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Li Z, Duan D, Li L, Peng D, Ming Y, Ni R, Liu Y. Tumor-associated macrophages in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: recent research progress. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1382256. [PMID: 38957393 PMCID: PMC11217528 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1382256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the cancers that seriously threaten human health. Immunotherapy serves as the mainstay of treatment for HCC patients by targeting the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. However, the effectiveness of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is limited when HCC becomes drug-resistant. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important factor in the negative regulation of PD-1 antibody targeted therapy in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, as an emerging direction in cancer immunotherapy research for the treatment of HCC, it is crucial to elucidate the correlations and mechanisms between TAMs and PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune tolerance. This paper summarizes the effects of TAMs on the pathogenesis and progression of HCC and their impact on HCC anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, and further explores current potential therapeutic strategies that target TAMs in HCC, including eliminating TAMs in the TME, inhibiting TAMs recruitment to tumors and functionally repolarizing M2-TAMs (tumor-supportive) to M1-TAMs (antitumor type).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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McDew-White M, Lee E, Premadasa LS, Alvarez X, Okeoma CM, Mohan M. Cannabinoids modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis in HIV/SIV infection by reducing neuroinflammation and dysbiosis while concurrently elevating endocannabinoid and indole-3-propionate levels. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:62. [PMID: 36890518 PMCID: PMC9993397 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the advent of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV into a manageable chronic disease, an estimated 30-50% of people living with HIV (PLWH) exhibit cognitive and motor deficits collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). A key driver of HAND neuropathology is chronic neuroinflammation, where proinflammatory mediators produced by activated microglia and macrophages are thought to inflict neuronal injury and loss. Moreover, the dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) in PLWH, consequent to gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis, can lead to neuroinflammation and persistent cognitive impairment, which underscores the need for new interventions. METHODS We performed RNA-seq and microRNA profiling in basal ganglia (BG), metabolomics (plasma) and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (colon contents) in uninfected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) administered vehicle (VEH/SIV) or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (THC/SIV). RESULTS Long-term, low-dose THC reduced neuroinflammation and dysbiosis and significantly increased plasma endocannabinoid, endocannabinoid-like, glycerophospholipid and indole-3-propionate levels in chronically SIV-infected RMs. Chronic THC potently blocked the upregulation of genes associated with type-I interferon responses (NLRC5, CCL2, CXCL10, IRF1, IRF7, STAT2, BST2), excitotoxicity (SLC7A11), and enhanced protein expression of WFS1 (endoplasmic reticulum stress) and CRYM (oxidative stress) in BG. Additionally, THC successfully countered miR-142-3p-mediated suppression of WFS1 protein expression via a cannabinoid receptor-1-mediated mechanism in HCN2 neuronal cells. Most importantly, THC significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridia including indole-3-propionate (C. botulinum, C. paraputrificum, and C. cadaveris) and butyrate (C. butyricum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum) producers in colonic contents. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of long-term, low-dose THC to positively modulate the MGBA by reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing endocannabinoid levels and promoting the growth of gut bacterial species that produce neuroprotective metabolites, like indole-3-propionate. The findings from this study may benefit not only PLWH on cART, but also those with no access to cART and more importantly, those who fail to suppress the virus under cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina McDew-White
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78227-5302, USA
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78227-5302, USA
| | - Lakmini S Premadasa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78227-5302, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78227-5302, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595-1524, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78227-5302, USA.
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Transcriptomic Studies Suggest a Coincident Role for Apoptosis and Pyroptosis but Not for Autophagic Neuronal Death in TBEV-Infected Human Neuronal/Glial Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112255. [PMID: 34835061 PMCID: PMC8620470 DOI: 10.3390/v13112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, is responsible for neurological symptoms that may cause permanent disability or death. With an incidence on the rise, it is the major arbovirus affecting humans in Central/Northern Europe and North-Eastern Asia. Neuronal death is a critical feature of TBEV infection, yet little is known about the type of death and the molecular mechanisms involved. In this study, we used a recently established pathological model of TBEV infection based on human neuronal/glial cells differentiated from fetal neural progenitors and transcriptomic approaches to tackle this question. We confirmed the occurrence of apoptotic death in these cultures and further showed that genes involved in pyroptotic death were up-regulated, suggesting that this type of death also occurs in TBEV-infected human brain cells. On the contrary, no up-regulation of major autophagic genes was found. Furthermore, we demonstrated an up-regulation of a cluster of genes belonging to the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and revealed the cellular types expressing them. Our results suggest that neuronal death occurs by multiple mechanisms in TBEV-infected human neuronal/glial cells, thus providing a first insight into the molecular pathways that may be involved in neuronal death when the human brain is infected by TBEV.
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Fu Y, Chang Y, Chen S, Li Y, Chen Y, Sun G, Yu S, Ye N, Li C, Sun Y. BAG3 promotes the phenotypic transformation of primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells via TRAIL. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2917-2926. [PMID: 29484366 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological condition, the mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show differentiated phenotype. In response to various environmental stimuluses, VSMCs convert from the differentiated phenotype to dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by the increased ability of proliferation/migration and the reduction of contractile ability. The phenotypic transformation of VSMCs played an important role in atherosclerosis. Both Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and tumor necrosis factor-related apopt-osis inducing ligand (TRAIL) involved in apoptosis. The relationship between BAG3 and TRAIL and their effects the proliferation and migration in VSMCs are rarely reported. This study investigated the effects of BAG3 on the phenotypic modulation and the potential underlying mechanisms in primary rat VSMCs. Primary rat VSMCs were extracted and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting, real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) and EdU incorporation. Cell migration was detected by wound healing, Transwell and RTCA. BAG3 and TRAIL were detected using real-time PCR and western blotting and the secreted proteins in the cultured media by dot blot. The expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages in cultured primary VSMCs. BAG3 promoted the proliferation and migration of primary rat VSMC in a time-dependent manner. BAG3 significantly increased the expression of TRAIL while had no effects on its receptors. TRAIL knockdown or blocking by neutralizing antibody inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by BAG3. TRAIL knockdown exerted no obvious influence on the migration of VSMCs. Based on this study, we report for the first time that BAG3 was expressed in cultured primary rat VSMCs and the expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages. Furthermore, BAG3 promoted the proliferation of VSMCs via increasing the expression of TRAIL. In addition, we also demonstrated that BAG3 promoted the migration of VSMCs independent of TRAIL upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Tisato V, Rimondi E, Brombo G, Volpato S, Zurlo A, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Zuliani G. Serum Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Levels in Older Subjects with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 41:273-80. [PMID: 27304551 DOI: 10.1159/000446275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including vascular pathologies and pathologies of the central nervous system. Nonetheless, the knowledge about the role of systemic TRAIL in patients affected by different types of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is still limited. OBJECTIVE We assessed serum TRAIL levels in a large cohort of older individuals (n = 644) including patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), vascular dementia (VAD), 'mixed' dementia (MIX), MCI, and healthy controls. METHODS Circulating TRAIL was measured by ELISA. RESULTS At univariate analysis, TRAIL levels were higher in VAD, MIX, and MCI patients compared with LOAD patients and controls. Using the multiple linear regression model, we found that TRAIL levels were associated with VAD and MCI, but not MIX, independent of potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION The finding of high levels of circulating TRAIL in VAD and MCI seems to suggest that both of these conditions are characterized by a significant vascular damage with respect to LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Zeng J, Wang G, Li W, Zhang D, Chen X, Xin G, Jiang Z, Li K. Induction of cytopathic effect and cytokines in coxsackievirus B3-infected murine astrocytes. Virol J 2013; 10:157. [PMID: 23693026 PMCID: PMC3680086 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus commonly infects children and occasionally causes severe meningitis and/or encephalitis in the newborn. The underlying mechanism(s) behind the central nervous system pathology is poorly defined. METHODS It is hypothesized that astrocytes may be involved in inflammatory response induced by CVB3 infection. Here we discuss this hypothesis in the context of CVB3 infection and associated inflammatory response in primary mouse astrocytes. RESULTS The results showed that coxsackievirus receptor (CAR) was distributed homogeneously on the astrocytes, and that CVB3 could infect and replicate in astrocytes, with release of infectious virus particles. CVB3 induced cytopathic effect and production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and chemokine CXCL10 from astrocytes. CONCLUSION These data suggest that direct astrocyte damage and cytokines induction could be a mechanism of virus-induced meningitis and/or encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Dangui Zhang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515065, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xin
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Key laboratory of infectious diseases and molecular immunopathology of Guangdong province, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
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Guha D, Nagilla P, Redinger C, Srinivasan A, Schatten GP, Ayyavoo V. Neuronal apoptosis by HIV-1 Vpr: contribution of proinflammatory molecular networks from infected target cells. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:138. [PMID: 22727020 PMCID: PMC3425332 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces neuronal dysfunction through host cellular factors and viral proteins including viral protein R (Vpr) released from infected macrophages/microglia. Vpr is important for infection of terminally differentiated cells such as macrophages. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Vpr in the context of infectious virus particles on neuronal death through proinflammatory cytokines released from macrophages. Methods Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were infected with either HIV-1 wild type (HIV-1wt), Vpr deleted mutant (HIV-1∆Vpr) or mock. Cell lysates and culture supernatants from MDMs were analyzed for the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were analyzed in activated MDMs by western blots. Further, the effect of Vpr on neuronal apoptosis was examined using primary neurons exposed to culture supernatants from HIV-1wt, HIV-1∆Vpr or mock-infected MDMs by Annexin-V staining, MTT and Caspase - Glo® 3/7 assays. The role of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on neuronal apoptosis was also evaluated in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies against these cytokines. Results HIV-1∆Vpr-infected MDMs exhibited reduced infection over time and specifically a significant downregulation of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α at the transcriptional and/or protein levels compared to HIV-1wt-infected cultures. This downregulation was due to impaired activation of p38 and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in HIV-1∆Vpr-infected MDMs. The association of SAPK/JNK and p38 to IL-1β and IL-8 production was confirmed by blocking MAPKs that prevented the elevation of IL-1β and IL-8 in HIV-1wt more than in HIV-1∆Vpr-infected cultures. Supernatants from HIV-1∆Vpr-infected MDMs containing lower concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α as well as viral proteins showed a reduced neurotoxicity compared to HIV-1wt-infected MDM supernatants. Reduction of neuronal death in the presence of anti-IL-1β and anti-IL-8 antibodies only in HIV-1wt-infected culture implies that the effect of Vpr on neuronal death is in part mediated through released proinflammatory factors. Conclusion Collectively, these results demonstrate the ability of HIV-1∆Vpr to restrict neuronal apoptosis through dysregulation of multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the infected target cells either directly or indirectly by suppressing viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Rosati A, Khalili K, Deshmane SL, Radhakrishnan S, Pascale M, Turco MC, Marzullo L. BAG3 protein regulates caspase-3 activation in HIV-1-infected human primary microglial cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:264-7. [PMID: 18821563 PMCID: PMC4503248 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BAG3, a member of the BAG co-chaperones family, is expressed in several cell types subjected to stressful conditions, such as exposure to high temperature, heavy metals, drugs. Furthermore, it is constitutively expressed in some tumors. Among the biological activities of the protein, there is apoptosis downmodulation; this appears to be exerted through BAG3 interaction with the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, that influences cell apoptosis at several levels. We recently reported that BAG3 protein was detectable in the cytoplasm of reactive astrocytes in HIV-1-associated encephalopathy biopsies. Here we report that downmodulation of BAG3 protein levels allows caspase-3 activation by HIV-1 infection in human primary microglial cells. This is the first reported evidence of a role for BAG3 in the balance of death versus survival during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DiFarma), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satish L. Deshmane
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sujatha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Pascale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DiFarma), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - M. Caterina Turco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DiFarma), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Li G, Aaron S, Kazmierczak K, Lesner A, Li Y, Ivanova A, Bentsman G, Potash MJ, Simm M. Inhibition of HIV‐1 or bacterial activation of macrophages by products of HIV‐1‐resistant human cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:603-9. [PMID: 17637699 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently described the molecular basis of HIV-1 resistance factor (HRF)-mediated anti-viral activity in primary and transformed CD4 T cells. HRF+ cell culture supernatants or partially purified HRF were found to incapacitate the formation of the NF-kappaB/DNA complex, which is indispensable for long terminal promoter-driven transcription of virus genes. In this study, we tested whether HRF might have much broader activity against other organisms whose pathogenesis is linked to NF-kappaB activation. Specifically, we tested the effects of HRF on the NF-kappaB-mediated responses of primary macrophages to HIV-1 or several bacterial antigens. We found that exposure to HRF inhibited HIV-1 expression in macrophages and also induced the production of HRF-like activity by macrophages, which prevented replication of virus in HIV-1-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in the adjacent compartment. We investigated the mechanism of this inhibition and found that HRF impeded NF-kappaB/DNA binding in macrophages induced by either HIV-1 or lipopolysaccharide from several bacteria species, resulting in impaired tumor necrosis factor-alpha responses to these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Li
- Molecular Virology Division, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Dickerson F, Boronow J, Stallings C, Origoni A, Yolken R. The lymphotoxin Cys13Arg polymorphism and cognitive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 89:173-6. [PMID: 17029750 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors that modulate the immune response have been implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia and cognitive impairment. We assessed the correlation between cognitive functioning and the LTA Cys13Arg polymorphism in 351 individuals with schizophrenia, 122 with bipolar disorder, and 160 controls. There was a significant association between cognitive functioning and the LTA Cys13Arg polymorphism within the schizophrenia (p<0.008) but not the other diagnostic groups. There was no association between cognitive functioning and the two other polymorphisms in the same gene complex. The LTA Cys13Arg polymorphism may represent a risk factor for cognitive impairment in individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- Stanley Research Center at Sheppard Pratt, Sheppard Pratt, 6501 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
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Huang Y, Erdmann N, Peng H, Herek S, Davis JS, Luo X, Ikezu T, Zheng J. TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in HIV-1-infected macrophages is dependent on the inhibition of Akt-1 phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2304-13. [PMID: 16887991 PMCID: PMC1892167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 uses mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells) as a vehicle for its own dissemination and as a reservoir for continuous viral replication. The mechanism by which the host immune system clears HIV-1-infected macrophages is not understood. TRAIL may play a role in this process. TRAIL is expressed on the cell membrane of peripheral immune cells and can be cleaved into a soluble, secreted form. The plasma level of TRAIL is increased in HIV-1-infected patients, particularly those with high viral loads. To study the effect of elevated TRAIL on mononuclear phagocytes, we used recombinant human (rh) TRAIL and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) as an in vitro model. Our results demonstrated rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis in HIV-1-infected MDM and inhibited viral replication, while having a reduced effect on uninfected MDM. HIV-1 infection significantly decreased Akt-1 phosphorylation; rhTRAIL exposure further decreased Akt-1 phosphorylation. Infection with a dominant-negative Akt-1 adenovirus potentiated rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis, while constitutively active Akt-1 blocked rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis in HIV-1-infected MDM. From this data we conclude the death ligand TRAIL preferentially provokes apoptosis of HIV-1-infected MDM, and the mechanism is reliant upon the inhibition of Akt-1 phosphorylation. Understanding this mechanism may facilitate the elimination of HIV-1-infected macrophages and lead to new therapeutic avenues for treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Huang
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Nathan Erdmann
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hui Peng
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Shelley Herek
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - John S. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jialin Zheng, Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880. E-mail address:
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Abstract
Neurotoxins represent unique chemical tools, providing a means to 1) gain insight into cellular mechanisms of apopotosis and necrosis, 2) achieve a morphological template for studies otherwise unattainable, 3) specifically produce a singular phenotype of denervation, and 4) provide the starting point to delve into processes and mechanisms of nerve regeneration and sprouting. There are many other notable uses of neurotoxins in neuroscience research, and ever more being discovered each year. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the broad areas of neuroscience in which neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanism come into play. This shifts the focus away from neurotoxins per se, and onto the major problems under study today. Neurotoxins broadly defined are used to explore neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. Neurotoxic mechanisms relating to protein aggregates are indigenous to Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease. NeuroAIDS is a disorder in which microglia and macrophages have enormous import. The gap between the immune system and nervous system has been bridged, as neuroinflammation is now considered to be part of the neurodegenerative process. Related mechanisms now arise in the process of neurogenesis. Accordingly, the entire spectrum of neuroscience is within the purview of neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanisms. Highlights on discoveries in the areas noted, and on selective neurotoxins, are included, mainly from the past 2 to 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
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Mao M, Hua Y, Jiang X, Li L, Zhang L, Mu D. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain after neonatal stroke. Neurosci Lett 2006; 403:227-32. [PMID: 16797840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been shown in adult stroke models. However, its expression and relationship with neuronal apoptosis in neonatal rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) have not been clearly elucidated. We studied the expression and distribution of TNFalpha and neuronal apoptosis in a postnatal Day 10 rat MCAO model using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence double-labeling, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analyses. We found TNFalpha mRNA expression increased at 2h and was maintained at high levels until 24h after reperfusion. TNFalpha protein expression was significantly increased from 4 to 8h (p < 0.01) lasting through 24h (p < 0.05) after reperfusion compared to the sham controls. TNFalpha immunoreactive cells were colocalized to neurons in both the core and the penumbra areas of the ischemic cortex. However, apoptotic cells were mainly distributed in the penumbra area and colocalized to neurons as well as to TNFalpha immunoreactive cells in the ischemic cortex. Our findings suggest that TNFalpha expression increases after neonatal stroke and is associated with neuronal apoptosis after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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