1
|
Wang X, Wang T, Fan X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li Z. A Molecular Toolbox of Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for General Anesthesia Mechanism Research. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6463-6497. [PMID: 37145921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With appropriate radiotracers, positron emission tomography (PET) allows direct or indirect monitoring of the spatial and temporal distribution of anesthetics, neurotransmitters, and biomarkers, making it an indispensable tool for studying the general anesthesia mechanism. In this Perspective, PET tracers that have been recruited in general anesthesia research are introduced in the following order: 1) 11C/18F-labeled anesthetics, i.e., PET tracers made from inhaled and intravenous anesthetics; 2) PET tracers targeting anesthesia-related receptors, e.g., neurotransmitters and voltage-gated ion channels; and 3) PET tracers for studying anesthesia-related neurophysiological effects and neurotoxicity. The radiosynthesis, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of the above PET tracers are mainly discussed to provide a practical molecular toolbox for radiochemists, anesthesiologists, and those who are interested in general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lever JR, Fergason-Cantrell EA, Carmack TL, Watkinson LD, Gallazzi F. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 111In labeled DOTA-conjugated tetrapeptides having high affinity and selectivity for mu opioid receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 70:53-66. [PMID: 30933866 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral mu (μ) opioid receptors are implicated in pain, bowel dysfunction and the progression of certain cancers. In an effort to identify radioligands well suited for imaging these peripheral sites, we have prepared and evaluated four hydrophilic 111In labeled DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) conjugated μ tetrapeptides. METHODS Peptides were prepared by solid-phase techniques, using orthogonal strategies to achieve branching to DOTA, and then characterized by HPLC, mass spectroscopy and amino acid analysis. Scaffolds included novel peptide H-Dmt-D-Ala-Phe-Orn-NH2 (DAPO), where Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine, and known peptide H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 ([Dmt1]DALDA). Constructs had DOTA conjugation at the Orn4 or Lys4 side chains, or to the C-terminal through a hexanoic acid-lysine linker. Indium(III) complexation and 111In radiolabeling were accomplished by standard methods. Protein binding and Log D7.4 were determined. Binding and pharmacological profiles were obtained in vitro. Biodistribution and radiometabolite studies were conducted using male CD-1 mice. RESULTS All four indium(III)-DOTA conjugates derived from DAPO and [Dmt1]DALDA showed good selectivity and subnanomolar affinity for μ opioid receptors. One radioligand, H-Dmt-D-Ala-Phe-Orn(δ-[111In]In-DOTA)-NH2, showed 25% specific binding in vivo to μ sites in mouse gut. Notably, this was the least polar of the series, and also showed low sensitivity to modulation of binding by sodium ions. All radioligands showed high kidney uptake of radiometabolites. CONCLUSIONS Visualizing peripheral μ opioid receptors using 111In labeled DOTA-conjugated tetrapeptides appears feasible, but structural modifications to enhance specific binding and metabolic stability, as well as to reduce kidney uptake, will be required. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This study shows in vivo labeling of peripheral μ opioid receptors by a tetrapeptide radioligand, and provides information that should prove useful in the design of peptide radioligands having optimal properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Lever
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Emily A Fergason-Cantrell
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Terry L Carmack
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Lisa D Watkinson
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Molecular Interaction Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shalgunov V, van Waarde A, Booij J, Michel MC, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH. Hunting for the high-affinity state of G-protein-coupled receptors with agonist tracers: Theoretical and practical considerations for positron emission tomography imaging. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1014-1052. [PMID: 30450619 PMCID: PMC6587759 DOI: 10.1002/med.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the high‐affinity state postulates that a certain subset of G‐protein‐coupled receptors is primarily responsible for receptor signaling in the living brain. Assessing the abundance of this subset is thus potentially highly relevant for studies concerning the responses of neurotransmission to pharmacological or physiological stimuli and the dysregulation of neurotransmission in neurological or psychiatric disorders. The high‐affinity state is preferentially recognized by agonists in vitro. For this reason, agonist tracers have been developed as tools for the noninvasive imaging of the high‐affinity state with positron emission tomography (PET). This review provides an overview of agonist tracers that have been developed for PET imaging of the brain, and the experimental paradigms that have been developed for the estimation of the relative abundance of receptors configured in the high‐affinity state. Agonist tracers appear to be more sensitive to endogenous neurotransmitter challenge than antagonists, as was originally expected. However, other expectations regarding agonist tracers have not been fulfilled. Potential reasons for difficulties in detecting the high‐affinity state in vivo are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blecha JE, Henderson BD, Hockley BG, VanBrocklin HF, Zubieta JK, DaSilva AF, Kilbourn MR, Koeppe RA, Scott PJ, Shao X. An updated synthesis of [ 11 C]carfentanil for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the μ-opioid receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:375-380. [PMID: 28419528 PMCID: PMC9886010 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
[11 C]Carfentanil ([11 C]CFN) is a selective radiotracer for in vivo positron emission tomography imaging studies of the μ-opioid system that, in our laboratories, is synthesized by methylation of the corresponding carboxylate precursor with [11 C]MeOTf, and purified using a C2 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Changes in the commercial availability of common C2 cartridges have necessitated future proofing the synthesis of [11 C]CFN to maintain reliable delivery of the radiotracer for clinical imaging studies. An updated synthesis of [11 C]CFN is reported that replaces a now obsolete purification cartridge with a new commercially available version and also substitutes the organic solvents used in traditional production methods with ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian G. Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Utah Health Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort, Biologic and Materials Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J.H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A convenient route to 4-carboxy-4-anilidopiperidine esters and acids. Molecules 2012; 17:2823-32. [PMID: 22399137 PMCID: PMC6268299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The route selection and development of a convenient synthesis of 4-carboxy-4-anilidopiperidines is described. Previous routes were hampered by the low yield of the target esters as well as the inability to convert the esters to the required free acids. Considerations for large-scale production led to a modified synthesis that utilised a tert-butyl ester of 4-carboxy-4-anilidopiperidines which resulted in a dramatic increase in the overall yield of the target N-propionylated- 4-anilidopiperidine-4-carboxylic acids and their corresponding methyl esters. These compounds are now available for use as precursors and reference standards, of particular value for the production of 11C and 18F-labelled 4-carboxy-4-anilidopiperidine radiotracers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pissarek M, Meyer-Kirchrath J, Hohlfeld T, Vollmar S, Oros-Peusquens AM, Flögel U, Jacoby C, Krügel U, Schramm N. Targeting murine heart and brain: visualisation conditions for multi-pinhole SPECT with (99m)Tc- and (123)I-labelled probes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1495-509. [PMID: 19421750 PMCID: PMC2724637 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study serves to optimise conditions for multi-pinhole SPECT small animal imaging of (123)I- and (99m)Tc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals with different distributions in murine heart and brain and to investigate detection and dose range thresholds for verification of differences in tracer uptake. METHODS A Triad 88/Trionix system with three 6-pinhole collimators was used for investigation of dose requirements for imaging of the dopamine D(2) receptor ligand [(123)I]IBZM and the cerebral perfusion tracer [(99m)Tc]HMPAO (1.2-0.4 MBq/g body weight) in healthy mice. The fatty acid [(123)I]IPPA (0.94 +/- 0.05 MBq/g body weight) and the perfusion tracer [(99m)Tc]sestamibi (3.8 +/- 0.45 MBq/g body weight) were applied to cardiomyopathic mice overexpressing the prostaglandin EP(3) receptor. RESULTS In vivo imaging and in vitro data revealed 45 kBq total cerebral uptake and 201 kBq cardiac uptake as thresholds for visualisation of striatal [(123)I]IBZM and of cardiac [(99m)Tc]sestamibi using 100 and 150 s acquisition time, respectively. Alterations of maximal cerebral uptake of [(123)I]IBZM by >20% (116 kBq) were verified with the prerequisite of 50% striatal of total uptake. The labelling with [(99m)Tc]sestamibi revealed a 30% lower uptake in cardiomyopathic hearts compared to wild types. [(123)I]IPPA uptake could be visualised at activity doses of 0.8 MBq/g body weight. CONCLUSION Multi-pinhole SPECT enables detection of alterations of the cerebral uptake of (123)I- and (99m)Tc-labelled tracers in an appropriate dose range in murine models targeting physiological processes in brain and heart. The thresholds of detection for differences in the tracer uptake determined under the conditions of our experiments well reflect distinctions in molar activity and uptake characteristics of the tracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pissarek
- Institute of Neurosciences and Biophysics-Nuclear Chemistry (INB-4), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52428, Juelich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boutin H, Catherine A, Mackenzie ET, Jauzac P, Dauphin F. Long-term alterations in mu, delta and kappa opioidergic receptors following middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:491-500. [PMID: 17676326 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the opioidergic system may play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying neurochemical responses to cerebral ischaemia. The present study aimed to determine the delayed expression of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors, following 1, 2, 7, and 30 days of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Using quantitative autoradiography, we highlighted significant decreases in mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor expression in ipsilateral cortices from day 1 post-MCAO. Moreover, in contralateral nucleus lateralis thalami pars posterior, ipsi- and contralateral nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, and ipsilateral substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr), kappa receptors were increased; mu receptor densities were decreased in nucleus ventralis thalami, pars posterior (VThP), and SNr. delta-Binding sites were increased in the striatum on day 30 post-MCAO. The alterations in opioid receptors in cortical infarcts were correlated with strong histological damage. Further reductions in opioid receptor densities in cortical infarcts were observed at later time points. In subcortical brain regions, opioid receptor densities were also altered but no histological damage was seen, except in the VThP, in which cell density was increased on day 30. Delayed reductions in opioid receptor densities in the infarct appeared as the continuation of the early processes previously demonstrated. However, changes in subcortical opioid receptor expression may correlate with neuronal alterations in remote brain regions. Changes in opioidergic receptor expression in these regions may be involved in the long-term consequences of stroke and could be used as biomarker of neuronal alteration through the use of imaging techniques in the clinic.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Infarction/metabolism
- Brain Infarction/pathology
- Brain Infarction/physiopathology
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Mice
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Time
- Time Factors
Collapse
|
8
|
Henriksen G, Platzer S, Marton J, Hauser A, Berthele A, Schwaiger M, Marinelli L, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Wester HJ. Syntheses, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of 18F-labeled 4-anilidopiperidines as mu-opioid receptor imaging agents. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7720-32. [PMID: 16302812 DOI: 10.1021/jm0507274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, evaluation, and molecular modeling of a series of 18F-labeled 4-anilidopiperidines with high affinities for the mu-opioid receptor (mu-OR) are reported. On the basis of the high brain uptake and selective retention in brain regions that contain a high concentration of the mu-OR, combined with a good metabolic stability, [18F]fluoro-pentyl carfentanil ([18F]4) and 2-(+/-)[18F]fluoropropyl-sufentanil ([18F]6) were selected as the lead compounds for further evaluation. The binding affinity to the human mu-OR was 0.74 and 0.13 nM for [18F]4 and [18F]6, respectively. In vitro autoradiography of [18F]4 and [18F]6 on rat brain sections produced patterns in accordance with the known distribution of mu-OR expression. Structure-activity relationships of the fluorinated compounds are discussed with respect to the interaction with an activated-state model of the mu-OR. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro data indicate that [18F]4 and [18F]6 hold promise for studying the mu-opioid receptor in humans by means of positron emission tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gjermund Henriksen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Henriksen G, Platzer S, Hauser A, Willoch F, Berthele A, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. 18F-labeled sufentanil for PET-imaging of mu-opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1773-7. [PMID: 15780604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an (18)F-labeled sufentanil analogue with apparent high mu-opioid receptor selectivity is reported. Intravenous injection of N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenyl-2-(+/-)-[(18)F]fluoropropan-amide in mice resulted in high brain uptake and a regional brain activity distribution corresponding to the mu-opioid receptor expression pattern. The developed ligand is a promising tracer for extended protocols in mu-opioid receptor mapping and quantitation with positron emission tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gjermund Henriksen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|