimentary sources in the human diet. Polyphenols are known for their beneficial health effects and have been investigated for their potential protective role against various pathologies, including cancer, brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The prevention of stroke promoted by polyphenols relies mainly on their effect on cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. However, a growing body of evidence from preclinical models of stroke points out a neuroprotective role of these molecules. Notably, in many preclinical studies, the polyphenolic compounds were effective also when administered after the stroke onset, suggesting their possible use in promoting recovery of patients suffering from stroke. Here, we review the effects of the major polyphenols in cellular and in vivo models of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in immature and adult brains. The results from human studies are also reported.
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Rasouli H, Hosseini Ghazvini SMB, Yarani R, Altıntaş A, Jooneghani SGN, Ramalho TC. Deciphering inhibitory activity of flavonoids against tau protein kinases: a coupled molecular docking and quantum chemical study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:411-424. [PMID: 32897165 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1814868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Today, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders that affected millions of people worldwide. Hundreds of academic investigations highlighted the potential roles of natural metabolites in the cornerstone of AD prevention. Nevertheless, alkaloids are only metabolites that successfully showed promising clinical therapeutic effects on the prevention of AD. In this regard, other plant metabolites such as flavonoids are also considered as promising substances in the improvement of AD complications. The lack of data on molecular mode of action of flavonoids inside brain tissues, and their potential to transport across the blood-brain barrier, a physical hindrance between bloodstream and brain tissues, limited the large-scale application of these compounds for AD therapy programs. Herein, a coupled docking and quantum study was applied to determine the binding mode of flavonoids and three protein kinases involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The results suggested that all docked metabolites showed considerable binding affinity to interact with target receptors, but some compounds possessed higher binding energy values. Because docking simulation cannot entirely reveal the potential roles of ligand substructures in the interaction with target residues, quantum chemical analyses (QCAs) were performed to cover this drawback. Accordingly, QCAs determined that distribution of molecular orbitals have a pivotal function in the determination of the type of reaction between ligands and receptors; therefore, using such quantum chemical descriptors may correct the results of virtual docking outcomes to highlight promising backbones for further developments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Yarani
- T1D Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Altıntaş
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saber Ghafari Nikoo Jooneghani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran.,Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Alikatte K, Palle S, Rajendra Kumar J, Pathakala N. Fisetin Improved Rotenone-Induced Behavioral Deficits, Oxidative Changes, and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:57-71. [PMID: 31992104 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1710646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly the inhibition of mitochondrial complex-I. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fisetin in the rotenone-induced rat model of PD. Rotenone was administered (2 mg/kg s.c.) for 35 days to induce PD in animals. Fisetin was administered at two doses (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg p.o.) for 25 days to the animals that were given rotenone. Behavioral experiment, i.e. cylinder test, was performed to assess the motor asymmetry. Animals were euthanized, and mid brains were isolated for the estimation of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, oxidative measures (lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) and catalase) and complex-I activity. In addition, histopathological studies were conducted. Fisetin treatment improved motor function in the cylinder test and reversed the rotenone-induced changes in mitochondrial enzymes, striatal dopamine levels, antioxidant enzyme levels and histological changes. An important finding of this study was both the doses of fisetin significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced rotenone-induced behavioral and biochemical changes and the effects were found to be dose dependent. Based on the present results, we hypothesize that fisetin may improve the mitochondrial enzyme activity, thereby preventing the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakalatha Alikatte
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Peters Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Palle
- Department of Pharmacology, Vaagdevi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Jadi Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Pathakala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Martínez-Busi M, Arredondo F, González D, Echeverry C, Vega-Teijido MA, Carvalho D, Rodríguez-Haralambides A, Rivera F, Dajas F, Abin-Carriquiry JA. Purification, structural elucidation, antioxidant capacity and neuroprotective potential of the main polyphenolic compounds contained in Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C. (Compositae). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2579-2591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Enteshari Najafabadi R, Kazemipour N, Esmaeili A, Beheshti S, Nazifi S. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance bioavailability of quercetin in the intact rat brain. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:59. [PMID: 30253803 PMCID: PMC6156978 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quercetin (QT) as a bioactive flavonoid has a potential therapeutic activity for numerous neuronal injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the low absorption rate of QT, especially through the blood-brain barrier, restricts its bioactivity in the body. The current research took the advantage of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin. Methods Quercetin conjugated with SPIONs was prepared by means of nanoprecipitation method and was characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer analyses. Wistar male rats were orally fed by gavage with QT and QT-SPION at 50 and 100 mg/kg daily doses for 7 days. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, biodistribution of QT was evaluated in plasma and brain tissue. Results The outcomes of this research revealed a higher concentration in the plasma and brain of the rats fed with QT-SPION in comparison to free QT. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that SPION as a targeted drug delivery system enhances the bioavailability of quercetin in the brain about ten folds higher than free quercetin and could be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Siamak Beheshti
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Wang TH, Wang SY, Wang XD, Jiang HQ, Yang YQ, Wang Y, Cheng JL, Zhang CT, Liang WW, Feng HL. Fisetin Exerts Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects in Multiple Mutant hSOD1 Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Activating ERK. Neuroscience 2018; 379:152-166. [PMID: 29559385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress exhibits a central role in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease commonly found to include a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene mutation. Fisetin, a natural antioxidant, has shown benefits in varied neurodegenerative diseases. The possible effect of fisetin in ALS has not been clarified as of yet. We investigated whether fisetin affected mutant hSOD1 ALS models. Three different hSOD1-related mutant models were used: Drosophila expressing mutant hSOD1G85R, hSOD1G93A NSC34 cells, and transgenic mice. Fisetin treatment provided neuroprotection as demonstrated by an improved survival rate, attenuated motor impairment, reduced ROS damage and regulated redox homeostasis compared with those in controls. Furthermore, fisetin increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK and upregulated antioxidant factors, which were reversed by MEK/ERK inhibition. Finally, fisetin reduced the levels of both mutant and wild-type hSOD1 in vivo and in vitro, as well as the levels of detergent-insoluble hSOD1 proteins. The results indicate that fisetin protects cells from ROS damage and improves the pathological behaviors caused by oxidative stress in disease models related to SOD1 gene mutations probably by activating ERK, thereby providing a potential treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - X D Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - H Q Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Y Q Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - J L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - C T Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - W W Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - H L Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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Najafabadi RE, Kazemipour N, Esmaeili A, Beheshti S, Nazifi S. Quercetin Prevents Body Weight Loss Due to the Using of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Rat. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29456979 PMCID: PMC5812102 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_141_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been largely considered for numerous applications in biomedicine such as magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, cell tracking, anticancer treatment, and targeted delivery of drugs or genes. However, they may have side effects such body weight loss. Quercetin (QT), a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger and a natural flavonoid, has a wide range of biological and therapeutic effects. In this study, the effect of QT on prevention of weight loss due to the using of SPION has been investigated. Materials and Methods: SPION and QT-SPION were administered orally at 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Then, the body weight was measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: Rats fed with 50 and 100 mg/kg SPION showed a significant weight loss, whereas those that fed with 50 mg/kg QT-SPION did not. A weight loss was observed in rats treated with 100 mg/kg of QT-SPION. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that quercetin could prevent weight loss due to the SPION.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Cell, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Siamak Beheshti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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M S S, C D N. Influence of quercetin, naringenin and berberine on glucose transporters and insulin signalling molecules in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:605-611. [PMID: 28783583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, naringenin, and berberine are plant bioactives that can cross the blood-brain barrier and offer neuroprotection. In the present study, we looked into the effect of them on expression of various glucose transporters and key components of brain insulin signalling, namely, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS 1), phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Akt 1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in brain of control, diabetic and bioactive-treated rats by Western blot. Amongst the bioactives tested, quercetin was more potent and restored LRP1 and brain insulin signalling components as well as glucose transporters such as GLUTs 1, 2, 3 and 4 in diabetic animals. On the other hand, berberine and naringenin supplementation to diabetic animals improved brain IRS 1 levels and restored GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 expression without significant effect on PI3K and Akt 1 activation and GLUT 4 levels. From the present study, we conclude that quercetin, naringenin, and berberine can differentially act through insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms thereby altering glucose homeostasis in the brain during experimental diabetes and bring about the beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep M S
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Nandini C D
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.
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20
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Yu X, Jiang X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Xu L, Chen L, Wang G, Pan J. The effects of fisetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1011-21. [PMID: 27209403 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) involves a series of pathological changes including the inflammation and increased cytokine levels. Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and also has been shown in our previous studies to exert anti-depressant-like properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of fisetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior and inflammation in mice. The results suggested that the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were increased at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after LPS injection (0.83 mg/kg). However, only the group of 24 h treatment did not show any effect on locomotion counts. Pretreatment with fisetin at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg (p.o.) for 7 days reversed LPS-induced alterations of the immobility time in both of these two tests. Further neurochemical assays suggested that pretreatment with fisetin reversed LPS-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moreover, higher dose of fisetin effectively antagonized iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite levels via the modulation of NF-κB in the hippocampus and PFC. Taken together, fisetin may be an effective therapeutic agent for LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors, which is due to its anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Xiangming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lexing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Guokang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Jianchun Pan
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China.
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Abstract
Stroke is the second foremost cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability. Due to changes in lifestyle and an aging population, the incidence of stroke continues to increase and stroke mortality predicted to exceed 12 % by the year 2030. However, the development of pharmacological treatments for stroke has failed to progress much in over 20 years since the introduction of the thrombolytic drug, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. These alarming circumstances caused many research groups to search for alternative treatments in the form of neuroprotectants. Here, we consider the potential use of phytochemicals in the treatment of stroke. Their historical use in traditional medicine and their excellent safety profile make phytochemicals attractive for the development of therapeutics in human diseases. Emerging findings suggest that some phytochemicals have the ability to target multiple pathophysiological processes involved in stroke including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of plant sources rich in phytochemicals may reduce stroke risk, and so reinforce the possibility of developing preventative or neuroprotectant therapies for stroke. In this review, we describe results of preclinical studies that demonstrate beneficial effects of phytochemicals in experimental models relevant to stroke pathogenesis, and we consider their possible mechanisms of action.
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Galho AR, Cordeiro MF, Ribeiro SA, Marques MS, Antunes MFD, Luz DC, Hädrich G, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Barros DM, Lima JV, Dora CL, Horn AP. Protective role of free and quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion against damage induced by intracerebral haemorrhage in rats. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175101. [PMID: 26965041 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a worldwide public health problem. Experimental studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH and could represent a target for its treatment. However, the blood-brain barrier is an obstacle to be overcome, as it hampers the administration of compounds to the central nervous system. In this study, we compared the effects of a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QU-N) with the free form of the drug (QU-SP) in a collagenase-induced ICH rat model. Quercetin (QU) is a polyphenol that has an antioxidant effect in vitro, but due to its high lipophilicity, it has low bioavailability in vivo. In this study, animals submitted or not to ICH were treated with a single intraperitoneal QU dose (free or nanoemulsion) of 30 mg kg(-1). Motor assessment was evaluated by the open field, foot fault and beam walking behavioural tests. 72 h after surgery the haematoma size was evaluated and biochemical measurements were performed. Animals treated with QU-N had a significant improvement in the beam walking and open field tests. Also, QU-N was able to reduce the size of the haematoma, preserving the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), increasing GSH content, and the total antioxidant capacity. QU-SP recovered locomotor activity and increased the GSH content and the total antioxidant capacity. Thus, it can be observed that QU presented antioxidant activity in both formulations, but the incorporation into nanoemulsions increased its antioxidant effect, which was reflected in the improvement of the motor skills and in the haematoma size decrement. These results suggest that the nanoemulsion containing QU developed in this study could be promising for future studies on treatments for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Galho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, 96210-900, Brazil
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Bensalem J, Servant L, Alfos S, Gaudout D, Layé S, Pallet V, Lafenetre P. Dietary Polyphenol Supplementation Prevents Alterations of Spatial Navigation in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:9. [PMID: 26903826 PMCID: PMC4746350 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial learning and memory deficits associated with hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairments are commonly observed during aging. Besides, the beneficial role of dietary polyphenols has been suggested as potential functional food candidates to prevent this memory decline. Indeed, polyphenols could potentiate the signaling pathways of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. In this study, spatial learning deficits of middle-aged mice were first highlighted and characterized according to their navigation patterns in the Morris water maze task. An eight-week polyphenol-enriched diet, containing a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium) with high contents of flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, was then successful in reversing these age-induced effects. The use of spatial strategies was indeed delayed with aging whereas a polyphenol supplementation could promote the occurrence of spatial strategies. These behavioral results were associated with neurobiological changes: while the expression of hippocampal calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) mRNA levels was reduced in middle-aged animals, the polyphenol-enriched diet could rescue them. Besides, an increased expression of nerve growth neurotrophic factor (NGF) mRNA levels was also observed in supplemented adult and middle-aged mice. Thus these data suggest that supplementation with polyphenols could be an efficient nutritional way to prevent age-induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bensalem
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Activ'InsideLibourne, France
| | - Laure Servant
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Alfos
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux INP, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux INP, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lafenetre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux INP, UMR 1286Bordeaux, France
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Fisetin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:213-244. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dajas F, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Arredondo F, Blasina F, Echeverry C, Martínez M, Rivera F, Vaamonde L. Quercetin in brain diseases: Potential and limits. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Blasina F, Vaamonde L, Silvera F, Tedesco AC, Dajas F. Intravenous nanosomes of quercetin improve brain function and hemodynamic instability after severe hypoxia in newborn piglets. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:149-56. [PMID: 26297982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of death and neurological morbidity in newborns and oxidative stress is one of the critical mechanisms leading to permanent brain lesions in this pathology. In this context we have chosen quercetin, a natural antioxidant, known also by its brain protective effects to study its potential as a therapy for brain pathology provoked by severe hypoxia in the brain. To overcame the difficulties of quercetin to access the brain, we have developed lecithin/cholesterol/cyclodextrin nanosomes as a safe and protective vehicle. We have applied the nanosomal preparation intravenously to newborn piglets submitted to a severe hypoxic or ischemic/hypoxic episode and followed them for 8 or 72 h, respectively. Either towards the end of 8 h after hypoxia or up to 72 h after, electroencephalographic amplitude records in animals that received the nanosomes improved significantly. Animals receiving quercetin also stabilized blood pressure and recovered spontaneous breathing. In this experimental group mechanical ventilation assistance was withdrawn in the first 24 h while the hypoxic and vehicle groups required more than 24 h of mechanical ventilation. Three days after the hypoxia the suckling and walking capacity in the group that received quercetin recovered significantly compared with the hypoxic groups. Pathological studies did not show significant differences in the brain of newborn piglets treated with nanosomes compared with hypoxic groups. The beneficial effects of quercetin nanosomal preparation after experimental perinatal asphyxia show it as a promising putative treatment for the damaged brain in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Blasina
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay; Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Lucía Vaamonde
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay; Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Silvera
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Federico Dajas
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
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Chen PY, Ho YR, Wu MJ, Huang SP, Chen PK, Tai MH, Ho CT, Yen JH. Cytoprotective effects of fisetin against hypoxia-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2015; 6:287-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00948g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin protects cells under hypoxia through ROS scavenging and the HIF1α-, MAPK/ERK-, p38 MAPK- and PI3 K/Akt-dependent pathways in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
- Tzu Chi University
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science
- Tainan 717
- Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
- Tzu Chi University
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
| | - Po-Kong Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
- Tzu Chi University
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hsueh Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
- Tzu Chi University
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
- Tzu Chi University
- Hualien 970
- Taiwan
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28
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Chronotherapeutic effect of fisetin on expression of urea cycle enzymes and inflammatory markers in hyperammonaemic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lapchak PA. Drug-like property profiling of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke: guidelines to develop pleiotropic molecules. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:328-42. [PMID: 23687519 PMCID: PMC3653324 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been problematic and quite complicated, since many candidates that have been tested clinically lacked significant pleiotropic activity, were unable to effectively cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), had poor bioavailability or were toxic. Moreover, the compounds did not confer significant neuroprotection or clinical efficacy measured using standard behavioral endpoints, when studied in clinical trials in a heterogeneous population of stroke patients. To circumvent some of the drug development problems describe above, we have used a rational funnel approach to identify and develop promising candidates. Using a step-wise approach, we have identified a series of compounds based upon two different neuroprotection assays. We have then taken the candidates and determined their "drug-like" properties. This guidelines article details in vitro screening assays used to show pleiotropic activity of a series of novel compounds; including enhanced neuroprotective activity compared to the parent compound fisetin. Moreover, for preliminary drug de-risking or risk reduction during development, we used compound assessment in the CeeTox assay, ADME toxicity using the AMES test for genotoxicity and interaction with Cytochrome P450 using CYP450 inhibition analysis against a spectrum of CYP450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) as a measure of drug interaction. Moreover, the compounds have been studied using a transfected Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell assay to assess blood brain barrier penetration (BBB). Using this series of assays, we have identified 4 novel molecules to be developed as an AIS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Director of Translational Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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McCann SK, Roulston CL. NADPH Oxidase as a Therapeutic Target for Neuroprotection against Ischaemic Stroke: Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2013; 3:561-98. [PMID: 24961415 PMCID: PMC4061864 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known to contribute to stroke injury, particularly during reperfusion, and antioxidants targeting this process have resulted in improved outcomes experimentally. Unfortunately these improvements have not been successfully translated to the clinical setting. Targeting the source of oxidative stress may provide a superior therapeutic approach. The NADPH oxidases are a family of enzymes dedicated solely to ROS production and pre-clinical animal studies targeting NADPH oxidases have shown promising results. However there are multiple factors that need to be considered for future drug development: There are several homologues of the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase. All have differing physiological roles and may contribute differentially to oxidative damage after stroke. Additionally, the role of ROS in brain repair is largely unexplored, which should be taken into consideration when developing drugs that inhibit specific NADPH oxidases after injury. This article focuses on the current knowledge regarding NADPH oxidase after stroke including in vivo genetic and inhibitor studies. The caution required when interpreting reports of positive outcomes after NADPH oxidase inhibition is also discussed, as effects on long term recovery are yet to be investigated and are likely to affect successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K McCann
- Stroke Injury and Repair Team, O'Brien Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, 42 Fitzroy St, Fitzroy, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Stroke Injury and Repair Team, O'Brien Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, 42 Fitzroy St, Fitzroy, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
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Ho L, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM, Wang J, Gong B, Chen TY, Lobo J, Cooper B, Wu QL, Talcott ST, Percival SS, Simon JE, Pasinetti GM. Identification of brain-targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:769-81. [PMID: 23097297 PMCID: PMC3545533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies indicate that polyphenol intake from moderate consumption of red wines may lower the relative risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. There is limited information regarding the specific biological activities and cellular and molecular mechanisms by which wine polyphenolic components might modulate AD. We assessed accumulations of polyphenols in the rat brain following oral dosage with a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine and tested brain-targeted polyphenols for potential beneficial AD disease-modifying activities. We identified accumulations of select polyphenolic metabolites in the brain. We demonstrated that, in comparison to vehicle-control treatment, one of the brain-targeted polyphenol metabolites, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduced the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model. Another brain-targeted metabolite, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, had no detectable effect on Aβ generation. Moreover, in an in vitro analysis using the photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) technique, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide is also capable of interfering with the initial protein-protein interaction of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) that is necessary for the formation of neurotoxic oligomeric Aβ species. Lastly, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide treatment, compared to vehicle-control treatment, significantly improved AD-type deficits in hippocampal formation basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, possibly through mechanisms involving the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms and, as such, may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing Li Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen T. Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texa, USA; and
| | - Susan S. Percival
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - James E. Simon
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Rodrigues AMG, Marcilio FDS, Frazão Muzitano M, Giraldi-Guimarães A. Therapeutic potential of treatment with the flavonoid rutin after cortical focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1503:53-61. [PMID: 23370003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have known anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions, and they have been described as neuroprotective and able to reduce damage in CNS diseases. We evaluated the action of the flavonoid rutin in an animal model of focal cortical ischemia induced by unilateral thermocoagulation of superficial blood vessels of motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) primary cortices. Ischemic rats were submitted to daily injections (i.p.) for five days, starting immediately after induction of ischemia. We tested two doses: 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg of body weight. Sensorimotor tests were used to evaluate functional recovery. Bioavailability in plasma was done by chromatographic analysis. The effect of treatment in lesion volume and neurodegeneration was evaluated 48 h and 72 h after ischemia, respectively. We observed significant sensorimotor recovery induced by rutin, and the dose of 50mg/kg had more pronounced effect. Thus, this dose was used in further analyses. Plasma availability of rutin was detected from 2h to at least 8h after ischemia. The treatment did not result in reduction of lesion volume but reduced the number of degenerated neurons at the periphery of the lesion. The results suggest rutin as an efficient drug to treat brain ischemia since it was able to promote significant recovery of sensorimotor loss, which was correlated to the reduction of neurodegeneration in the periphery of cortical injury. Increasing studies with rutin and other flavonoids might give support for further clinical trials with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Miranda Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Gelderblom M, Leypoldt F, Lewerenz J, Birkenmayer G, Orozco D, Ludewig P, Thundyil J, Arumugam TV, Gerloff C, Tolosa E, Maher P, Magnus T. The flavonoid fisetin attenuates postischemic immune cell infiltration, activation and infarct size after transient cerebral middle artery occlusion in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:835-43. [PMID: 22234339 PMCID: PMC3345911 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the brain tissue damage in ischemic stroke is composed of an immediate component followed by an inflammatory response with secondary tissue damage after reperfusion. Fisetin, a flavonoid, has multiple biological effects, including neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties. We analyzed the effects of fisetin on infarct size and the inflammatory response in a mouse model of stroke, temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion, and on the activation of immune cells, murine primary and N9 microglial and Raw264.7 macrophage cells and human macrophages, in an in vitro model of inflammatory immune cell activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fisetin not only protected brain tissue against ischemic reperfusion injury when given before ischemia but also when applied 3 hours after ischemia. Fisetin also prominently inhibited the infiltration of macrophages and dendritic cells into the ischemic hemisphere and suppressed the intracerebral immune cell activation as measured by intracellular tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production. Fisetin also inhibited LPS-induced TNFα production and neurotoxicity of macrophages and microglia in vitro by suppressing nuclear factor κB activation and JNK/Jun phosphorylation. Our findings strongly suggest that the fisetin-mediated inhibition of the inflammatory response after stroke is part of the mechanism through which fisetin is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Animal Models of Stroke for Preclinical Drug Development: A Comparative Study of Flavonols for Cytoprotection. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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A Clinically Relevant Rabbit Embolic Stroke Model for Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy Development: Mechanisms and Targets. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Leonardo CC, Doré S. Dietary flavonoids are neuroprotective through Nrf2-coordinated induction of endogenous cytoprotective proteins. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 14:226-36. [PMID: 22005287 DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Detailed investigations into the specific dietary components of these foods have revealed that many polyphenolic constituents exert anti-oxidant effects on key substrates involved in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic injury. These data have perpetuated the belief that the protective effects of flavonoids result from direct anti-oxidant actions at the levels of the cerebral vasculature and brain parenchyma. While many in vitro studies using purified extracts support this contention, first-pass metabolism alters the bioavailability of flavonoids such that the achievable concentrations after oral consumption are not consistent with this mechanism. Importantly, oral consumption of flavonoids may promote neural protection by facilitating the expression of gene products responsible for detoxifying the ischemic microenvironment through both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. In particular, the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 has emerged as a critical regulator of flavonoid-mediated protection through the induction of various cytoprotective genes. The pleiotropic effects associated with potent transcriptional regulation likely represent the primary mechanisms of neural protection, as the flavonoid concentrations reaching ischemic tissues in vivo are sufficient to alter intracellular signal transduction but likely preclude the one-to-one stoichiometry necessary to confer protection by direct anti-oxidation. These data reflect an exciting new direction in the study of complementary and alternative medicine that may lead to the development of novel therapies for ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Maher P, Dargusch R, Bodai L, Gerard PE, Purcell JM, Marsh JL. ERK activation by the polyphenols fisetin and resveratrol provides neuroprotection in multiple models of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:261-70. [PMID: 20952447 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms. Among the pathways implicated in HD are those involving mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and particularly the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Studies in both cells and animal models suggest that ERK activation might provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of HD but compounds that specifically activate ERK are few. To test the hypothesis that pharmaceutical activation of ERK might be protective for HD, a polyphenol, fisetin, which was previously shown to activate the Ras-ERK cascade, was tested in three different models of HD: PC12 cells expressing mutant Httex1 under the control of an inducible promoter, Drosophila expressing mutant Httex1 and the R6/2 mouse model of HD. The results indicate that fisetin can reduce the impact of mutant huntingtin in each of these disease models. Prompted by this observation, we determined that the related polyphenol, resveratrol, also activates ERK and is protective in HD models. Notably, although more than a dozen small molecule inhibitors of ERK activation are in clinical trials, very few small molecule activators of ERK signaling are reported. Thus, fisetin, resveratrol and related compounds might be useful for the treatment of HD by virtue of their unique ability to activate ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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38
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Chen XH, Lin ZZ, Liu AM, Ye JT, Luo Y, Luo YY, Mao XX, Liu PQ, Pi RB. The orally combined neuroprotective effects of sodium ferulate and borneol against transient global ischaemia in C57 BL/6J mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:915-23. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.07.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lewerenz J, Dargusch R, Maher P. Lactacidosis modulates glutathione metabolism and oxidative glutamate toxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 113:502-14. [PMID: 20132475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactate and acidosis increase infarct size in humans and in animal models of cerebral ischemia but the mechanisms by which they exert their neurotoxic effects are poorly understood. Oxidative glutamate toxicity is a form of nerve cell death, wherein glutamate inhibits cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate antiporter system leading to glutathione depletion, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and, ultimately, programmed cell death. Using the hippocampal cell line, HT22, we show that lactate and acidosis exacerbate oxidative glutamate toxicity and further decrease glutathione levels. Acidosis but not lactate inhibits system , whereas both acidosis and lactate inhibit the enzymatic steps of glutathione synthesis downstream of cystine uptake. In contrast, when glutathione synthesis is completely inhibited by cystine-free medium, acidosis partially protects against glutathione depletion and cell death. Both effects of acidosis are also present in primary neuronal and astrocyte cultures. Furthermore, we show that some neuroprotective compounds are much less effective in the presence of lactacidosis. Our findings indicate that lactacidosis modulates glutathione metabolism and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, lactacidosis may interfere with the action of some neuroprotective drugs rendering these less likely to be therapeutically effective in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Maher P. Modulation of multiple pathways involved in the maintenance of neuronal function during aging by fisetin. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 4:297-307. [PMID: 19756810 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple factors have been implicated in the age-related declines in brain function. Thus, it is unlikely that modulating only a single factor will be effective at slowing this decline. A better approach is to identify small molecules that have multiple biological activities relevant to the maintenance of brain function. Over the last few years, we have identified an orally active, novel neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing molecule, the flavonoid fisetin. Fisetin not only has direct antioxidant activity but it can also increase the intracellular levels of glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant. Fisetin can also maintain mitochondrial function in the presence of oxidative stress. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory activity against microglial cells and inhibits the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, thereby reducing the production of lipid peroxides and their pro-inflammatory by-products. This wide range of actions suggests that fisetin has the ability to reduce the age-related decline in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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41
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Panickar KS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Green tea polyphenols attenuate glial swelling and mitochondrial dysfunction following oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultures. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 12:105-13. [PMID: 19356313 DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte swelling is a major component of cytotoxic brain edema in ischemia. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been hypothesized to contribute to such swelling in cultures. We investigated the protective effects of polyphenol-rich green tea extract (GTE) on key features of ischemic injury namely cell swelling, nitric oxide (NO) production, and depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)). C6 glial cultures were subjected to 5-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and cell volume was determined using the 3-O-methyl-glucose method. At 90 min after the end of OGD, cell volume increased by > 33% and this increase was attenuated by GTE but not by the individual polyphenol components including catechin, epicatechin, or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). However, a combination of catechin, epicatechin and EGCG prevented swelling. OGD-induced increase in NO was further increased by GTE. OGD-induced decline in Deltapsi(m) was also attenuated by green tea extract, EGCG and a combination of catechin, epicatechin and EGCG but not by catechin or epicatechin alone. Our findings indicate a protective effect of GTE in cell swelling in ischemic injury and such protective effects may be mediated by its effect on the mitochondria. It appears that effects on cell swelling are mediated by the concerted action of more than one of the individual components of GTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Panickar
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Chen Y, Xie S, Chen S, Zeng S. Glucuronidation of flavonoids by recombinant UGT1A3 and UGT1A9. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:416-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rivera F, Costa G, Abin A, Urbanavicius J, Arruti C, Casanova G, Dajas F. Reduction of ischemic brain damage and increase of glutathione by a liposomal preparation of quercetin in permanent focal ischemia in rats. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:105-14. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Maher P. The flavonoid fisetin promotes nerve cell survival from trophic factor withdrawal by enhancement of proteasome activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 476:139-44. [PMID: 18396148 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the possibility that specific flavonoids can substitute for neurotrophic factors, we examined the ability of the flavonol fisetin and several related flavonoids to support the survival of low density, serum-free cultures of rat cortical neurons. Normally these cells die within 24h in the absence of trophic factors but in the presence of fisetin and several related flavonoids the cells survive and produce long neurites. While the survival-promoting effect of several of the fisetin-related flavonoids was partially dependent on ERK activation, the effect of fisetin was not. Fisetin can enhance glutathione synthesis but the survival-promoting effect of fisetin was also not dependent on glutathione. However, proteasome inhibitors almost completely blocked the ability of fisetin to promote survival. Consistent with this observation, fisetin increased proteasome activity. Together these results demonstrate a new activity for fisetin and tie this activity to its neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Cellular Neurobiology, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Maher P, Salgado KF, Zivin JA, Lapchak PA. A novel approach to screening for new neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of stroke. Brain Res 2007; 1173:117-25. [PMID: 17765210 PMCID: PMC2111291 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia on the cellular and molecular level, only one drug, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), is approved by the FDA for use in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, there is a critical need for additional safe and effective treatments for stroke. In order to identify novel compounds that might be effective, we have developed a cell culture-based assay with death being an endpoint as a screening tool. We have performed an initial screening for potential neuroprotective drugs among a group of flavonoids by using the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT22, in combination with chemical ischemia. Further screens were provided by biochemical assays for ATP and glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant, as well as for long-term induction of antioxidant proteins. Based upon the results of these screens, we tested the best flavonoid, fisetin, in the small clot embolism model of cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Fisetin significantly reduced the behavioral deficits following a stroke, providing proof of principle for this novel approach to identifying new compounds for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lapchak PA. The phenylpropanoid micronutrient chlorogenic acid improves clinical rating scores in rabbits following multiple infarct ischemic strokes: Synergism with tissue plasminogen activator. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:407-13. [PMID: 17439814 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed whether chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenylpropanoid molecule that has multiple mechanisms of action would be useful to attenuate behavioral deficits associated with embolic strokes using the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM). Quantal analysis for each treatment determines the quantity of microclots (mg) that produce neurologic dysfunction in 50% of a group of animals (P(50)), with intervention considered beneficial if it increases the P(50) compared to controls. CGA (50 mg/kg) injected 5 min post-embolization significantly increased behavioral function and the P(50) to 3.61+/-0.52 mg (n=19) compared to 1.58+/-0.15 mg (n=26) in controls. In addition, CGA also increased the P(50) to 2.57+/-0.28 mg (n=18) when administered 1 h post-embolization, but was ineffective when given 3 h following embolization (P(50)=1.22+/-0.24 mg, n=18). For combination studies with the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), we used tPA at a standard dose of 3.3 mg/kg, which significantly increased the P(50) to 2.89+/-0.29 mg (n=17) when administered 1 h after embolization, but not 3 h after embolization (P(50)=1.54+/-0.27 mg, n=18). However, when tPA (3.3 mg/kg) was combined with CGA (50 mg/kg) and administered 3 h following embolization, there was a significant increase in behavioral function as evidenced by an increase in the P(50) value to 3.40+/-0.76 mg (n=23). In conclusion, as a mono-therapy CGA effectively reduced behavioral deficits when given up to 1 h following embolic strokes in rabbits. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect of the combination of tPA with CGA when administered 3 h following embolization. The results show that the therapeutic window for a standard effective dose of tPA could be increased by administration of CGA, suggesting that it may be most useful as a co-therapy with a standard thrombolytic treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neuroscience, 9500 Gilman Drive MTF316, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA.
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Sánchez-Reus MI, Gómez del Rio MA, Iglesias I, Elorza M, Slowing K, Benedí J. Standardized Hypericum perforatum reduces oxidative stress and increases gene expression of antioxidant enzymes on rotenone-exposed rats. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:606-16. [PMID: 17070561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of dementia and depression, this study was designed to investigate the pro-oxidant activity of rotenone, the protective role of standardized extract of Hypericum perforatum (SHP), as well as the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, in brain homogenates of rats following exposure to rotenone and SHP extract. Quercetin in liposomes, one active constituent, was tested in the same experimental conditions to serve as a positive control. The animals received pretreatment with SHP (4 mg/kg) or quercetin liposomes (25 and 100 mg/kg) 60 min before of rotenone injection (2 mg/kg). All treatments were given intraperitoneally in a volume of 0.5 ml/kg body weight, for 45 days. Rotenone treatment increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). The content of reduced glutathione (GSH) was decreased due to chronic rotenone treatment. Rotenone significantly induced the gene expression of CuZnSOD, MnSOD; CAT and GPx in brain. In contrast, SHP extract exerted an antioxidant action which was related with a decreased of MnSOD activity and mRNA levels of some antioxidant enzymes evaluated. Liposomal quercetin treatment resulted in a significant preservation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes and a decreased in the mRNA levels of these antioxidant enzymes. One possible mechanism of action of SHP extract may be related to quercetin in protecting neurons from oxidative damage. Therefore standardized extract of H. perforatum could be a better alternative for depressed elderly patients with degenerative disorder exhibiting elevated oxidative stress status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Sánchez-Reus
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Neurotoxins represent unique chemical tools, providing a means to 1) gain insight into cellular mechanisms of apopotosis and necrosis, 2) achieve a morphological template for studies otherwise unattainable, 3) specifically produce a singular phenotype of denervation, and 4) provide the starting point to delve into processes and mechanisms of nerve regeneration and sprouting. There are many other notable uses of neurotoxins in neuroscience research, and ever more being discovered each year. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the broad areas of neuroscience in which neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanism come into play. This shifts the focus away from neurotoxins per se, and onto the major problems under study today. Neurotoxins broadly defined are used to explore neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. Neurotoxic mechanisms relating to protein aggregates are indigenous to Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease. NeuroAIDS is a disorder in which microglia and macrophages have enormous import. The gap between the immune system and nervous system has been bridged, as neuroinflammation is now considered to be part of the neurodegenerative process. Related mechanisms now arise in the process of neurogenesis. Accordingly, the entire spectrum of neuroscience is within the purview of neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanisms. Highlights on discoveries in the areas noted, and on selective neurotoxins, are included, mainly from the past 2 to 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
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Chimenti F, Cottiglia F, Bonsignore L, Casu L, Casu M, Floris C, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Granese A, Befani O, Turini P, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Trombetta G, Loizzo A, Guarino I. Quercetin as the active principle of Hypericum hircinum exerts a selective inhibitory activity against MAO-A: extraction, biological analysis, and computational study. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:945-9. [PMID: 16792415 DOI: 10.1021/np060015w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The methanol extract from Hypericum hircinum leaves exhibited in vitro inhibition of monoamine oxidases (MAO). Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of quercetin and five compounds identified for the first time from H. hircinum. Quercetin was the only compound with a selective inhibitory activity against MAO-A, with an IC50 value of 0.010 microM. To explain MAO selective inhibition at the molecular level, a computational study was carried out by conformational search and docking techniques using recently determined crystallographic models of both enzymatic isoforms. An in vivo study in mice was carried out using the forced swimming test in order to elucidate the behavioral effects of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Chen YC, Chow JM, Lin CW, Wu CY, Shen SC. Baicalein inhibition of oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis via modulation of ERKs activation and induction of HO-1 gene expression in rat glioma cells C6. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 216:263-73. [PMID: 16814338 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the protective mechanism of baicalein (BE) and its glycoside, baicalin (BI), on hydrogen-peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cell death in rat glioma C6 cells. Results of the MTT assay, LDH release assay, and morphological observation showed that H(2)O(2) addition reduced the viability of C6 cells, and this was prevented by the addition of BE but not BI. Incubation of C6 cells with BE significantly decreased the intracellular peroxide level induced by H(2)O(2) according to flow cytometric analysis using DCHF-DA as a fluorescent substrate. Suppression of H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic events including DNA ladders, hypodiploid cells, and activation of caspases 3, 8, and, 9 by BE but not BI was identified in C6 cells. The cytotoxicity and phosphorylation of ERK proteins induced by H(2)O(2) were blocked by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Catalase addition prevented H(2)O(2)-induced ROS production, ERKs protein phosphorylation, and cell death, and BE dose-dependently inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced ERK protein phosphorylation in C6 cells. These data suggest that ROS-scavenging activity is involved in BE prevention of H(2)O(2)-induced cell death via blocking ERKs activation. Additionally, BE but not BI induced heat shock protein 32 (HSP32; HO-1) protein expression in both time- and dose-dependent manners, but not heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), or heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) protein expression. In the absence of H(2)O(2), BE induces ERKs protein phosphorylation, and HO-1 protein expression induced by BE was blocked by the addition of cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and the ERK inhibitor PD98059. The addition of the HO inhibitor ZnPP inhibited the protective effect of BE against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity in C6 cells according to the MTT assay and apoptotic morphology under microscopic observation, accompanied by blocking the ROS-scavenging activity of BE in C6 cells. However, BE treatment was unable to protect C6 cells from C2-ceramide-induced cell death. These data indicate that BE possesses abilities to inhibit ROS-mediated cytotoxic effects through modulation of ERKs activation and induction of HO-1 protein expression. The role of HO-1 in ROS-scavenging activity of BE is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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